Provided by: dpkg-dev_1.19.7ubuntu3.2_all bug

NAME

       dpkg-buildflags - returns build flags to use during package build

SYNOPSIS

       dpkg-buildflags [option...] [command]

DESCRIPTION

       dpkg-buildflags  is  a  tool  to  retrieve compilation flags to use during build of Debian
       packages.  The default flags are defined by the vendor but they can be extended/overridden
       in several ways:

       1.     system-wide with /etc/dpkg/buildflags.conf;

       2.     for    the    current   user   with   $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/dpkg/buildflags.conf   where
              $XDG_CONFIG_HOME defaults to $HOME/.config;

       3.     temporarily by the user with environment variables (see section ENVIRONMENT);

       4.     dynamically  by  the  package  maintainer  with  environment  variables   set   via
              debian/rules (see section ENVIRONMENT).

       The configuration files can contain four types of directives:

       SET flag value
              Override the flag named flag to have the value value.

       STRIP flag value
              Strip from the flag named flag all the build flags listed in value.

       APPEND flag value
              Extend  the  flag  named  flag by appending the options given in value.  A space is
              prepended to the appended value if the flag's current value is non-empty.

       PREPEND flag value
              Extend the flag named flag by prepending the options given in value.   A  space  is
              appended to the prepended value if the flag's current value is non-empty.

       The  configuration  files  can  contain  comments on lines starting with a hash (#). Empty
       lines are also ignored.

COMMANDS

       --dump Print to standard output all compilation flags and their values. It prints one flag
              per  line  separated  from  its  value by an equal sign (“flag=value”). This is the
              default action.

       --list Print the list of flags supported by the current vendor (one  per  line).  See  the
              SUPPORTED FLAGS section for more information about them.

       --status
              Display   any   information  that  can  be  useful  to  explain  the  behaviour  of
              dpkg-buildflags  (since  dpkg  1.16.5):  relevant  environment  variables,  current
              vendor,  state  of all feature flags.  Also print the resulting compiler flags with
              their origin.

              This is intended to be run from debian/rules, so that the build log keeps  a  clear
              trace  of  the build flags used. This can be useful to diagnose problems related to
              them.

       --export=format
              Print to standard output commands that can be used to export  all  the  compilation
              flags  for  some  particular tool. If the format value is not given, sh is assumed.
              Only compilation flags starting with an upper case character are  included,  others
              are assumed to not be suitable for the environment. Supported formats:

              sh     Shell  commands  to  set  and  export  all  the  compilation  flags  in  the
                     environment. The  flag  values  are  quoted  so  the  output  is  ready  for
                     evaluation by a shell.

              cmdline
                     Arguments  to  pass  to  a  build  program's  command  line  to  use all the
                     compilation flags (since dpkg 1.17.0). The flag values are quoted  in  shell
                     syntax.

              configure
                     This is a legacy alias for cmdline.

              make   Make  directives  to  set  and  export  all  the  compilation  flags  in the
                     environment. Output can be written to  a  Makefile  fragment  and  evaluated
                     using an include directive.

       --get flag
              Print  the  value of the flag on standard output. Exits with 0 if the flag is known
              otherwise exits with 1.

       --origin flag
              Print the origin of the value that is returned by --get. Exits with 0 if  the  flag
              is known otherwise exits with 1. The origin can be one of the following values:

              vendor the original flag set by the vendor is returned;

              system the flag is set/modified by a system-wide configuration;

              user   the flag is set/modified by a user-specific configuration;

              env    the flag is set/modified by an environment-specific configuration.

       --query
              Print  any  information that can be useful to explain the behaviour of the program:
              current vendor, relevant environment variables, feature areas, state of all feature
              flags, and the compiler flags with their origin (since dpkg 1.19.0).

              For example:
                Vendor: Debian
                Environment:
                 DEB_CFLAGS_SET=-O0 -Wall

                Area: qa
                Features:
                 bug=no
                 canary=no

                Area: reproducible
                Features:
                 timeless=no

                Flag: CFLAGS
                Value: -O0 -Wall
                Origin: env

                Flag: CPPFLAGS
                Value: -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2
                Origin: vendor

       --query-features area
              Print  the  features  enabled  for  a  given  area  (since  dpkg 1.16.2).  The only
              currently recognized areas on Debian and derivatives are future, qa,  reproducible,
              sanitize and hardening, see the FEATURE AREAS section for more details.  Exits with
              0 if the area is known otherwise exits with 1.

