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       This  manual  page  is part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual.  The Linux implementation of
       this interface may differ (consult the corresponding Linux  manual  page  for  details  of
       Linux behavior), or the interface may not be implemented on Linux.

NAME

       diff — compare two files

SYNOPSIS

       diff [−c|−e|−f|−u|−C n|−U n] [−br] file1 file2

DESCRIPTION

       The  diff  utility  shall  compare  the  contents of file1 and file2 and write to standard
       output a list of changes necessary to convert file1  into  file2.   This  list  should  be
       minimal. No output shall be produced if the files are identical.

OPTIONS

       The  diff  utility  shall  conform to the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2008, Section
       12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines.

       The following options shall be supported:

       −b        Cause any amount of white space at the end of a line to be treated as  a  single
                 <newline>  (that  is,  the  white-space  characters  preceding the <newline> are
                 ignored) and other strings of white-space characters,  not  including  <newline>
                 characters, to compare equal.

       −c        Produce output in a form that provides three lines of copied context.

       −C n      Produce  output in a form that provides n lines of copied context (where n shall
                 be interpreted as a positive decimal integer).

       −e        Produce output in a form suitable as input for the ed utility, which can then be
                 used to convert file1 into file2.

       −f        Produce output in an alternative form, similar in format to −e, but not intended
                 to be suitable as input for the ed utility, and in the opposite order.

       −r        Apply diff recursively to files and directories of the same name when file1  and
                 file2 are both directories.

                 The  diff  utility  shall  detect infinite loops; that is, entering a previously
                 visited directory that is an ancestor of the last  file  encountered.   When  it
                 detects  an  infinite  loop,  diff  shall write a diagnostic message to standard
                 error and shall either recover its position in the hierarchy or terminate.

       −u        Produce output in a form that provides three lines of unified context.

       −U n      Produce output in a form that provides n lines of unified context (where n shall
                 be interpreted as a non-negative decimal integer).

OPERANDS

       The following operands shall be supported:

       file1, file2
                 A  pathname  of  a  file to be compared. If either the file1 or file2 operand is
                 '−', the standard input shall be used in its place.

       If both file1 and file2 are directories, diff  shall  not  compare  block  special  files,
       character  special files, or FIFO special files to any files and shall not compare regular
       files to directories.  Further details are  as  specified  in  Diff  Directory  Comparison
       Format.   The behavior of diff on other file types is implementation-defined when found in
       directories.

       If only one of file1 and file2 is a directory, diff shall be applied to the  non-directory
       file  and the file contained in the directory file with a filename that is the same as the
       last component of the non-directory file.

STDIN

       The standard input shall be used only if one of the file1  or  file2  operands  references
       standard input. See the INPUT FILES section.

INPUT FILES

       The input files may be of any type.

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES

       The following environment variables shall affect the execution of diff:

       LANG      Provide a default value for the internationalization variables that are unset or
                 null.  (See  the  Base  Definitions  volume  of   POSIX.1‐2008,   Section   8.2,
                 Internationalization   Variables  for  the  precedence  of  internationalization
                 variables used to determine the values of locale categories.)

       LC_ALL    If set to a non-empty string  value,  override  the  values  of  all  the  other
                 internationalization variables.

       LC_CTYPE  Determine  the  locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes of text data
                 as characters (for example, single-byte as opposed to multi-byte  characters  in
                 arguments and input files).

       LC_MESSAGES
                 Determine  the  locale  that should be used to affect the format and contents of
                 diagnostic messages written to standard error and informative  messages  written
                 to standard output.

       LC_TIME   Determine  the  locale  for affecting the format of file timestamps written with
                 the −C and −c options.

       NLSPATH   Determine the location of message catalogs for the processing of LC_MESSAGES.

       TZ        Determine the timezone used for  calculating  file  timestamps  written  with  a
                 context format. If TZ is unset or null, an unspecified default timezone shall be
                 used.

ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS

       Default.

STDOUT

   Diff Directory Comparison Format
       If both file1 and file2 are directories, the following output formats shall be used.

       In the POSIX locale, each file that is present in only one  directory  shall  be  reported
       using the following format:

           "Only in %s: %s\n", <directory pathname>, <filename>

       In the POSIX locale, subdirectories that are common to the two directories may be reported
       with the following format:

           "Common subdirectories: %s and %s\n", <directory1 pathname>,
               <directory2 pathname>

       For each file common to the two directories, if the two files are not to be  compared:  if
       the  two  files  have the same device ID and file serial number, or are both block special
       files that refer to the same device, or are both character special files that refer to the
       same  device,  in  the  POSIX  locale the output format is unspecified.  Otherwise, in the
       POSIX locale an unspecified format shall be used that contains the pathnames  of  the  two
       files.

       For  each file common to the two directories, if the files are compared and are identical,
       no output shall be written. If the two files differ, the following format is written:

           "diff %s %s %s\n", <diff_options>, <filename1>, <filename2>

       where <diff_options> are the options as specified on the command line.

       All directory pathnames listed in this section shall be relative to the  original  command
       line  arguments.  All  other  names  of  files  listed  in this section shall be filenames
       (pathname components).

   Diff Binary Output Format
       In the POSIX locale, if one or both of the files being compared are not text files, it  is
       implementation-defined  whether  diff  uses  the  binary  file  output format or the other
       formats as specified below. The binary file output format shall contain the  pathnames  of
       two files being compared and the string "differ".

       If  both  files  being compared are text files, depending on the options specified, one of
       the following formats shall be used to write the differences.

   Diff Default Output Format
       The default (without −e, −f, −c, −C, −u, or −U options) diff utility output shall  contain
       lines of these forms:

           "%da%d\n", <num1>, <num2>

           "%da%d,%d\n", <num1>, <num2>, <num3>

           "%dd%d\n", <num1>, <num2>

           "%d,%dd%d\n", <num1>, <num2>, <num3>

           "%dc%d\n", <num1>, <num2>

           "%d,%dc%d\n", <num1>, <num2>, <num3>

           "%dc%d,%d\n", <num1>, <num2>, <num3>

           "%d,%dc%d,%d\n", <num1>, <num2>, <num3>, <num4>

       These  lines resemble ed subcommands to convert file1 into file2.  The line numbers before
       the action letters shall pertain to file1; those after shall pertain to file2.   Thus,  by
       exchanging  a  for  d and reading the line in reverse order, one can also determine how to
       convert file2 into file1.  As in ed, identical pairs (where num1= num2) are abbreviated as
       a single number.

       Following  each  of these lines, diff shall write to standard output all lines affected in
       the first file using the format:

           "< %s", <line>

       and all lines affected in the second file using the format:

           "> %s", <line>

       If there are lines affected in both file1 and  file2  (as  with  the  c  subcommand),  the
       changes are separated with a line consisting of three <hyphen> characters:

           "−−−\n"

   Diff −e Output Format
       With  the  −e option, a script shall be produced that shall, when provided as input to ed,
       along with an appended w (write) command, convert file1 into file2.  Only the a  (append),
       c  (change),  d  (delete),  i (insert), and s (substitute) commands of ed shall be used in
       this script. Text lines, except those consisting of the single character  <period>  ('.'),
       shall be output as they appear in the file.

   Diff −f Output Format
       With  the  −f  option, an alternative format of script shall be produced. It is similar to
       that produced by −e, with the following differences:

        1. It is expressed in reverse sequence; the output of −e orders changes from the  end  of
           the file to the beginning; the −f from beginning to end.

        2. The  command  form  <lines>  <command-letter> used by −e is reversed. For example, 10c
           with −e would be c10 with −f.

        3. The  form  used  for  ranges  of  line  numbers  is  <space>-separated,  rather   than
           <comma>-separated.

   Diff −c or −C Output Format
       With  the  −c  or  −C option, the output format shall consist of affected lines along with
       surrounding lines of context. The affected lines shall show which ones need to be  deleted
       or  changed  in  file1,  and  those  added from file2.  With the −c option, three lines of
       context, if available, shall be written before and after the affected lines. With  the  −C
       option,  the  user  can  specify  how many lines of context are written.  The exact format
       follows.

