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NAME

       st - SCSI tape device

SYNOPSIS

       #include <sys/mtio.h>

       int ioctl(int fd, int request [, (void *)arg3]);
       int ioctl(int fd, MTIOCTOP, (struct mtop *)mt_cmd);
       int ioctl(int fd, MTIOCGET, (struct mtget *)mt_status);
       int ioctl(int fd, MTIOCPOS, (struct mtpos *)mt_pos);

DESCRIPTION

       The  st  driver  provides the interface to a variety of SCSI tape devices.  Currently, the
       driver takes control of all detected devices of type “sequential-access”.  The  st  driver
       uses major device number 9.

       Each device uses eight minor device numbers.  The lowermost five bits in the minor numbers
       are assigned sequentially in the order of detection.  In the 2.6 kernel,  the  bits  above
       the  eight  lowermost  bits  are  concatenated to the five lowermost bits to form the tape
       number.  The minor numbers can be grouped into two sets of  four  numbers:  the  principal
       (auto-rewind)  minor  device  numbers,  n,  and the “no-rewind” device numbers, (n + 128).
       Devices opened using the principal device number will be sent a REWIND command  when  they
       are  closed.   Devices  opened  using  the “no-rewind” device number will not.  (Note that
       using an auto-rewind device for positioning the tape with, for instance, mt does not  lead
       to  the  desired  result:  the  tape  is rewound after the mt command and the next command
       starts from the beginning of the tape).

       Within each group, four minor numbers are  available  to  define  devices  with  different
       characteristics  (block size, compression, density, etc.)  When the system starts up, only
       the  first  device  is  available.   The  other  three  are  activated  when  the  default
       characteristics  are  defined  (see  below).   (By  changing compile-time constants, it is
       possible to change the balance between the maximum number of tape drives and the number of
       minor  numbers  for  each drive.  The default allocation allows control of 32 tape drives.
       For instance, it is possible to control up to 64 tape drives with two  minor  numbers  for
       different options.)

       Devices are typically created by:

           mknod -m 666 /dev/st0 c 9 0
           mknod -m 666 /dev/st0l c 9 32
           mknod -m 666 /dev/st0m c 9 64
           mknod -m 666 /dev/st0a c 9 96
           mknod -m 666 /dev/nst0 c 9 128
           mknod -m 666 /dev/nst0l c 9 160
           mknod -m 666 /dev/nst0m c 9 192
           mknod -m 666 /dev/nst0a c 9 224

       There is no corresponding block device.

       The  driver  uses an internal buffer that has to be large enough to hold at least one tape
       block.  In kernels before 2.1.121, the buffer is allocated as one contiguous block.   This
       limits  the  block size to the largest contiguous block of memory the kernel allocator can
       provide.  The limit is currently 128 kB for 32-bit architectures  and  256 kB  for  64-bit
       architectures.   In  newer  kernels  the  driver  allocates the buffer in several parts if
       necessary.  By default, the maximum number of parts is 16.  This means  that  the  maximum
       block size is very large (2 MB if allocation of 16 blocks of 128 kB succeeds).

       The  driver's  internal  buffer size is determined by a compile-time constant which can be
       overridden with a kernel startup option.   In  addition  to  this,  the  driver  tries  to
       allocate a larger temporary buffer at run time if necessary.  However, run-time allocation
       of large contiguous blocks of memory may fail and it is advisable not to rely too much  on
       dynamic  buffer  allocation  with kernels older than 2.1.121 (this applies also to demand-
       loading the driver with kerneld or kmod).

       The driver does not specifically support any tape drive  brand  or  model.   After  system
       start-up  the  tape device options are defined by the drive firmware.  For example, if the
       drive firmware selects fixed-block mode, the  tape  device  uses  fixed-block  mode.   The
       options  can  be changed with explicit ioctl(2) calls and remain in effect when the device
       is closed and reopened.   Setting  the  options  affects  both  the  auto-rewind  and  the
       nonrewind device.

