Provided by: libmagic1_5.32-2ubuntu0.4_amd64 bug

NAME

     magic — file command's magic pattern file

DESCRIPTION

     This manual page documents the format of magic files as used by the file(1) command, version
     5.32.  The file(1) command identifies the type of a file using, among other tests, a test
     for whether the file contains certain “magic patterns”.  The database of these “magic
     patterns” is usually located in a binary file in /usr/share/misc/magic.mgc or a directory of
     source text magic pattern fragment files in /usr/share/misc/magic.  The database specifies
     what patterns are to be tested for, what message or MIME type to print if a particular
     pattern is found, and additional information to extract from the file.

     The format of the source fragment files that are used to build this database is as follows:
     Each line of a fragment file specifies a test to be performed.  A test compares the data
     starting at a particular offset in the file with a byte value, a string or a numeric value.
     If the test succeeds, a message is printed.  The line consists of the following fields:

     offset   A number specifying the offset, in bytes, into the file of the data which is to be
              tested.

     type     The type of the data to be tested.  The possible values are:

              byte        A one-byte value.

              short       A two-byte value in this machine's native byte order.

              long        A four-byte value in this machine's native byte order.

              quad        An eight-byte value in this machine's native byte order.

              float       A 32-bit single precision IEEE floating point number in this machine's
                          native byte order.

              double      A 64-bit double precision IEEE floating point number in this machine's
                          native byte order.

              string      A string of bytes.  The string type specification can be optionally
                          followed by /[WwcCtbT]*.  The “W” flag compacts whitespace in the
                          target, which must contain at least one whitespace character.  If the
                          magic has n consecutive blanks, the target needs at least n consecutive
                          blanks to match.  The “w” flag treats every blank in the magic as an
                          optional blank.  The “c” flag specifies case insensitive matching:
                          lower case characters in the magic match both lower and upper case
                          characters in the target, whereas upper case characters in the magic
                          only match upper case characters in the target.  The “C” flag specifies
                          case insensitive matching: upper case characters in the magic match
                          both lower and upper case characters in the target, whereas lower case
                          characters in the magic only match upper case characters in the target.
                          To do a complete case insensitive match, specify both “c” and “C”.  The
                          “t” flag forces the test to be done for text files, while the “b” flag
                          forces the test to be done for binary files.  The “T” flag causes the
                          string to be trimmed, i.e. leading and trailing whitespace is deleted
                          before the string is printed.

              pstring     A Pascal-style string where the first byte/short/int is interpreted as
                          the unsigned length.  The length defaults to byte and can be specified
                          as a modifier.  The following modifiers are supported:
                          B  A byte length (default).
                          H  A 4 byte big endian length.
                          h  A 2 byte big endian length.
                          L  A 4 byte little endian length.
                          l  A 2 byte little endian length.
                          J  The length includes itself in its count.
                          The string is not NUL terminated.  “J” is used rather than the more
                          valuable “I” because this type of length is a feature of the JPEG
                          format.

              date        A four-byte value interpreted as a UNIX date.

              qdate       A eight-byte value interpreted as a UNIX date.

              ldate       A four-byte value interpreted as a UNIX-style date, but interpreted as
                          local time rather than UTC.

              qldate      An eight-byte value interpreted as a UNIX-style date, but interpreted
                          as local time rather than UTC.

              qwdate      An eight-byte value interpreted as a Windows-style date.

              beid3       A 32-bit ID3 length in big-endian byte order.

              beshort     A two-byte value in big-endian byte order.

              belong      A four-byte value in big-endian byte order.

              bequad      An eight-byte value in big-endian byte order.

              befloat     A 32-bit single precision IEEE floating point number in big-endian byte
                          order.

              bedouble    A 64-bit double precision IEEE floating point number in big-endian byte
                          order.

              bedate      A four-byte value in big-endian byte order, interpreted as a Unix date.

              beqdate     An eight-byte value in big-endian byte order, interpreted as a Unix
                          date.

              beldate     A four-byte value in big-endian byte order, interpreted as a UNIX-style
                          date, but interpreted as local time rather than UTC.

              beqldate    An eight-byte value in big-endian byte order, interpreted as a UNIX-
                          style date, but interpreted as local time rather than UTC.

              beqwdate    An eight-byte value in big-endian byte order, interpreted as a Windows-
                          style date.

              bestring16  A two-byte unicode (UCS16) string in big-endian byte order.

              leid3       A 32-bit ID3 length in little-endian byte order.

              leshort     A two-byte value in little-endian byte order.

              lelong      A four-byte value in little-endian byte order.

              lequad      An eight-byte value in little-endian byte order.

              lefloat     A 32-bit single precision IEEE floating point number in little-endian
                          byte order.

              ledouble    A 64-bit double precision IEEE floating point number in little-endian
                          byte order.

              ledate      A four-byte value in little-endian byte order, interpreted as a UNIX
                          date.

              leqdate     An eight-byte value in little-endian byte order, interpreted as a UNIX
                          date.

              leldate     A four-byte value in little-endian byte order, interpreted as a UNIX-
                          style date, but interpreted as local time rather than UTC.

              leqldate    An eight-byte value in little-endian byte order, interpreted as a UNIX-
                          style date, but interpreted as local time rather than UTC.

              leqwdate    An eight-byte value in little-endian byte order, interpreted as a
                          Windows-style date.

              lestring16  A two-byte unicode (UCS16) string in little-endian byte order.

              melong      A four-byte value in middle-endian (PDP-11) byte order.

              medate      A four-byte value in middle-endian (PDP-11) byte order, interpreted as
                          a UNIX date.

              meldate     A four-byte value in middle-endian (PDP-11) byte order, interpreted as
                          a UNIX-style date, but interpreted as local time rather than UTC.

              indirect    Starting at the given offset, consult the magic database again.  The
                          offset of the indirect magic is by default absolute in the file, but
                          one can specify /r to indicate that the offset is relative from the
                          beginning of the entry.

              name        Define a “named” magic instance that can be called from another use
                          magic entry, like a subroutine call.  Named instance direct magic
                          offsets are relative to the offset of the previous matched entry, but
                          indirect offsets are relative to the beginning of the file as usual.
                          Named magic entries always match.

              use         Recursively call the named magic starting from the current offset.  If
                          the name of the referenced begins with a ^ then the endianness of the
                          magic is switched; if the magic mentioned leshort for example, it is
                          treated as beshort and vice versa.  This is useful to avoid duplicating
                          the rules for different endianness.

              regex       A regular expression match in extended POSIX regular expression syntax
                          (like egrep).  Regular expressions can take exponential time to
                          process, and their performance is hard to predict, so their use is
                          discouraged.  When used in production environments, their performance
                          should be carefully checked.  The size of the string to search should
                          also be limited by specifying /<length>, to avoid performance issues
                          scanning long files.  The type specification can also be optionally
                          followed by /[c][s][l].  The “c” flag makes the match case insensitive,
                          while the “s” flag update the offset to the start offset of the match,
                          rather than the end.  The “l” modifier, changes the limit of length to
                          mean number of lines instead of a byte count.  Lines are delimited by
                          the platforms native line delimiter.  When a line count is specified,
                          an implicit byte count also computed assuming each line is 80
                          characters long.  If neither a byte or line count is specified, the
                          search is limited automatically to 8KiB.  ^ and $ match the beginning
                          and end of individual lines, respectively, not beginning and end of
                          file.

              search      A literal string search starting at the given offset.  The same
                          modifier flags can be used as for string patterns.  The search
                          expression must contain the range in the form /number, that is the
                          number of positions at which the match will be attempted, starting from
                          the start offset.  This is suitable for searching larger binary
                          expressions with variable offsets, using \ escapes for special
                          characters.  The order of modifier and number is not relevant.

              default     This is intended to be used with the test x (which is always true) and
                          it has no type.  It matches when no other test at that continuation
                          level has matched before.  Clearing that matched tests for a
                          continuation level, can be done using the clear test.

              clear       This test is always true and clears the match flag for that
                          continuation level.  It is intended to be used with the default test.

              For compatibility with the Single UNIX Standard, the type specifiers dC and d1 are
              equivalent to byte, the type specifiers uC and u1 are equivalent to ubyte, the type
              specifiers dS and d2 are equivalent to short, the type specifiers uS and u2 are
              equivalent to ushort, the type specifiers dI, dL, and d4 are equivalent to long,
              the type specifiers uI, uL, and u4 are equivalent to ulong, the type specifier d8
              is equivalent to quad, the type specifier u8 is equivalent to uquad, and the type
              specifier s is equivalent to string.  In addition, the type specifier dQ is
              equivalent to quad and the type specifier uQ is equivalent to uquad.

              Each top-level magic pattern (see below for an explanation of levels) is classified
              as text or binary according to the types used.  Types “regex” and “search” are
              classified as text tests, unless non-printable characters are used in the pattern.
              All other tests are classified as binary.  A top-level pattern is considered to be
              a test text when all its patterns are text patterns; otherwise, it is considered to
              be a binary pattern.  When matching a file, binary patterns are tried first; if no
              match is found, and the file looks like text, then its encoding is determined and
              the text patterns are tried.

              The numeric types may optionally be followed by & and a numeric value, to specify
              that the value is to be AND'ed with the numeric value before any comparisons are
              done.  Prepending a u to the type indicates that ordered comparisons should be
              unsigned.

     test     The value to be compared with the value from the file.  If the type is numeric,
              this value is specified in C form; if it is a string, it is specified as a C string
              with the usual escapes permitted (e.g. \n for new-line).

              Numeric values may be preceded by a character indicating the operation to be
              performed.  It may be =, to specify that the value from the file must equal the
              specified value, <, to specify that the value from the file must be less than the
              specified value, >, to specify that the value from the file must be greater than
              the specified value, &, to specify that the value from the file must have set all
              of the bits that are set in the specified value, ^, to specify that the value from
              the file must have clear any of the bits that are set in the specified value, or ~,
              the value specified after is negated before tested.  x, to specify that any value
              will match.  If the character is omitted, it is assumed to be =.  Operators &, ^,
              and ~ don't work with floats and doubles.  The operator ! specifies that the line
              matches if the test does not succeed.

              Numeric values are specified in C form; e.g.  13 is decimal, 013 is octal, and 0x13
              is hexadecimal.

              Numeric operations are not performed on date types, instead the numeric value is
              interpreted as an offset.

              For string values, the string from the file must match the specified string.  The
              operators =, < and > (but not &) can be applied to strings.  The length used for
              matching is that of the string argument in the magic file.  This means that a line
              can match any non-empty string (usually used to then print the string), with >\0
              (because all non-empty strings are greater than the empty string).

              Dates are treated as numerical values in the respective internal representation.

              The special test x always evaluates to true.

     message  The message to be printed if the comparison succeeds.  If the string contains a
              printf(3) format specification, the value from the file (with any specified masking
              performed) is printed using the message as the format string.  If the string begins
              with “\b”, the message printed is the remainder of the string with no whitespace
              added before it: multiple matches are normally separated by a single space.

     An APPLE 4+4 character APPLE creator and type can be specified as:

           !:apple CREATYPE

     A MIME type is given on a separate line, which must be the next non-blank or comment line
     after the magic line that identifies the file type, and has the following format:

           !:mime  MIMETYPE

     i.e. the literal string “!:mime” followed by the MIME type.

     An optional strength can be supplied on a separate line which refers to the current magic
     description using the following format:

           !:strength OP VALUE

     The operand OP can be: +, -, *, or / and VALUE is a constant between 0 and 255.  This
     constant is applied using the specified operand to the currently computed default magic
     strength.

     Some file formats contain additional information which is to be printed along with the file
     type or need additional tests to determine the true file type.  These additional tests are
     introduced by one or more > characters preceding the offset.  The number of > on the line
     indicates the level of the test; a line with no > at the beginning is considered to be at
     level 0.  Tests are arranged in a tree-like hierarchy: if the test on a line at level n
     succeeds, all following tests at level n+1 are performed, and the messages printed if the
     tests succeed, until a line with level n (or less) appears.  For more complex files, one can
     use empty messages to get just the "if/then" effect, in the following way:

           0      string   MZ
           >0x18  leshort  <0x40   MS-DOS executable
           >0x18  leshort  >0x3f   extended PC executable (e.g., MS Windows)

     Offsets do not need to be constant, but can also be read from the file being examined.  If
     the first character following the last > is a ( then the string after the parenthesis is
     interpreted as an indirect offset.  That means that the number after the parenthesis is used
     as an offset in the file.  The value at that offset is read, and is used again as an offset
     in the file.  Indirect offsets are of the form: (( x [[.,][bislBISL]][+-][ y ]).  The value
     of x is used as an offset in the file.  A byte, id3 length, short or long is read at that
     offset depending on the [bislBISLm] type specifier.  The value is treated as signed if “”,
     is specified or unsigned if “”.  is specified.  The capitalized types interpret the number
     as a big endian value, whereas the small letter versions interpret the number as a little
     endian value; the m type interprets the number as a middle endian (PDP-11) value.  To that
     number the value of y is added and the result is used as an offset in the file.  The default
     type if one is not specified is long.

     That way variable length structures can be examined:

           # MS Windows executables are also valid MS-DOS executables
           0           string  MZ
           >0x18       leshort <0x40   MZ executable (MS-DOS)
           # skip the whole block below if it is not an extended executable
           >0x18       leshort >0x3f
           >>(0x3c.l)  string  PE\0\0  PE executable (MS-Windows)
           >>(0x3c.l)  string  LX\0\0  LX executable (OS/2)

     This strategy of examining has a drawback: you must make sure that you eventually print
     something, or users may get empty output (such as when there is neither PE\0\0 nor LE\0\0 in
     the above example).

     If this indirect offset cannot be used directly, simple calculations are possible: appending
     [+-*/%&|^]number inside parentheses allows one to modify the value read from the file before
     it is used as an offset:

           # MS Windows executables are also valid MS-DOS executables
           0           string  MZ
           # sometimes, the value at 0x18 is less that 0x40 but there's still an
           # extended executable, simply appended to the file
           >0x18       leshort <0x40
           >>(4.s*512) leshort 0x014c  COFF executable (MS-DOS, DJGPP)
           >>(4.s*512) leshort !0x014c MZ executable (MS-DOS)

     Sometimes you do not know the exact offset as this depends on the length or position (when
     indirection was used before) of preceding fields.  You can specify an offset relative to the
     end of the last up-level field using ‘&’ as a prefix to the offset:

           0           string  MZ
           >0x18       leshort >0x3f
           >>(0x3c.l)  string  PE\0\0    PE executable (MS-Windows)
           # immediately following the PE signature is the CPU type
           >>>&0       leshort 0x14c     for Intel 80386
           >>>&0       leshort 0x184     for DEC Alpha

     Indirect and relative offsets can be combined:

           0             string  MZ
           >0x18         leshort <0x40
           >>(4.s*512)   leshort !0x014c MZ executable (MS-DOS)
           # if it's not COFF, go back 512 bytes and add the offset taken
           # from byte 2/3, which is yet another way of finding the start
           # of the extended executable
           >>>&(2.s-514) string  LE      LE executable (MS Windows VxD driver)

     Or the other way around:

           0                 string  MZ
           >0x18             leshort >0x3f
           >>(0x3c.l)        string  LE\0\0  LE executable (MS-Windows)
           # at offset 0x80 (-4, since relative offsets start at the end
           # of the up-level match) inside the LE header, we find the absolute
           # offset to the code area, where we look for a specific signature
           >>>(&0x7c.l+0x26) string  UPX     \b, UPX compressed

     Or even both!

           0                string  MZ
           >0x18            leshort >0x3f
           >>(0x3c.l)       string  LE\0\0 LE executable (MS-Windows)
           # at offset 0x58 inside the LE header, we find the relative offset
           # to a data area where we look for a specific signature
           >>>&(&0x54.l-3)  string  UNACE  \b, ACE self-extracting archive

     If you have to deal with offset/length pairs in your file, even the second value in a
     parenthesized expression can be taken from the file itself, using another set of
     parentheses.  Note that this additional indirect offset is always relative to the start of
     the main indirect offset.

           0                 string       MZ
           >0x18             leshort      >0x3f
           >>(0x3c.l)        string       PE\0\0 PE executable (MS-Windows)
           # search for the PE section called ".idata"...
           >>>&0xf4          search/0x140 .idata
           # ...and go to the end of it, calculated from start+length;
           # these are located 14 and 10 bytes after the section name
           >>>>(&0xe.l+(-4)) string       PK\3\4 \b, ZIP self-extracting archive

     If you have a list of known values at a particular continuation level, and you want to
     provide a switch-like default case:

           # clear that continuation level match
           >18     clear
           >18     lelong  1       one
           >18     lelong  2       two
           >18     default x
           # print default match
           >>18    lelong  x       unmatched 0x%x

SEE ALSO

     file(1) - the command that reads this file.

BUGS

     The formats long, belong, lelong, melong, short, beshort, and leshort do not depend on the
     length of the C data types short and long on the platform, even though the Single UNIX
     Specification implies that they do.  However, as OS X Mountain Lion has passed the Single
     UNIX Specification validation suite, and supplies a version of file(1) in which they do not
     depend on the sizes of the C data types and that is built for a 64-bit environment in which
     long is 8 bytes rather than 4 bytes, presumably the validation suite does not test whether,
     for example long refers to an item with the same size as the C data type long.  There should
     probably be type names int8, uint8, int16, uint16, int32, uint32, int64, and uint64, and
     specified-byte-order variants of them, to make it clearer that those types have specified
     widths.