       The name and last modification time of each file shall be output in the following format:

           "*** %s %s\n", file1, <file1 timestamp>
           "−−− %s %s\n", file2, <file2 timestamp>

       Each <file> field shall be the pathname of the  corresponding  file  being  compared.  The
       pathname written for standard input is unspecified.

       In  the  POSIX  locale,  each <timestamp> field shall be equivalent to the output from the
       following command:

           date "+%a %b %e %T %Y"

       without the trailing  <newline>,  executed  at  the  time  of  last  modification  of  the
       corresponding file (or the current time, if the file is standard input).

       Then, the following output formats shall be applied for every set of changes.

       First, a line shall be written in the following format:

           "***************\n"

       Next,  the  range  of lines in file1 shall be written in the following format if the range
       contains two or more lines:

           "*** %d,%d ****\n", <beginning line number>, <ending line number>

       and the following format otherwise:

           "*** %d ****\n", <ending line number>

       The ending line number of an empty range shall be the number of the preceding line,  or  0
       if the range is at the start of the file.

       Next,  the affected lines along with lines of context (unaffected lines) shall be written.
       Unaffected lines shall be written in the following format:

           "  %s", <unaffected_line>

       Deleted lines shall be written as:

           "− %s", <deleted_line>

       Changed lines shall be written as:

           "! %s", <changed_line>

       Next, the range of lines in file2 shall be written in the following format  if  the  range
       contains two or more lines:

           "−−− %d,%d −−−−\n", <beginning line number>, <ending line number>

       and the following format otherwise:

           "−−− %d −−−−\n", <ending line number>

       Then,  lines  of  context  and changed lines shall be written as described in the previous
       formats. Lines added from file2 shall be written in the following format:

           "+ %s", <added_line>

   Diff −u or −U Output Format
       The −u or −U options behave like the −c or −C options, except that the context  lines  are
       not  repeated;  instead,  the  context,  deleted,  and  added  lines  are  shown together,
       interleaved.  The exact format follows.

       The name and last modification time of each file shall be output in the following format:

           "--- %s%s%s %s0, file1, <file1 timestamp>, <file1 frac>, <file1 zone>
           "+++ %s%s%s %s0, file2, <file2 timestamp>, <file2 frac>, <file2 zone>

       Each <file> field shall be the pathname of the corresponding file being compared,  or  the
       single  character  '−'  if  standard  input  is  being  compared. However, if the pathname
       contains a <tab> or a <newline>, or if it does not consist entirely  of  characters  taken
       from the portable character set, the behavior is implementation-defined.

       Each <timestamp> field shall be equivalent to the output from the following command:

           date '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'

       without  the  trailing  <newline>,  executed  at  the  time  of  last  modification of the
       corresponding file (or the current time, if the file is standard input).

       Each <frac> field shall be either empty, or a decimal  point  followed  by  at  least  one
       decimal  digit, indicating the fractional-seconds part (if any) of the file timestamp. The
       number of fractional digits shall be at least the number needed to  represent  the  file's
       timestamp without loss of information.

       Each  <zone> field shall be of the form "shhmm", where "shh" is a signed two-digit decimal
       number in the range −24 through +25, and "mm" is an unsigned two-digit decimal  number  in
       the  range  00  through  59.  It represents the timezone of the timestamp as the number of
       hours (hh) and minutes (mm) east (+) or west (−) of UTC for the timestamp.  If  the  hours
       and  minutes  are  both  zero,  the sign shall be '+'.  However, if the timezone is not an
       integral number of minutes away from UTC, the <zone> field is implementation-defined.

       Then, the following output formats shall be applied for every set of changes.

       First, the range of lines in each file shall be written in the following format:

           "@@ -%s +%s @@", <file1 range>, <file2 range>

       Each <range> field shall be of the form:

           "%1d", <beginning line number>

       if the range contains exactly one line, and:

           "%1d,%1d", <beginning line number>, <number of lines>

       otherwise. If a range is empty, its beginning line number shall be the number of the  line
       just before the range, or 0 if the empty range starts the file.