       Different  options can be specified for the different devices within the subgroup of four.
       The options take effect when the device is opened.  For example, the system  administrator
       can  define  one device that writes in fixed-block mode with a certain block size, and one
       which writes in variable-block mode (if the drive supports both modes).

       The driver supports tape partitions if they are supported by the drive.   (Note  that  the
       tape  partitions  have nothing to do with disk partitions.  A partitioned tape can be seen
       as several logical tapes within one medium.)  Partition support has to be enabled with  an
       ioctl(2).   The tape location is preserved within each partition across partition changes.
       The partition used for subsequent tape operations  is  selected  with  an  ioctl(2).   The
       partition  switch  is  executed  together  with  the next tape operation in order to avoid
       unnecessary tape movement.  The maximum number of partitions on a tape  is  defined  by  a
       compile-time  constant (originally four).  The driver contains an ioctl(2) that can format
       a tape with either one or two partitions.

       Device /dev/tape is usually created as a hard or soft link to the default tape  device  on
       the system.

       Starting from kernel 2.6.2, the driver exports in the sysfs directory /sys/class/scsi_tape
       the attached devices and some parameters assigned to the devices.

   Data transfer
       The driver supports operation  in  both  fixed-block  mode  and  variable-block  mode  (if
       supported  by  the  drive).   In fixed-block mode the drive writes blocks of the specified
       size and the block size is not dependent on the byte counts of the write system calls.  In
       variable-block  mode  one  tape  block  is  written for each write call and the byte count
       determines the size of the corresponding tape block.  Note that the  blocks  on  the  tape
       don't  contain  any  information  about the writing mode: when reading, the only important
       thing is to use commands that accept the block sizes on the tape.

       In variable-block mode the read byte count does not have to  match  the  tape  block  size
       exactly.   If the byte count is larger than the next block on tape, the driver returns the
       data and the function returns the actual block size.  If the block size is larger than the
       byte count, an error is returned.

       In  fixed-block  mode  the read byte counts can be arbitrary if buffering is enabled, or a
       multiple of the tape block size if buffering is disabled.  Kernels  before  2.1.121  allow
       writes  with  arbitrary  byte  count  if buffering is enabled.  In all other cases (kernel
       before 2.1.121 with buffering disabled or newer kernel) the write byte  count  must  be  a
       multiple of the tape block size.

       In  the  2.6  kernel, the driver tries to use direct transfers between the user buffer and
       the device.  If this is not possible, the driver's internal buffer is used.   The  reasons
       for  not  using direct transfers include improper alignment of the user buffer (default is
       512 bytes but this can be changed by the HBA driver), one or more pages of the user buffer
       not reachable by the SCSI adapter, and so on.

       A  filemark is automatically written to tape if the last tape operation before close was a
       write.

       When a filemark is encountered while reading, the following happens.  If  there  are  data
       remaining  in  the  buffer when the filemark is found, the buffered data is returned.  The
       next read returns zero bytes.  The following read returns data from the  next  file.   The
       end  of  recorded data is signaled by returning zero bytes for two consecutive read calls.
       The third read returns an error.

   Ioctls
       The driver supports three ioctl(2) requests.  Requests not recognized by the st driver are
       passed to the SCSI driver.  The definitions below are from /usr/include/linux/mtio.h:

   MTIOCTOP  perform a tape operation
       This  request  takes  an  argument  of  type  (struct mtop *).  Not all drives support all
       operations.  The driver returns an EIO error if the drive rejects an operation.

           /* Structure for MTIOCTOP - mag tape op command: */
           struct mtop {
               short   mt_op;       /* operations defined below */
               int     mt_count;    /* how many of them */
           };

       Magnetic Tape operations for normal tape use:

       MTBSF         Backward space over mt_count filemarks.

       MTBSFM        Backward space over mt_count filemarks.  Reposition the tape to the EOT side
                     of the last filemark.