              The output is in RFC822 format, with one section per feature.  For example:

                Feature: pie
                Enabled: yes

                Feature: stackprotector
                Enabled: yes

       --help Show the usage message and exit.

       --version
              Show the version and exit.

SUPPORTED FLAGS

       CFLAGS Options for the C compiler. The default value set by the vendor includes -g and the
              default   optimization   level  (-O2  usually,  or  -O0  if  the  DEB_BUILD_OPTIONS
              environment variable defines noopt).

       CPPFLAGS
              Options for the C preprocessor. Default value: empty.

       CXXFLAGS
              Options for the C++ compiler. Same as CFLAGS.

       OBJCFLAGS
              Options for the Objective C compiler. Same as CFLAGS.

       OBJCXXFLAGS
              Options for the Objective C++ compiler. Same as CXXFLAGS.

       GCJFLAGS
              Options for the GNU Java compiler (gcj). A subset of CFLAGS.

       FFLAGS Options for the Fortran 77 compiler. A subset of CFLAGS.

       FCFLAGS
              Options for the Fortran 9x compiler. Same as FFLAGS.

       LDFLAGS
              Options passed to the compiler when linking executables or shared objects  (if  the
              linker  is called directly, then -Wl and , have to be stripped from these options).
              Default value: empty.

       New flags might be added in the future if the need arises (for example  to  support  other
       languages).

FEATURE AREAS

       Each   area   feature   can   be   enabled  and  disabled  in  the  DEB_BUILD_OPTIONS  and
       DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS environment variable's area value with the ‘+’ and  ‘-’  modifier.
       For  example,  to enable the hardening “pie” feature and disable the “fortify” feature you
       can do this in debian/rules:

         export DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS=hardening=+pie,-fortify

       The special feature all (valid in any area) can be used to  enable  or  disable  all  area
       features  at  the same time.  Thus disabling everything in the hardening area and enabling
       only “format” and “fortify” can be achieved with:

         export DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS=hardening=-all,+format,+fortify

   future
       Several compile-time options (detailed below) can be used to enable features  that  should
       be enabled by default, but cannot due to backwards compatibility reasons.

       lfs    This   setting   (disabled  by  default)  enables  Large  File  Support  on  32-bit
              architectures  where  their  ABI  does  not  include  LFS  by  default,  by  adding
              -D_LARGEFILE_SOURCE -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 to CPPFLAGS.

   qa
       Several  compile-time  options (detailed below) can be used to help detect problems in the
       source code or build system.

       bug    This setting (disabled by default) adds any warning option  that  reliably  detects
              problematic  source  code.  The  warnings  are fatal.  The only currently supported
              flags  are  CFLAGS  and  CXXFLAGS   with   flags   set   to   -Werror=array-bounds,
              -Werror=clobbered,             -Werror=implicit-function-declaration            and
              -Werror=volatile-register-var.

       canary This setting (disabled by default) adds dummy canary options to the build flags, so
              that  the  build logs can be checked for how the build flags propagate and to allow
              finding any omission of normal build flag settings.  The only  currently  supported
              flags  are  CPPFLAGS, CFLAGS, OBJCFLAGS, CXXFLAGS and OBJCXXFLAGS with flags set to
              -D__DEB_CANARY_flag_random-id__, and LDFLAGS set to -Wl,-z,deb-canary-random-id.

   sanitize
       Several compile-time options (detailed below) can be used to  help  sanitize  a  resulting
       binary  against memory corruptions, memory leaks, use after free, threading data races and
       undefined behavior bugs.  Note: these options should not be used for production builds  as
       they can reduce reliability for conformant code, reduce security or even functionality.

       address
              This   setting  (disabled  by  default)  adds  -fsanitize=address  to  LDFLAGS  and
              -fsanitize=address -fno-omit-frame-pointer to CFLAGS and CXXFLAGS.

       thread This setting (disabled by default) adds -fsanitize=thread to CFLAGS,  CXXFLAGS  and
              LDFLAGS.

       leak   This  setting  (disabled  by  default)  adds  -fsanitize=leak  to  LDFLAGS. It gets
              automatically disabled if either the address or the thread features are enabled, as
              they imply it.