       Next,  the  affected  lines  along with lines of context shall be written.  Each non-empty
       unaffected line shall be written in the following format:

           " %s", <unaffected_line>

       where  the  contents  of  the  unaffected  line  shall  be  taken  from  file1.    It   is
       implementation-defined  whether  an empty unaffected line is written as an empty line or a
       line containing a single <space> character. This line also represents  the  same  line  of
       file2,  even  though  file2's  line may contain different contents due to the −b.  Deleted
       lines shall be written as:

           "-%s", <deleted_line>

       Added lines shall be written as:

           "+%s", <added_line>

       The order of lines written shall be the same as that of the corresponding file. A  deleted
       line shall never be written immediately after an added line.

       If  −U  n  is  specified,  the  output shall contain no more than n consecutive unaffected
       lines; and if the output contains an affected line and this line is adjacent to  up  to  n
       consecutive  unaffected  lines  in  the corresponding file, the output shall contain these
       unaffected lines.  −u shall act like −U3.

STDERR

       The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic messages.

OUTPUT FILES

       None.

EXTENDED DESCRIPTION

       None.

EXIT STATUS

       The following exit values shall be returned:

        0    No differences were found.

        1    Differences were found.

       >1    An error occurred.

CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS

       Default.

       The following sections are informative.

APPLICATION USAGE

       If lines at the end of a file are changed and other lines are added, diff output may  show
       this  as  a  delete  and add, as a change, or as a change and add; diff is not expected to
       know which happened and users should not care about the difference in output as long as it
       clearly shows the differences between the files.

EXAMPLES

       If  dir1  is  a directory containing a directory named x, dir2 is a directory containing a
       directory named x, dir1/x and  dir2/x  both  contain  files  named  date.out,  and  dir2/x
       contains a file named y, the command:

           diff −r dir1 dir2

       could produce output similar to:

           Common subdirectories: dir1/x and dir2/x
           Only in dir2/x: y
           diff −r dir1/x/date.out dir2/x/date.out
           1c1
           < Mon Jul  2 13:12:16 PDT 1990
           −−−
           > Tue Jun 19 21:41:39 PDT 1990

RATIONALE

       The  −h  option  was  omitted  because it was insufficiently specified and does not add to
       applications portability.

       Historical implementations employ algorithms that do not always produce a minimum list  of
       differences;  the  current  language  about making every effort is the best this volume of
       POSIX.1‐2008 can do, as there is no metric that could be employed to judge the quality  of
       implementations  against  any  and  all file contents. The statement ``This list should be
       minimal'' clearly implies that implementations are not expected to provide  the  following
       output  when  comparing  two  100-line files that differ in only one character on a single
       line:

           1,100c1,100
           all 100 lines from file1 preceded with "< "
           −−−
           all 100 lines from file2 preceded with "> "

       The ``Only in'' messages required when the −r option is specified are  not  used  by  most
       historical implementations if the −e option is also specified. It is required here because
       it provides useful information  that  must  be  provided  to  update  a  target  directory
       hierarchy  to match a source hierarchy. The ``Common subdirectories'' messages are written
       by System V and 4.3 BSD when the −r option is specified. They are allowed here but are not
       required  because  they  are  reporting  on  something  that  is the same, not reporting a
       difference, and are not needed to update a target hierarchy.