       MTBSR         Backward space over mt_count records (tape blocks).

       MTBSS         Backward space over mt_count setmarks.

       MTCOMPRESSION Enable  compression of tape data within the drive if mt_count is nonzero and
                     disable compression if mt_count is zero.  This command uses the MODE page 15
                     supported by most DATs.

       MTEOM         Go to the end of the recorded media (for appending files).

       MTERASE       Erase  tape.  With 2.6 kernel, short erase (mark tape empty) is performed if
                     the argument is zero.  Otherwise, long erase (erase all) is done.

       MTFSF         Forward space over mt_count filemarks.

       MTFSFM        Forward space over mt_count filemarks.  Reposition the tape to the BOT  side
                     of the last filemark.

       MTFSR         Forward space over mt_count records (tape blocks).

       MTFSS         Forward space over mt_count setmarks.

       MTLOAD        Execute  the  SCSI  load  command.   A special case is available for some HP
                     autoloaders.  If mt_count  is  the  constant  MT_ST_HPLOADER_OFFSET  plus  a
                     number, the number is sent to the drive to control the autoloader.

       MTLOCK        Lock the tape drive door.

       MTMKPART      Format  the  tape  into  one or two partitions.  If mt_count is positive, it
                     gives the size of partition 1 and partition 0 contains the rest of the tape.
                     If  mt_count is zero, the tape is formatted into one partition.  From kernel
                     version 4.6, a negative mt_count specifies the size of partition 0  and  the
                     rest  of the tape contains partition 1.  The physical ordering of partitions
                     depends on the drive.  This command is not allowed for a  drive  unless  the
                     partition support is enabled for the drive (see MT_ST_CAN_PARTITIONS below).

       MTNOP         No  op—flushes  the driver's buffer as a side effect.  Should be used before
                     reading status with MTIOCGET.

       MTOFFL        Rewind and put the drive off line.

       MTRESET       Reset drive.

       MTRETEN       Re-tension tape.

       MTREW         Rewind.

       MTSEEK        Seek to the  tape  block  number  specified  in  mt_count.   This  operation
                     requires  either  a  SCSI-2  drive that supports the LOCATE command (device-
                     specific address) or a Tandberg-compatible SCSI-1 drive  (Tandberg,  Archive
                     Viper,  Wangtek,  ...).   The block number should be one that was previously
                     returned by MTIOCPOS if device-specific addresses are used.

       MTSETBLK      Set the drive's block length to the value specified in  mt_count.   A  block
                     length of zero sets the drive to variable block size mode.

       MTSETDENSITY  Set  the  tape density to the code in mt_count.  The density codes supported
                     by a drive can be found from the drive documentation.

       MTSETPART     The active partition is switched to mt_count.  The partitions  are  numbered
                     from  zero.   This  command  is not allowed for a drive unless the partition
                     support is enabled for the drive (see MT_ST_CAN_PARTITIONS below).

       MTUNLOAD      Execute the SCSI unload command (does not eject the tape).

       MTUNLOCK      Unlock the tape drive door.

       MTWEOF        Write mt_count filemarks.

       MTWSM         Write mt_count setmarks.

       Magnetic Tape operations for setting of device options (by the superuser):

       MTSETDRVBUFFER
               Set various drive and driver options according to bits encoded in mt_count.  These
               consist of the drive's buffering mode, a set of Boolean driver options, the buffer
               write threshold, defaults for the block size and density, and  timeouts  (only  in
               kernels  2.1  and later).  A single operation can affect only one item in the list
               above (the Booleans counted as one item.)

               A value having zeros in the high-order 4 bits will be  used  to  set  the  drive's
               buffering mode.  The buffering modes are:

                   0   The  drive  will  not  report GOOD status on write commands until the data
                       blocks are actually written to the medium.

                   1   The drive may report GOOD status on write commands as soon as all the data
                       has been transferred to the drive's internal buffer.