       undefined
              This  setting  (disabled  by default) adds -fsanitize=undefined to CFLAGS, CXXFLAGS
              and LDFLAGS.

   hardening
       Several compile-time options (detailed below) can be  used  to  help  harden  a  resulting
       binary  against  memory  corruption attacks, or provide additional warning messages during
       compilation.  Except as noted below, these are enabled by default for  architectures  that
       support them.

       format This  setting (enabled by default) adds -Wformat -Werror=format-security to CFLAGS,
              CXXFLAGS, OBJCFLAGS and OBJCXXFLAGS.  This will warn about improper  format  string
              uses, and will fail when format functions are used in a way that represent possible
              security problems. At present, this warns about calls to printf and scanf functions
              where  the format string is not a string literal and there are no format arguments,
              as in printf(foo); instead of printf("%s", foo); This may be a security hole if the
              format string came from untrusted input and contains ‘%n’.

       fortify
              This setting (enabled by default) adds -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 to CPPFLAGS. During code
              generation the compiler knows a great deal of information about buffer sizes (where
              possible),  and attempts to replace insecure unlimited length buffer function calls
              with  length-limited  ones.  This  is  especially  useful  for  old,  crufty  code.
              Additionally,  format  strings in writable memory that contain ‘%n’ are blocked. If
              an application depends on such a format string, it will need to be worked around.

              Note that for this option to have any effect, the source must also be compiled with
              -O1  or  higher. If the environment variable DEB_BUILD_OPTIONS contains noopt, then
              fortify support will be disabled, due to new warnings being issued  by  glibc  2.16
              and later.

       stackprotector
              This  setting  (enabled  by  default  if  stackprotectorstrong  is not in use) adds
              -fstack-protector  --param=ssp-buffer-size=4  to   CFLAGS,   CXXFLAGS,   OBJCFLAGS,
              OBJCXXFLAGS,  GCJFLAGS,  FFLAGS and FCFLAGS.  This adds safety checks against stack
              overwrites. This renders  many  potential  code  injection  attacks  into  aborting
              situations.  In the best case this turns code injection vulnerabilities into denial
              of service or into non-issues (depending on the application).

              This  feature  requires   linking   against   glibc   (or   another   provider   of
              __stack_chk_fail),  so  needs  to  be  disabled  when  building  with  -nostdlib or
              -ffreestanding or similar.

       stackprotectorstrong
              This  setting  (enabled  by  default)  adds  -fstack-protector-strong  to   CFLAGS,
              CXXFLAGS, OBJCFLAGS, OBJCXXFLAGS, GCJFLAGS, FFLAGS and FCFLAGS.  This is a stronger
              variant of stackprotector, but without significant performance penalties.

              Disabling stackprotector will also disable this setting.

              This feature has the same requirements as  stackprotector,  and  in  addition  also
              requires gcc 4.9 and later.

       relro  This  setting  (enabled  by  default) adds -Wl,-z,relro to LDFLAGS.  During program
              load, several ELF memory sections need to be written to by the linker.  This  flags
              the  loader  to  turn  these  sections read-only before turning over control to the
              program. Most notably this prevents  GOT  overwrite  attacks.  If  this  option  is
              disabled, bindnow will become disabled as well.

       bindnow
              This setting (disabled by default) adds -Wl,-z,now to LDFLAGS. During program load,
              all dynamic symbols are resolved, allowing for the entire PLT to  be  marked  read-
              only  (due  to  relro  above).  The  option  cannot  become enabled if relro is not
              enabled.