       The −c option, which writes output in a format using lines of context, has been  included.
       The  format is useful for a variety of reasons, among them being much improved readability
       and the ability to understand difference changes when the target  file  has  line  numbers
       that  differ from another similar, but slightly different, copy. The patch utility is most
       valuable when working with difference listings using a context format. The BSD version  of
       −c takes an optional argument specifying the amount of context. Rather than overloading −c
       and breaking the Utility Syntax Guidelines for diff, the standard  developers  decided  to
       add  a  separate  option  for specifying a context diff with a specified amount of context
       (−C).  Also, the format for context diffs was  extended  slightly  in  4.3  BSD  to  allow
       multiple  changes that are within context lines from each other to be merged together. The
       output format contains an  additional  four  <asterisk>  characters  after  the  range  of
       affected  lines  in  the first filename. This was to provide a flag for old programs (like
       old versions of patch) that only understand the old context format. The version of context
       described  here does not require that multiple changes within context lines be merged, but
       it does not prohibit it either. The extension is upwards-compatible, so any  vendors  that
       wish  to  retain  the  old  version  of diff can do so by adding the extra four <asterisk>
       characters (that is, utilities that currently use  diff  and  understand  the  new  merged
       format will also understand the old unmerged format, but not vice versa).

       The  −u  and  −U  options of GNU diff have been included. Their output format, designed by
       Wayne Davison, takes up less space than −c and −C format, and in many cases is  easier  to
       read.  The  format's  timestamps do not vary by locale, so LC_TIME does not affect it. The
       format's line numbers are rendered with the %1d format, not %d, because  the  file  format
       notation rules would allow extra <blank> characters to appear around the numbers.

       The substitute command was added as an additional format for the −e option. This was added
       to provide implementations with a way to fix the classic  ``dot  alone  on  a  line''  bug
       present  in  many  versions  of diff.  Since many implementations have fixed this bug, the
       standard developers decided not to standardize broken behavior, but rather to provide  the
       necessary  tool  for  fixing  the  bug.  One  way to fix this bug is to output two periods
       whenever a lone period is needed, then terminate the append command  with  a  period,  and
       then use the substitute command to convert the two periods into one period.

       The  BSD-derived  −r option was added to provide a mechanism for using diff to compare two
       file system trees. This behavior is  useful,  is  standard  practice  on  all  BSD-derived
       systems, and is not easily reproducible with the find utility.

       The  requirement  that diff not compare files in some circumstances, even though they have
       the same name, is based on the actual output of historical implementations.  The specified
       behavior precludes the problems arising from running into FIFOs and other files that would
       cause diff to hang waiting for input with no indication to the user that diff was hung. An
       earlier  version  of  this  standard  specified  the  output format more precisely, but in
       practice this requirement was widely ignored and the  benefit  of  standardization  seemed
       small, so it is now unspecified. In most common usage, diff −r should indicate differences
       in the file hierarchies, not the difference of contents  of  devices  pointed  to  by  the
       hierarchies.

       Many  early  implementations  of  diff require seekable files. Since the System Interfaces
       volume of POSIX.1‐2008 supports named pipes, the standard developers decided that  such  a
       restriction  was unreasonable.  Note also that the allowed filename  almost always refers
       to a pipe.

       No directory search order is specified for diff.  The historical ordering is, in fact, not
       optimal,  in that it prints out all of the differences at the current level, including the
       statements about all common subdirectories before recursing into those subdirectories.

       The message:

           "diff %s %s %s\n", <diff_options>, <filename1>, <filename2>

       does not vary by locale because it is the representation of  a  command,  not  an  English
       sentence.

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

       None.

SEE ALSO

       cmp, comm, ed, find

       The  Base  Definitions  volume  of POSIX.1‐2008, Chapter 8, Environment Variables, Section
       12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines

COPYRIGHT

       Portions of this text are reprinted and  reproduced  in  electronic  form  from  IEEE  Std
       1003.1,  2013  Edition,  Standard  for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System
       Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7, Copyright (C) 2013  by  the
       Institute  of  Electrical  and  Electronics  Engineers,  Inc and The Open Group.  (This is
       POSIX.1-2008 with the  2013  Technical  Corrigendum  1  applied.)  In  the  event  of  any
       discrepancy  between  this  version and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the
       original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The  original  Standard
       can be obtained online at http://www.unix.org/online.html .

       Any  typographical  or  formatting errors that appear in this page are most likely to have
       been introduced during the conversion of the source files to man page  format.  To  report
       such errors, see https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/reporting_bugs.html .