                   2   The  drive may report GOOD status on write commands as soon as (a) all the
                       data has been transferred to the drive's  internal  buffer,  and  (b)  all
                       buffered  data  from different initiators has been successfully written to
                       the medium.

               To control the write threshold the value in mt_count  must  include  the  constant
               MT_ST_WRITE_THRESHOLD  bitwise  ORed  with  a block count in the low 28 bits.  The
               block count refers to 1024-byte blocks, not the physical block size on  the  tape.
               The  threshold  cannot  exceed the driver's internal buffer size (see DESCRIPTION,
               above).

               To set and clear the Boolean options the value in mt_count must include one of the
               constants     MT_ST_BOOLEANS,     MT_ST_SETBOOLEANS,    MT_ST_CLEARBOOLEANS,    or
               MT_ST_DEFBOOLEANS bitwise ORed with whatever combination of the following  options
               is  desired.  Using MT_ST_BOOLEANS the options can be set to the values defined in
               the corresponding bits.  With MT_ST_SETBOOLEANS the options can be selectively set
               and with MT_ST_DEFBOOLEANS selectively cleared.

               The default options for a tape device are set with MT_ST_DEFBOOLEANS.  A nonactive
               tape device (e.g., device with minor 32 or 160)  is  activated  when  the  default
               options  for it are defined the first time.  An activated device inherits from the
               device activated at start-up the options not set explicitly.

               The Boolean options are:

               MT_ST_BUFFER_WRITES (Default: true)
                      Buffer all write operations in fixed-block mode.  If this option  is  false
                      and  the  drive  uses a fixed block size, then all write operations must be
                      for a multiple of the block size.  This option must be set false  to  write
                      reliable multivolume archives.

               MT_ST_ASYNC_WRITES (Default: true)
                      When  this  option  is  true,  write  operations return immediately without
                      waiting for the data to be transferred to the drive if the data  fits  into
                      the  driver's  buffer.   The write threshold determines how full the buffer
                      must be before a new SCSI write command is issued.  Any errors reported  by
                      the  drive  will be held until the next operation.  This option must be set
                      false to write reliable multivolume archives.

               MT_ST_READ_AHEAD (Default: true)
                      This option causes the driver to provide read buffering and  read-ahead  in
                      fixed-block mode.  If this option is false and the drive uses a fixed block
                      size, then all read operations must be for a multiple of the block size.

               MT_ST_TWO_FM (Default: false)
                      This option modifies the driver behavior when a file is closed.  The normal
                      action  is  to  write a single filemark.  If the option is true, the driver
                      will write two filemarks and backspace over the second one.

                      Note: This option should not be set true for QIC tape drives since they are
                      unable  to  overwrite  a filemark.  These drives detect the end of recorded
                      data by testing for blank tape rather than two consecutive filemarks.  Most
                      other  current  drives  also  detect the end of recorded data and using two
                      filemarks is usually necessary only  when  interchanging  tapes  with  some
                      other systems.

               MT_ST_DEBUGGING (Default: false)
                      This  option turns on various debugging messages from the driver (effective
                      only if the driver was compiled with DEBUG defined nonzero).

               MT_ST_FAST_EOM (Default: false)
                      This option causes the MTEOM operation to be sent directly  to  the  drive,
                      potentially  speeding up the operation but causing the driver to lose track
                      of the current file number normally returned by the MTIOCGET  request.   If
                      MT_ST_FAST_EOM  is  false,  the  driver will respond to an MTEOM request by
                      forward spacing over files.

               MT_ST_AUTO_LOCK (Default: false)
                      When this option is true, the drive door  is  locked  when  the  device  is
                      opened and unlocked when it is closed.

               MT_ST_DEF_WRITES (Default: false)
                      The  tape  options  (block  size,  mode, compression, etc.) may change when
                      changing from one device linked to a drive to another device linked to  the
                      same  drive  depending on how the devices are defined.  This option defines
                      when the changes are enforced by the driver using  SCSI-commands  and  when
                      the  drives auto-detection capabilities are relied upon.  If this option is
                      false, the driver sends the SCSI-commands immediately when  the  device  is
                      changed.   If  the  option  is true, the SCSI-commands are not sent until a
                      write is requested.  In this case, the drive firmware is allowed to  detect
                      the tape structure when reading and the SCSI-commands are used only to make
                      sure that a tape is written according to the correct specification.

               MT_ST_CAN_BSR (Default: false)
                      When read-ahead is used, the tape must sometimes be spaced backward to  the
                      correct  position  when  the device is closed and the SCSI command to space
                      backward over records is used for this purpose.  Some  older  drives  can't
                      process  this  command reliably and this option can be used to instruct the
                      driver not to use the command.  The end result is that, with read-ahead and
                      fixed-block  mode,  the  tape may not be correctly positioned within a file
                      when the device is closed.  With 2.6 kernel, the default is true for drives
                      supporting SCSI-3.

               MT_ST_NO_BLKLIMS (Default: false)
                      Some  drives  don't  accept the READ BLOCK LIMITS SCSI command.  If this is
                      used, the driver does not use the command.  The drawback is that the driver
                      can't  check  before  sending  commands  if  the  selected  block  size  is
                      acceptable to the drive.

               MT_ST_CAN_PARTITIONS (Default: false)
                      This option enables support for several  partitions  within  a  tape.   The
                      option applies to all devices linked to a drive.

               MT_ST_SCSI2LOGICAL (Default: false)
                      This option instructs the driver to use the logical block addresses defined
                      in the SCSI-2 standard when performing the seek and tell  operations  (both
                      with  MTSEEK  and  MTIOCPOS  commands  and  when  changing tape partition).
                      Otherwise, the device-specific addresses are used.  It is highly  advisable
                      to set this option if the drive supports the logical addresses because they
                      count also filemarks.  There are some drives that support only the  logical
                      block addresses.

               MT_ST_SYSV (Default: false)
                      When  this  option  is enabled, the tape devices use the SystemV semantics.
                      Otherwise, the BSD semantics  are  used.   The  most  important  difference
                      between  the  semantics  is  what happens when a device used for reading is
                      closed: in System V semantics the tape is  spaced  forward  past  the  next
                      filemark if this has not happened while using the device.  In BSD semantics
                      the tape position is not changed.

               MT_NO_WAIT (Default: false)
                      Enables immediate mode (i.e., don't wait for the  command  to  finish)  for
                      some commands (e.g., rewind).

               An example:

                   struct mtop mt_cmd;
                   mt_cmd.mt_op = MTSETDRVBUFFER;
                   mt_cmd.mt_count = MT_ST_BOOLEANS |
                           MT_ST_BUFFER_WRITES | MT_ST_ASYNC_WRITES;
                   ioctl(fd, MTIOCTOP, mt_cmd);

               The  default  block  size  for  a device can be set with MT_ST_DEF_BLKSIZE and the
               default density code can  be  set  with  MT_ST_DEFDENSITY.   The  values  for  the
               parameters are or'ed with the operation code.

               With  kernels  2.1.x  and later, the timeout values can be set with the subcommand
               MT_ST_SET_TIMEOUT ORed with the timeout in seconds.  The long  timeout  (used  for
               rewinds  and  other  commands  that  may  take  a  long  time)  can  be  set  with
               MT_ST_SET_LONG_TIMEOUT.  The kernel defaults are very long to  make  sure  that  a
               successful  command  is not timed out with any drive.  Because of this, the driver
               may seem stuck even if it is only waiting for the timeout.  These commands can  be
               used  to set more practical values for a specific drive.  The timeouts set for one
               device apply for all devices linked to the same drive.