       pie    This setting (with no global default since  dpkg  1.18.23,  as  it  is  enabled  by
              default  now  by  gcc on the amd64, arm64, armel, armhf, hurd-i386, i386, kfreebsd-
              amd64, kfreebsd-i386, mips, mipsel, mips64el,  powerpc,  ppc64,  ppc64el,  riscv64,
              s390x,  sparc and sparc64 Debian architectures) adds the required options to enable
              or disable PIE via gcc specs files, if needed, depending on whether gcc injects  on
              that  architecture the flags by itself or not.  When the setting is enabled and gcc
              injects the flags, it adds nothing.  When the setting is enabled and gcc  does  not
              inject the flags, it adds -fPIE (via /usr/share/dpkg/pie-compiler.specs) to CFLAGS,
              CXXFLAGS, OBJCFLAGS, OBJCXXFLAGS, GCJFLAGS, FFLAGS and FCFLAGS, and -fPIE -pie (via
              /usr/share/dpkg/pie-link.specs)  to  LDFLAGS.  When the setting is disabled and gcc
              injects the flags, it adds -fno-PIE (via  /usr/share/dpkg/no-pie-compile.specs)  to
              CFLAGS,  CXXFLAGS,  OBJCFLAGS,  OBJCXXFLAGS,  GCJFLAGS,  FFLAGS  and  FCFLAGS,  and
              -fno-PIE -no-pie (via /usr/share/dpkg/no-pie-link.specs) to LDFLAGS.

              Position Independent Executable are needed  to  take  advantage  of  Address  Space
              Layout  Randomization, supported by some kernel versions. While ASLR can already be
              enforced for data areas in the stack and heap (brk and mmap), the code  areas  must
              be  compiled  as position-independent. Shared libraries already do this (-fPIC), so
              they gain ASLR automatically, but binary .text regions need to be build PIE to gain
              ASLR.  When this happens, ROP (Return Oriented Programming) attacks are much harder
              since there are no static locations to bounce off of  during  a  memory  corruption
              attack.

              PIE  is  not  compatible with -fPIC, so in general care must be taken when building
              shared objects. But because the PIE flags emitted get injected via gcc specs files,
              it  should always be safe to unconditionally set them regardless of the object type
              being compiled or linked.

              Static libraries can be used by programs or other shared libraries.   Depending  on
              the  flags used to compile all the objects within a static library, these libraries
              will be usable by different sets of objects:

              none   Cannot be linked into a PIE program, nor a shared library.

              -fPIE  Can be linked into any program, but not a shared library (recommended).

              -fPIC  Can be linked into any program and shared library.

              If there is a need to set these flags manually, bypassing the gcc specs  injection,
              there  are  several  things  to  take  into account. Unconditionally and explicitly
              passing -fPIE, -fpie or -pie to a build-system using libtool is safe as these flags
              will get stripped when building shared libraries.  Otherwise on projects that build
              both programs and shared libraries you might need to make sure that  when  building
              the shared libraries -fPIC is always passed last (so that it overrides any previous
              -PIE) to compilation flags such as CFLAGS, and -shared is passed last (so  that  it
              overrides  any  previous  -pie) to linking flags such as LDFLAGS. Note: This should
              not be needed with the default gcc specs machinery.

              Additionally, since PIE is  implemented  via  a  general  register,  some  register
              starved   architectures   (but  not  including  i386  anymore  since  optimizations
              implemented in gcc >= 5) can see performance losses of up  to  15%  in  very  text-
              segment-heavy application workloads; most workloads see less than 1%. Architectures
              with more general registers (e.g. amd64) do not see as high a worst-case penalty.

   reproducible
       The compile-time options detailed below can be used to help improve build  reproducibility
       or  provide  additional  warning messages during compilation. Except as noted below, these
       are enabled by default for architectures that support them.

       timeless
              This setting (enabled by default) adds -Wdate-time to CPPFLAGS.   This  will  cause
              warnings when the __TIME__, __DATE__ and __TIMESTAMP__ macros are used.

       fixfilepath
              This  setting  (disabled by default) adds -ffile-prefix-map=BUILDPATH=.  to CFLAGS,
              CXXFLAGS, OBJCFLAGS, OBJCXXFLAGS, GCJFLAGS, FFLAGS and FCFLAGS where  BUILDPATH  is
              set  to the top-level directory of the package being built.  This has the effect of
              removing the build path from any generated file.

              If both fixdebugpath and fixfilepath are set, this option takes precedence, because
              it is a superset of the former.

       fixdebugpath
              This  setting  (enabled by default) adds -fdebug-prefix-map=BUILDPATH=.  to CFLAGS,
              CXXFLAGS, OBJCFLAGS, OBJCXXFLAGS, GCJFLAGS, FFLAGS and FCFLAGS where  BUILDPATH  is
              set  to the top-level directory of the package being built.  This has the effect of
              removing the build path from any generated debug symbols.

