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NAME

       WML Tutorial - Understanding WML step-by-step

DESCRIPTION

       This tutorial gives you a step-by-step introduction to the features of WML, separated into
       tiny lessons. Each lesson shows one particular aspect or feature of WML.  The order of
       lessons go from easy and trivial to hard and complex.

IMPLICIT MARKUP PROCESSING

   LESSON: Plain Data Throughput
       In this lesson we first learn that WML is 95% of the time transparent to its input, i.e.
       we can pass through any data without corruption.

       Input:

        1| foo
        2| <bar>
        3| quux

       Output:

        1| foo
        2| <bar>
        3| quux

       This is because per default there are neither definitions for symbols "foo" or "quux" nor
       a defined HTML tag named "<bar>". And because there are no unnecessary whitespaces in this
       example, the input cannot be stripped in any case.

   LESSON: Protected Markup Code
       Sometimes situations can occur where some of your markup code or page contents conflicts
       with WML due to overlapping tagnames, etc. Here WML interprets some stuff you actually
       don't want to be interpreted.

       Input:

        1| foo: foo.c
        2|    $(CC) -o foo foo.c

       Output:

        1| foo: foo.c
        2|     -o foo foo.c

       Here the `"$(CC)"' was expanded to an empty string because IPP uses the same syntax for
       variable interpolation like make. To avoid this just surround the critical part with the
       WML-internal "<protect>" container tag.

       Input:

        1| foo: foo.c
        2|    <protect>$(CC)</protect> -o foo foo.c

       Output:

        1| foo: foo.c
        2|    $(CC) -o foo foo.c

   LESSON: Stripped-Down Markup Code
       Now let's try an example which has unnecessary whitespaces. Be careful, `unnecessary' here
       means they can be stripped as long as the resulting Webpage displays the same in a
       Webbrowser as the original.

       Input:

        1| <body>
        2|
        3| <img src = "file.gif"    alt="  test  " >
        4| <pre>
        5|
        6|     Preformatted          Text
        7| </pre>
        8|     Not    Preformatted   Text
        9| </body>

       Output:

        1| <body>
        2| <img src="file.gif" alt=" test ">
        4| <pre>
        5|
        6|     Preformatted          Text
        7| </pre>
        8|     Not Preformatted Text
        9| </body>

       Here we see that line 2 is completely removed because empty lines have no effect in HTML.
       The whitespaces between the attribute "src" and its value are removed, too. And all double
       whitespaces are replaced by a single whitespace character. But not inside preformatted
       areas.

   LESSON: Fixed And Adjusted Markup Code
       Now assume that we have an image.gif file containing a GIF image with a size of 500x400
       pixels and the following input page:

        1| <body>
        2| <center>
        3| <font color=336699>Headline:</font><br>
        4| <img src="image.gif">
        5| </center>
        6| </body>

       Although this is valid HTML code, WML can enhance it to make it more portable, speed up it
       rendering in the Webbrowser and make Lynx users more happy. So WML recognizes the "<img>"
       tag and automatically adds missing information and replaces obsolete tags with up-to-date
       variants:

        1| <body>
        2| <div align=center>
        3| <font color="#336699">Headline:</font><br>
        4| <img src="image.gif" alt="" width="500" height="400">
        5| </div>
        6| </body>

       As you can see, WML first replaced the proprietary "<center>" tag with the HTML 3.2 pedant
       "<div align=center>", second it fixed the "color" attribute of "<font>". And third it
       added missing "alt" and "width"/"height" attributes.

STRUCTURING THE MARKUP CODE

   LESSON: Using Include Files
       One of the most useful features of WML is the ability to move commonly used stuff into
       include files which can be selectively read in at later steps.

       Assume we have an include file bar.wml...

        1| bar
        2| The value of bar is: $(bar:-unknown)

       ...and the following input file:

        1| foo
        3| #include 'bar.wml' bar="FooBar"
        2| #include 'bar.wml'
        5| quux

       Then the output is:

        1| foo
        2| bar
        3| The value of bar is: Foobar
        4| bar
        5| The value of bar is: unknown
        6| quux

       As you can see, the "#include" directive is replaced by the contents of the corresponding
       file. And this included contents can contain variables which are interpolated when they
       are defined, inclusive default values.

       There is also a way to create simple constructs similar to an if-then-else just by using
       variable interpolation:

         1| The value of bar is $(bar:+set)$(bar:*unset).

       Here the `"$(bar:+set)$(bar:*unset)"' construct emulates the following semantics:

         if (isdefined(bar))
             expandto("set")
         if (not isdefined(bar))
             expandto("unset")

   LESSON: Concatenating Lines
       Although HTML usually does not care about whitespaces and newlines, sometimes it is very
       frustrating to create preformatted areas or write own tags (see later) without the ability
       to spread the code over more than one line while it should be actually one single line.
       For this a lot of languages use a line concatenation/continuation character `"\"', as does
       WML.

       Input:

        1| foo\
        2|    bar \
        3| quux

       Output:

        1| foobar quux

       The line concatenation strips whitespaces from the begin of concatenated lines but
       preserves whitespaces at the end of them, i.e. you can use leading whitespaces for
       structuring your input nicely but still use appended whitespaces for real ones.

   LESSON: Diverting To Locations
       One of the most powerful features of WML is the ability to divert data at any point to
       locations defined at any other point.

       Input:

        1| {#BAR#:this is:##}
        2| foo
        3| {#BAR#}
        4| quux
        5| {#BAR#: bar:##}
        6| foobar
        7| {#BAR#}

       Output:

        1| foo
        2| this is bar
        3| quux
        4| foobar
        5| this is bar

       Here in line 3 the location "BAR" is already dumped, but filled at lines 1 and 5.  And as
       you can see a location can be dumped at any point and even more than once. And you can
       accumulate the contents for a location by subsequent fills (line 1 and 5). This works
       because in WML first all locations are filled in a first pass and then dumped in a second
       pass.

       With the use of the high-level tags from wml::std::tags we also could write the example
       above in a little bit more human readable way:

        1| #use wml::std::tags
        2| <divert BAR>this is</divert>
        3| foo
        4| <dump BAR>
        5| quux
        6| <divert BAR> bar</divert>
        7| foobar
        8| <dump BAR>

   LESSON: Defining Output Slices
       Often one needs more than one output file. Usually although 90% of the contents is the
       same, one needs a way to select the remaining 10%. WML's approach here is to write these
       10% directly in the input file but separate the variants by defining slices which later
       can be used to create the different output files.

        1| <html>
        2| <head>
        3| <title>[EN:Titleline:][DE:Titelzeile:]</title>
        4| </head>
        5| <body>
        6| <h1>[EN:Headerline:][DE:Ueberschrift:]</h1>
        7| </body>
        8| </html>

       Now assume the above page is in file index.wml, then the command

        $ wml -o UNDEF+EN:index.html.en \
              -o UNDEF+DE:index.html.de index.wml

       generates the output file "index.html.en" containing the union of all undefined areas and
       the slices `"EN"'...

        1| <html>
        2| <head>
        3| <title>Titleline</title>
        4| </head>
        5| <body>
        6| <h1>Headerline</h1>
        7| </body>
        8| </html>

       ...and the output file "index.html.de" containing the union of all undefined areas and the
       slices `"DE"':

        1| <html>
        2| <head>
        3| <title>Titelzeile</title>
        4| </head>
        5| <body>
        6| <h1>Ueberschrift</h1>
        7| </body>
        8| </html>

FORMATTING

   LESSON: Area Substitution
       WML provides an area substitution feature which works by specifying the begin and end of
       the area and inserting some Perl substitution and translation commands.

       Input:

        1| foo
        2| {: [[s/foo/bar/g]] [[s/quux/foobar/g]] [[tr/[a-z]/[A-Z]/]]
        3| this is foo and quux.
        4| :}
        5| quux

       Output:

        1| foo
        2| THIS IS BAR AND FOOBAR.
        3| quux

       Because this seems useless, we go further and show an example of the "<isolatin>" and
       "<url>" container tags from wml::fmt::isolatin and wml::fmt::url which are programmed this
       way.

       Input:

        1| #use wml::fmt::isolatin
        2| #use wml::fmt::url
        3| <isolatin><url>
        4| Some umlauts `oeaeueOeAess' and
        5| a hyperlink http://foo.bar.com/
        6| </url></isolatin>

       Output:

        1| Some umlauts `&ouml;&auml;&uuml;&Ouml;&Auml;&szlig;' and
        2| a hyperlink <a href="http://foo.bar.com/">http://foo.bar.com/</a>

   LESSON: Text Formatting
       HTML sucks when it comes to write more than one paragraph of text.  So WML provides nice
       ways to format an area of input via other (externally available) markup language
       processors. Here is an example which used two embedded areas, the first one is written in
       Plain Old Document (POD) format, second one is written in Simple Document Format (SDF).

       Input:

         1| #use wml::fmt::pod
         2| #use wml::fmt::sdf
         3| <html>
         4| <pod notypo>
         5| =head1 Headline1
         6|
         7| Foo
         8|
         9| =head2 Headline1.1
        10|
        11| Bar
        12| </pod>
        13|
        14| <sdf notypo>
        15| H1: Headline1
        16|
        17| Foo
        18|
        19| H2: Headline 1.1
        20|
        21| Bar
        22|   * Baz
        23|     - Foobar
        24|     - Quux
        25|   * Foo
        26| </sdf>
        27| </html>

       Output:

         1| <html>
         2| <P>
         3| <H1><A NAME="Headline1">Headline1
         4| </A></H1>
         5| Foo
         6| <P>
         7| <H2><A NAME="Headline1_1">Headline1.1
         8| </A></H2>
         9| Bar
        10| <P>
        11| <H1><A NAME="Headline1">1. Headline1</A></H1>
        12| <P>Foo</P>
        13| <H2><A NAME="Headline 1.1">1.1. Headline 1.1</A></H2>
        14| <P>Bar</P>
        15| <UL>
        16| <LI>Baz<UL>
        17| <LI>Foobar
        18| <LI>Quux</UL>
        19| <LI>Foo</UL>
        20| </html>

   LESSON: Table Formatting
       Another point where the HTML markup code is unproductive and ugly is when it comes to
       write some "<table>" structures. Here WML provides two new container tags which make your
       live easier:

       <grid>
           The goal of this container tag is to provide a way to specify tables the same way you
           have it in your mind, i.e.  as a 2-dimensional grid. So, a grid is created by
           specifying a grid-layout and then fill its cells. Additionally the "<grid>" container
           tag provides a nice feature for specifying the cell alignments.

           Input:

             1| #use wml::std::grid
             2| <grid layout=2x3 align=lr valign=tbb border=1>
             3|   <cell>Header 1</cell> <cell>Header 2</cell>
             4|   <cell>Cell-A</cell>   <cell>Cell-B</cell>
             5|   <cell>Cell-C</cell>   <cell>Cell-D</cell>
             6| </grid>

           Output:

             1| <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
             2|   <tr>
             3|     <td align=left valign=top>Header 1</td>
             4|     <td align=right valign=top>Header 2</td>
             5|   </tr>
             6|   <tr>
             7|     <td align=left valign=bottom>Cell-A</td>
             8|     <td align=right valign=bottom>Cell-B</td>
             9|   </tr>
            10|   <tr>
            11|     <td align=left valign=bottom>Cell-C</td>
            12|     <td align=right valign=bottom>Cell-D</td>
            13|   </tr>
            14| </table>

       <xtable>
           This is the extended "<table>" container tag which syntax is provided by the external
           freetable program. Its goal is to provide a compact syntax for specifying a table.
           Again the same example:

           Input:

             1| #use wml::fmt::xtable
             2| <xtable border=1>
             3|   (*, 1) align=left
             4|   (*, 2) align=right
             5|   (1, *) valign=top
             6|   (2|3, *) valign=bottom
             7|   (1,1)
             8|   Header 1
             9|   (1,2)
            10|   Header 2
            11|   (2,1)
            12|   Cell-A
            13|   (2,2)
            14|   Cell-B
            15|   (3,1)
            16|   Cell-C
            17|   (3,2)
            18|   Cell-D
            19| </xtable>

           Output:

             1| <table border="1">
             2|   <tr valign=top>
             3|     <td align=left>Header 1</td>
             4|     <td align=right>Header 2</td>
             5|   </tr>
             6|   <tr>
             7|     <td align=left valign=bottom>Cell-A</td>
             8|     <td align=right valign=bottom>Cell-B</td>
             9|   </tr>
            10|   <tr>
            11|     <td align=left valign=bottom>Cell-C</td>
            12|     <td align=right valign=bottom>Cell-D</td>
            13|   </tr>
            14| </table>

DEFINITION OF OWN HTML TAGS

   LESSON: Simple Tags And Container Tags
       Now it is time to enhance our markup language by defining new custom HTML tags.  There are
       two types of HTML tags:

       Simple Tags
           As an example let us define a "<me>" tag which expands to my name abbreviation.

           Input:

            1| <define-tag me whitespace=delete>
            2| rse@engelschall.com
            3| </define-tag>
            4|
            5| This is <me>.

           Output:

            1| This is rse@engelschall.com.

       Container Tags
           As an example let us define a "<red>" tag which changes its body text color to red.

           Input:

             1| <define-tag red endtag=required whitespace=delete>
             2| <font color="#cc3333">%body</font>
             3| </define-tag>
             4|
             5| This is <red>very important</red>.

           Output:

             1| This is <font color="#cc3333">very important</font>.

   LESSON: Tags With Attributes
       Because tags without attributes are not very flexible there is also a way to define tags
       which can use these.

       Input:

         1| <define-tag me whitespace=delete>
         2| <if   "%0" ""            "rse@engelschall.com">
         3| <ifeq "%0" "engelschall" "rse@engelschall.com">
         4| <ifeq "%0" "netsw"       "rse@netsw.org">
         5| <ifeq "%0" "apache"      "rse@apache.org">
         6| <ifeq "%0" "freebsd"     "rse@freebsd.org">
         7| <ifeq "%0" "sdm"         "rse@sdm.de">
         8| </define-tag>
         9|
        10| This is <me> and <me apache>.

       Output:

          1| This is rse@engelschall.com and rse@apache.org.

       There is also a variant to use attributes of type "name=value":

       Input:

         2| <define-tag me whitespace=delete>
         3| <preserve at>
         4| <set-var %attributes>
         5| <if   "<get-var at>" ""            "rse@engelschall.com">
         6| <ifeq "<get-var at>" "engelschall" "rse@engelschall.com">
         7| <ifeq "<get-var at>" "netsw"       "rse@netsw.org">
         8| <ifeq "<get-var at>" "apache"      "rse@apache.org">
         9| <ifeq "<get-var at>" "freebsd"     "rse@freebsd.org">
        10| <ifeq "<get-var at>" "sdm"         "rse@sdm.de">
        11| <restore at>
        12| </define-tag>
        13|
        14| This is <me> and <me at=apache>.

       Output:

          1| This is rse@engelschall.com and rse@apache.org.

   LESSON: Overwriting Existing HTML Tags
       WML also provides a way to overwrite existing HTML tags, i.e.  you can define a custom tag
       with the same name as an already known HTML tag and use the original HTML tag inside it.

       Input:

          1| <define-tag br whitespace=delete>
          2| <br*><br*>
          4| </define-tag>
          5|
          6| Some Text<br>
          7| Some more Text

       Output:

          1| Some Text<br><br>
          2| Some more Text

   LESSON: Programming Tags In Perl
       One of the essential features in WML is that you can embed Perl code at any point, just
       marked with `"<:"' and `":>"' delimiters.  This can be combined with the tag definitions
       by programming tags in Perl.

       Input:

         1| #use wml::std::tags
         2| <define-tag me whitespace=delete>
         3| <preserve at>
         4| <set-var %attributes>
         5| <:{
         6|     my $at = qq/<get-var at>/;
         7|     my $addr;
         8|     $addr = "rse\@engelschall.com" if $at eq '';
         9|     $addr = "rse\@engelschall.com" if $at eq 'engelschall';
        10|     $addr = "rse\@netsw.org"       if $at eq 'netsw';
        11|     $addr = "rse\@apache.org"      if $at eq 'apache';
        12|     $addr = "rse\@freebsd.org"     if $at eq 'freebsd';
        13|     $addr = "rse\@sdm.de"          if $at eq 'sdm';
        14|     print $addr;
        15| }:>
        16| <restore at>
        17| </define-tag>
        18|
        19| This is <me> and <me at=apache>.

       Output:

         1| This is rse@engelschall.com and rse@apache.org.

ADVANCED FEATURES

   LESSON: Using Templates
       We've already seen how to divert data to a location.  Because WML automatically closes
       still opened diversions at EndOfFile, we can use this feature to create templates.  Assume
       we have the following template defined in the file template.wml.

         1| #   the template itself
         2| <html>
         3| <head>
         4| <title>{#SUBJECT_LOC#}</title>
         5| </head>
         6| <body>
         7| <h1>{#SUBJECT_LOC#}</h1>
         8| <blockquote>
         9| {#BODY#}
        10| </blockquote>
        11| </body>
        12| </html>
        13|
        14| #   way to insert the subject
        15| <define-tag subject>
        16| {#SUBJECT_LOC#:%0:##}
        17| </define-tag>
        18|
        19| #   per default we are in body
        20| {#BODY#:

       Input:

         1| #include 'template.wml'
         2|
         3| <subject "Foo, Bar and Quux">
         4|
         5| This is about Foo, Bar and Quux...

       Output:

         1| <html>
         2| <head>
         3| <title>Foo, Bar and Quux</title>
         4| </head>
         5| <body>
         6| <h1>Foo, Bar and Quux</h1>
         7| <blockquote>
         8| This is about Foo, Bar and Quux...
         9| </blockquote>
        10| </body>
        11| </html>

       You can even nest more than one template because the diversion mechanism in WML accepts
       location dumps and location fills at any point, even within other location fills.

   LESSON: Creating Multi-Lingual Pages
       The core languages of WML don't provide a dedicated facility to create multi-lingual
       pages, i.e. one or more output pages created out of a single input source, each one
       containing the same page information but in different human languages. But WML provides
       variants through ``slicing'' (Pass 9) and human languages are just a special case of
       general variants.  So wml::std::lang exists which provides specialized multi-lingual
       support tags which are mapped to slices which then can be used to create the various
       output files.

       Let take an example:

         1| #!wml -o (ALL-LANG_*)+LANG_EN:index.en.html \
         2|       -o (ALL-LANG_*)+LANG_DE:index.de.html
         3|
         4| #use wml::std::page
         5| #use wml::std::lang
         6|
         7| <lang:new id=en short>
         8| <lang:new id=de short>
         9|
        10| <page>
        11|
        12| <h1><en: Welcome><de: Willkommen>!</h1>
        13|
        14| <a href="<lang:star: index2.*.html>">Index 2</a>
        15|
        16| <lang:area>
        17| (en)This is a test page
        18| (de)Dies ist eine Testseite
        19| </lang:area>

       After processing passes 1 to 8 ("wml -p1-8") the following is internally generated by WML:

         1| <html>
         2| <head>
         3| </head>
         4| <body bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000" link="#333399" alink="#9999ff" vlink="#000066">
         5| <h1>[LANG_EN:Welcome:][LANG_DE:Willkommen:]!</h1>
         6| <a href="[LANG_EN:index2.en.html:][LANG_DE:index2.de.html:]">Index 2</a>
         7| [LANG_EN:This is a test page
         8| :][LANG_DE:Dies ist eine Testseite:]
         9| </body>
        10| </html>

       And then after processing pass 9 with the initial WML magic cookie line ("#!wml -o...")
       the following two files are generated:

       index.en.html:

         1| <html>
         2| <head>
         3| </head>
         4| <body bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000" link="#333399" alink="#9999ff" vlink="#000066">
         5| <h1>Welcome!</h1>
         6| <a href="index2.en.html">Index 2</a>
         7| This is a test page
         8|
         9| </body>
        10| </html>

       index.de.html:

         1| <html>
         2| <head>
         3| </head>
         4| <body bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000" link="#333399" alink="#9999ff" vlink="#000066">
         5| <h1>Willkommen!</h1>
         6| <a href="index2.de.html">Index 2</a>
         7| Dies ist eine Testseite
         8| </body>
         9| </html>

       And these two pages then can be served by a content negotiation feature of the webserver
       or by explicit references.

MORE INFORMATION

       Now you've seen the various core languages of WML in action. For the gory details of what
       each language provides either read the all-in-one WML Introduction in wml_intro(7) or step
       through the particular manpages of the core languages.  Start here with the frontend
       wml(1).

       Additionally can can step through the set of available standard include files WML ships
       with. Start with the top-level include file wml::all(3).

SEE ALSO

       wml_intro(7)

       wml_p1_ipp(3), mp4h(1), eperl(1), m4(1), wml_p5_divert(3), wml_p6_asubst(3),
       wml_p7_htmlfix(3), wml_p8_htmlstrip(3), slice(1).

       wml::all(3)