               Starting from kernels 2.4.19 and 2.5.43, the driver supports a  status  bit  which
               indicates  whether  the  drive requests cleaning.  The method used by the drive to
               return cleaning information is set using the  MT_ST_SEL_CLN  subcommand.   If  the
               value  is  zero,  the  cleaning  bit  is  always  zero.   If the value is one, the
               TapeAlert data defined in the SCSI-3  standard  is  used  (not  yet  implemented).
               Values  2–17  are  reserved.   If  the  lowest eight bits are >= 18, bits from the
               extended sense data are used.  The bits 9–16 specify a mask to select the bits  to
               look  at  and  the  bits  17–23  specify  the bit pattern to look for.  If the bit
               pattern is zero, one or more bits under the mask indicate  the  cleaning  request.
               If the pattern is nonzero, the pattern must match the masked sense data byte.

   MTIOCGET  get status
       This request takes an argument of type (struct mtget *).

           /* structure for MTIOCGET - mag tape get status command */
           struct mtget {
               long     mt_type;
               long     mt_resid;
               /* the following registers are device dependent */
               long     mt_dsreg;
               long     mt_gstat;
               long     mt_erreg;
               /* The next two fields are not always used */
               daddr_t  mt_fileno;
               daddr_t  mt_blkno;
           };

       mt_type    The header file defines many values for mt_type, but the current driver reports
                  only the generic types MT_ISSCSI1 (Generic SCSI-1 tape) and MT_ISSCSI2 (Generic
                  SCSI-2 tape).

       mt_resid   contains the current tape partition number.

       mt_dsreg   reports  the  drive's  current settings for block size (in the low 24 bits) and
                  density (in the high 8 bits).  These fields are defined by MT_ST_BLKSIZE_SHIFT,
                  MT_ST_BLKSIZE_MASK, MT_ST_DENSITY_SHIFT, and MT_ST_DENSITY_MASK.

       mt_gstat   reports  generic  (device  independent)  status  information.   The header file
                  defines macros for testing these status bits:

                  GMT_EOF(x): The tape is positioned just after a filemark (always false after an
                      MTSEEK operation).

                  GMT_BOT(x):  The  tape is positioned at the beginning of the first file (always
                      false after an MTSEEK operation).

                  GMT_EOT(x): A tape operation has reached the physical End Of Tape.

                  GMT_SM(x): The tape is currently positioned at a setmark (always false after an
                      MTSEEK operation).

                  GMT_EOD(x): The tape is positioned at the end of recorded data.

                  GMT_WR_PROT(x):  The  drive  is write-protected.  For some drives this can also
                      mean that the drive does not support writing on the current medium type.

                  GMT_ONLINE(x): The last open(2) found the drive with a tape in place and  ready
                      for operation.

                  GMT_D_6250(x),  GMT_D_1600(x),  GMT_D_800(x): This “generic” status information
                      reports the current density setting for 9-track ½" tape drives only.

                  GMT_DR_OPEN(x): The drive does not have a tape in place.

                  GMT_IM_REP_EN(x): Immediate report mode.  This bit  is  set  if  there  are  no
                      guarantees  that  the data has been physically written to the tape when the
                      write call returns.  It is set zero only when the driver  does  not  buffer
                      data and the drive is set not to buffer data.

                  GMT_CLN(x):  The  drive  has  requested cleaning.  Implemented in kernels since
                      2.4.19 and 2.5.43.

       mt_erreg   The only field defined in mt_erreg is the recovered error count in the  low  16
                  bits  (as  defined  by  MT_ST_SOFTERR_SHIFT  and  MT_ST_SOFTERR_MASK.   Due  to
                  inconsistencies in the way drives report recovered errors, this count is  often
                  not  maintained  (most drives do not by default report soft errors but this can
                  be changed with a SCSI MODE SELECT command).

       mt_fileno  reports the current file number (zero-based).  This value is set to -1 when the
                  file number is unknown (e.g., after MTBSS or MTSEEK).

       mt_blkno   reports  the  block number (zero-based) within the current file.  This value is
                  set to -1 when the block number  is  unknown  (e.g.,  after  MTBSF,  MTBSS,  or
                  MTSEEK).

   MTIOCPOS  get tape position
       This  request takes an argument of type (struct mtpos *) and reports the drive's notion of
       the current tape block number, which is not the same as  mt_blkno  returned  by  MTIOCGET.
       This drive must be a SCSI-2 drive that supports the READ POSITION command (device-specific
       address) or a Tandberg-compatible SCSI-1 drive (Tandberg, Archive Viper, Wangtek, ... ).

           /* structure for MTIOCPOS - mag tape get position command */
           struct mtpos {
               long mt_blkno;    /* current block number */
           };

RETURN VALUE

       EACCES        An attempt was made to write or erase a write-protected tape.   (This  error
                     is not detected during open(2).)

       EBUSY         The device is already in use or the driver was unable to allocate a buffer.

       EFAULT        The command parameters point to memory not belonging to the calling process.

       EINVAL        An ioctl(2) had an invalid argument, or a requested block size was invalid.

       EIO           The requested operation could not be completed.

       ENOMEM        The  byte  count  in  read(2) is smaller than the next physical block on the
                     tape.  (Before 2.2.18 and 2.4.0-test6 the extra  bytes  have  been  silently
                     ignored.)

       ENOSPC        A  write  operation  could not be completed because the tape reached end-of-
                     medium.

       ENOSYS        Unknown ioctl(2).

       ENXIO         During opening, the tape device does not exist.

       EOVERFLOW     An attempt was made to read or write a variable-length block that is  larger
                     than the driver's internal buffer.

       EROFS         Open  is  attempted  with  O_WRONLY  or O_RDWR when the tape in the drive is
                     write-protected.

FILES

       /dev/st*
              the auto-rewind SCSI tape devices

       /dev/nst*
              the nonrewind SCSI tape devices

NOTES

       1.  When exchanging data between systems, both systems have to agree on the physical  tape
           block  size.   The  parameters  of  a  drive after startup are often not the ones most
           operating systems use with these devices.  Most systems use drives  in  variable-block
           mode  if  the drive supports that mode.  This applies to most modern drives, including
           DATs, 8mm helical scan drives, DLTs, etc.  It may be advisable to use these drives  in
           variable-block mode also in Linux (i.e., use MTSETBLK or MTSETDEFBLK at system startup
           to set the mode), at least when exchanging data with a foreign system.   The  drawback
           of  this  is that a fairly large tape block size has to be used to get acceptable data
           transfer rates on the SCSI bus.

       2.  Many programs (e.g., tar(1)) allow the user to specify  the  blocking  factor  on  the
           command  line.   Note  that  this  determines  the physical block size on tape only in
           variable-block mode.

       3.  In order to use SCSI tape drives, the basic SCSI driver, a SCSI-adapter driver and the
           SCSI  tape  driver must be either configured into the kernel or loaded as modules.  If
           the SCSI-tape driver is not present, the drive is  recognized  but  the  tape  support
           described in this page is not available.

       4.  The  driver  writes  error  messages to the console/log.  The SENSE codes written into
           some messages are automatically translated  to  text  if  verbose  SCSI  messages  are
           enabled in kernel configuration.

       5.  The  driver's  internal buffering allows good throughput in fixed-block mode also with
           small read(2) and write(2) byte counts.  With direct transfers this  is  not  possible
           and  may  cause a surprise when moving to the 2.6 kernel.  The solution is to tell the
           software to use larger transfers (often telling it to use larger blocks).  If this  is
           not possible, direct transfers can be disabled.

SEE ALSO

       mt(1)

       The  file drivers/scsi/README.st or Documentation/scsi/st.txt (kernel >= 2.6) in the Linux
       kernel source tree  contains  the  most  recent  information  about  the  driver  and  its
       configuration possibilities

COLOPHON

       This  page  is  part of release 4.15 of the Linux man-pages project.  A description of the
       project, information about reporting bugs, and the latest version of  this  page,  can  be
       found at https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.