ENVIRONMENT

       There are 2 sets of environment  variables  doing  the  same  operations,  the  first  one
       (DEB_flag_op) should never be used within debian/rules. It's meant for any user that wants
       to  rebuild  the  source  package   with   different   build   flags.   The   second   set
       (DEB_flag_MAINT_op)  should  only be used in debian/rules by package maintainers to change
       the resulting build flags.

       DEB_flag_SET
       DEB_flag_MAINT_SET
              This variable can be used to force the value returned for the given flag.

       DEB_flag_STRIP
       DEB_flag_MAINT_STRIP
              This variable can be used to provide a space separated list of options that will be
              stripped from the set of flags returned for the given flag.

       DEB_flag_APPEND
       DEB_flag_MAINT_APPEND
              This variable can be used to append supplementary options to the value returned for
              the given flag.

       DEB_flag_PREPEND
       DEB_flag_MAINT_PREPEND
              This variable can be used to prepend supplementary options to  the  value  returned
              for the given flag.

       DEB_BUILD_OPTIONS
       DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS
              These  variables can be used by a user or maintainer to disable/enable various area
              features that affect build flags.  The DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS  variable  overrides
              any  setting in the DEB_BUILD_OPTIONS feature areas.  See the FEATURE AREAS section
              for details.

       DEB_VENDOR
              This setting defines the current vendor.  If not set, it will discover the  current
              vendor by reading /etc/dpkg/origins/default.

       DEB_BUILD_PATH
              This  variable  sets  the build path (since dpkg 1.18.8) to use in features such as
              fixdebugpath so that they can be  controlled  by  the  caller.   This  variable  is
              currently Debian and derivatives-specific.

       DPKG_COLORS
              Sets  the  color mode (since dpkg 1.18.5).  The currently accepted values are: auto
              (default), always and never.

       DPKG_NLS
              If set, it will be used to decide whether to activate Native Language Support, also
              known  as internationalization (or i18n) support (since dpkg 1.19.0).  The accepted
              values are: 0 and 1 (default).

FILES

   Configuration files
       /etc/dpkg/buildflags.conf
              System wide configuration file.

       $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/dpkg/buildflags.conf or
       $HOME/.config/dpkg/buildflags.conf
              User configuration file.

   Packaging support
       /usr/share/dpkg/buildflags.mk
              Makefile snippet that will load (and optionally  export)  all  flags  supported  by
              dpkg-buildflags into variables (since dpkg 1.16.1).

EXAMPLES

       To pass build flags to a build command in a Makefile:

           $(MAKE) $(shell dpkg-buildflags --export=cmdline)

           ./configure $(shell dpkg-buildflags --export=cmdline)

       To  set build flags in a shell script or shell fragment, eval can be used to interpret the
       output and to export the flags in the environment:

           eval "$(dpkg-buildflags --export=sh)" && make

       or to set the positional parameters to pass to a command:

           eval "set -- $(dpkg-buildflags --export=cmdline)"
           for dir in a b c; do (cd $dir && ./configure "$@" && make); done

   Usage in debian/rules
       You should call dpkg-buildflags or include buildflags.mk from  the  debian/rules  file  to
       obtain  the  needed  build flags to pass to the build system.  Note that older versions of
       dpkg-buildpackage (before dpkg 1.16.1) exported these flags  automatically.  However,  you
       should not rely on this, since this breaks manual invocation of debian/rules.

       For  packages  with  autoconf-like  build  systems,  you  can pass the relevant options to
       configure or make(1) directly, as shown above.

       For other build systems, or when you need more fine-grained control about which flags  are
       passed  where,  you  can  use --get. Or you can include buildflags.mk instead, which takes
       care of calling dpkg-buildflags and storing the build flags in make variables.

       If you want to export all buildflags into the environment (where they can be picked up  by
       your build system):

           DPKG_EXPORT_BUILDFLAGS = 1
           include /usr/share/dpkg/buildflags.mk

       For  some  extra  control over what is exported, you can manually export the variables (as
       none are exported by default):

           include /usr/share/dpkg/buildflags.mk
           export CPPFLAGS CFLAGS LDFLAGS

       And you can of course pass the flags to commands manually:

           include /usr/share/dpkg/buildflags.mk
           build-arch:
                $(CC) -o hello hello.c $(CPPFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS)