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NAME

       v.vol.rst   -  Interpolates  point  data  to a 3D raster map using regularized spline with
       tension (RST) algorithm.

KEYWORDS

       vector, voxel, surface, interpolation, RST, 3D, no-data filling

SYNOPSIS

       v.vol.rst
       v.vol.rst --help
       v.vol.rst   [-c]   input=name    [cross_input=name]     [wcolumn=name]     [tension=float]
       [smooth=float]        [smooth_column=name]       [where=sql_query]       [deviations=name]
       [cvdev=name]    [maskmap=name]    [segmax=integer]     [npmin=integer]     [npmax=integer]
       [dmin=float]    [wscale=float]    [zscale=float]    [cross_output=name]   [elevation=name]
       [gradient=name]    [aspect_horizontal=name]    [aspect_vertical=name]    [ncurvature=name]
       [gcurvature=name]    [mcurvature=name]    [--overwrite]   [--help]  [--verbose]  [--quiet]
       [--ui]

   Flags:
       -c
           Perform a cross-validation procedure without volume interpolation

       --overwrite
           Allow output files to overwrite existing files

       --help
           Print usage summary

       --verbose
           Verbose module output

       --quiet
           Quiet module output

       --ui
           Force launching GUI dialog

   Parameters:
       input=name [required]
           Name of input 3D vector points map

       cross_input=name
           Name of input surface raster map for cross-section

       wcolumn=name
           Name of column containing w-values attribute to interpolate

       tension=float
           Tension parameter
           Default: 40.

       smooth=float
           Smoothing parameter
           Default: 0.1

       smooth_column=name
           Name of column with smoothing parameters

       where=sql_query
           WHERE conditions of SQL statement without ’where’ keyword
           Example: income < 1000 and population >= 10000

       deviations=name
           Name for output deviations vector point map

       cvdev=name
           Name for output cross-validation errors vector point map

       maskmap=name
           Name of input raster map used as mask

       segmax=integer
           Maximum number of points in a segment
           Default: 50

       npmin=integer
           Minimum number of points for approximation in a segment (>segmax)
           Default: 200

       npmax=integer
           Maximum number of points for approximation in a segment (>npmin)
           Default: 700

       dmin=float
           Minimum distance between points (to remove almost identical points)

       wscale=float
           Conversion factor for w-values used for interpolation
           Default: 1.0

       zscale=float
           Conversion factor for z-values
           Default: 1.0

       cross_output=name
           Name for output cross-section raster map

       elevation=name
           Name for output elevation 3D raster map

       gradient=name
           Name for output gradient magnitude 3D raster map

       aspect_horizontal=name
           Name for output gradient horizontal angle 3D raster map

       aspect_vertical=name
           Name for output gradient vertical angle 3D raster map

       ncurvature=name
           Name for output change of gradient 3D raster map

       gcurvature=name
           Name for output Gaussian curvature 3D raster map

       mcurvature=name
           Name for output mean curvature 3D raster map

DESCRIPTION

       v.vol.rst interpolates values to a 3-dimensional raster map from 3-dimensional point  data
       (e.g.  temperature,  rainfall data from climatic stations, concentrations from drill holes
       etc.) given in a 3-D vector point file named input.  The size of the output 3D raster  map
       elevation is given by the current 3D region. Sometimes, the user may want to get a 2-D map
       showing a modelled phenomenon at a crossection surface.  In  that  case,  cross_input  and
       cross_output  options  must  be  specified,  with  the  output  2D raster map cross_output
       containing  the  crossection  of  the  interpolated  volume  with  a  surface  defined  by
       cross_input  2D  raster  map.  As  an option, simultaneously with interpolation, geometric
       parameters of  the  interpolated  phenomenon  can  be  computed  (magnitude  of  gradient,
       direction  of  gradient  defined  by  horizontal and vertical angles), change of gradient,
       Gauss-Kronecker curvature, or mean curvature). These geometric parameteres are saved as 3D
       raster   maps   gradient,   aspect_horizontal,  aspect_vertical,  ncurvature,  gcurvature,
       mcurvature, respectively. Maps aspect_horizontal and aspect_vertical are in degrees.

       At first, data points are checked for identical positions and points that  are  closer  to
       each  other  than  given dmin are removed.  Parameters wscale and zscale allow the user to
       re-scale the w-values and z-coordinates of the point data (useful e.g. for  transformation
       of  elevations  given  in  feet  to  meters,  so  that  the  proper values of gradient and
       curvatures can be computed).  Rescaling of z-coordinates (zscale) is also needed when  the
       distances in vertical direction are much smaller than the horizontal distances; if that is
       the case, the value of zscale should be selected  so  that  the  vertical  and  horizontal
       distances have about the same magnitude.

       Regularized  spline  with  tension  method  is  used  in  the  interpolation.  The tension
       parameter controls the distance over which  each  given  point  influences  the  resulting
       volume  (with very high tension, each point influences only its close neighborhood and the
       volume goes rapidly to trend between the points).   Higher  values  of  tension  parameter
       reduce  the overshoots that can appear in volumes with rapid change of gradient. For noisy
       data, it is possible to define a global smoothing parameter, smooth.  With  the  smoothing
       parameter  set  to  zero  (smooth=0)  the resulting volume passes exactly through the data
       points.  When smoothing is used,  it  is  possible  to  output  a  vector  map  deviations
       containing deviations of the resulting volume from the given data.

       The  user  can  define  a  2D  raster map named maskmap, which will be used as a mask. The
       interpolation is skipped for 3-dimensional cells whose 2-dimensional projection has a zero
       value  in  the  mask.  Zero values will be assigned to these cells in all output 3D raster
       maps.

       If the number of given points is greater than  700,  segmented  processing  is  used.  The
       region is split into 3-dimensional "box" segments, each having less than segmax points and
       interpolation is performed on each segment of the region. To ensure the smooth  connection
       of  segments,  the interpolation function for each segment is computed using the points in
       the given segment and the points in its neighborhood. The minimum number of  points  taken
       for  interpolation  is controlled by npmin , the value of which must be larger than segmax
       and less than 700. This limit of 700 was selected to ensure the  numerical  stability  and
       efficiency of the algorithm.

   SQL support
       Using  the  where  parameter, the interpolation can be limited to use only a subset of the
       input vectors.
       # preparation as in above example
       v.vol.rst elevrand_3d wcol=soilrange elevation=soilrange zscale=100 where="soilrange > 3"

   Cross validation procedure
       Sometimes it can be difficult to figure out the proper values of interpolation parameters.
       In  this  case,  the  user  can  use  a  crossvalidation  procedure  using -c flag (a.k.a.
       "jack-knife" method) to find optimal parameters for given  data.  In  this  method,  every
       point  in  the  input  point  file  is  temporarily  excluded  from  the  computation  and
       interpolation error for this point location is computed.  During this procedure no  output
       grid  files  can be simultanuously computed.  The procedure for larger datasets may take a
       very long time, so it might be worth to use just a  sample  data  representing  the  whole
       dataset.

       Example (based on Slovakia3d dataset):

       v.info -c precip3d
       g.region n=5530000 s=5275000 w=4186000 e=4631000 res=500 -p
       v.vol.rst -c input=precip3d wcolumn=precip zscale=50 segmax=700 cvdev=cvdevmap tension=10
       v.db.select cvdevmap
       v.univar cvdevmap col=flt1 type=point
       Based  on  these  results,  the parameters will have to be optimized. It is recommended to
       plot the CV error as curve while modifying the parameters.

       The best approach is to start with tension, smooth and zscale with rough steps, or to  set
       zscale to a constant somewhere between 30-60. This helps to find minimal RMSE values while
       then finer steps can be used in all parameters. The reasonable range is  tension=10...100,
       smooth=0.1...1.0, zscale=10...100.

       In  v.vol.rst  the tension parameter is much more sensitive to changes than in v.surf.rst,
       therefore the user should always check the result by visual inspection. Minimizing CV does
       not  always provide the best result, especially when the density of data are insufficient.
       Then the optimal result found by CV is an oversmoothed surface.

NOTES

       The vector points map must be a 3D vector map (x, y, z as geometry).  The  module  v.in.db
       can  be used to generate a 3D vector map from a table containing x,y,z columns.  Also, the
       input data should be in a  projected  coordinate  system,  such  as  Universal  Transverse
       Mercator. The module does not appear to have support for geographic (Lat/Long) coordinates
       as of May 2009.

       v.vol.rst uses regularized spline with tension  for  interpolation  from  point  data  (as
       described  in  Mitasova  and Mitas, 1993). The implementation has an improved segmentation
       procedure based on Oct-trees which enhances the efficiency for large data sets.

       Geometric parameters - magnitude of gradient  (gradient),  horizontal  (aspect_horizontal)
       and  vertical  (aspect_vertical)aspects,  change of gradient (ncurvature), Gauss-Kronecker
       (gcurvature) and mean curvatures (mcurvature) are computed directly from the interpolation
       function  so that the important relationships between these parameters are preserved. More
       information on these parameters can be found in Mitasova et al., 1995 or Thorpe, 1979.

       The program gives warning when significant overshoots appear and higher tension should  be
       used.  However, with tension too high the resulting volume will have local maximum in each
       given point and everywhere else the  volume  goes  rapidly  to  trend.  With  a  smoothing
       parameter  greater  than  zero,  the  volume will not pass through the data points and the
       higher the parameter the closer the volume will be to the trend. For theory  on  smoothing
       with splines see Talmi and Gilat, 1977 or Wahba, 1990.

       If a visible connection of segments appears, the program should be rerun with higher npmin
       to get more points from the neighborhood of given segment.

       If the number of points in a vector map is less than 400, segmax should be set to  400  so
       that segmentation is not performed when it is not necessary.

       The  program gives a warning when the user wants to interpolate outside the "box" given by
       minimum and maximum coordinates in the input vector map.  To remedy this,  zoom  into  the
       area encompassing the input vector data points.

       For  large  data  sets  (thousands of data points), it is suggested to zoom into a smaller
       representative  area  and  test  whether  the  parameters  chosen  (e.g.   defaults)   are
       appropriate.

       The user must run g.region before the program to set the 3D region for interpolation.

EXAMPLES

       Spearfish example (we first simulate 3D soil range data):
       g.region -dp
       # define volume
       g.region res=100 tbres=100 res3=100 b=0 t=1500 -ap3
       ### First part: generate synthetic 3D data (true 3D soil data preferred)
       # generate random positions from elevation map (2D)
       r.random elevation.10m vector_output=elevrand n=200
       # generate synthetic values
       v.db.addcolumn elevrand col="x double precision, y double precision"
       v.to.db elevrand option=coor col=x,y
       v.db.select elevrand
       # create new 3D map
       v.in.db elevrand out=elevrand_3d x=x y=y z=value key=cat
       v.info -c elevrand_3d
       v.info -t elevrand_3d
       # remove the now superfluous ’x’, ’y’ and ’value’ (z) columns
       v.db.dropcolumn elevrand_3d col=x
       v.db.dropcolumn elevrand_3d col=y
       v.db.dropcolumn elevrand_3d col=value
       # add attribute to have data available for 3D interpolation
       # (Soil range types taken from the USDA Soil Survey)
       d.mon wx0
       d.rast soils.range
       d.vect elevrand_3d
       v.db.addcolumn elevrand_3d col="soilrange integer"
       v.what.rast elevrand_3d col=soilrange rast=soils.range
       # fix 0 (no data in raster map) to NULL:
       v.db.update elevrand_3d col=soilrange value=NULL where="soilrange=0"
       v.db.select elevrand_3d
       # optionally: check 3D points in Paraview
       v.out.vtk input=elevrand_3d output=elevrand_3d.vtk type=point dp=2
       paraview --data=elevrand_3d.vtk
       ### Second part: 3D interpolation from 3D point data
       # interpolate volume to "soilrange" voxel map
       v.vol.rst input=elevrand_3d wcol=soilrange elevation=soilrange zscale=100
       # visualize I: in GRASS GIS wxGUI
       g.gui
       # load: 2D raster map: elevation.10m
       #       3D raster map: soilrange
       # visualize II: export to Paraview
       r.mapcalc "bottom = 0.0"
       r3.out.vtk -s input=soilrange top=elevation.10m bottom=bottom dp=2 output=volume.vtk
       paraview --data=volume.vtk

KNOWN ISSUES

       deviations file is written as 2D and deviations are not written as attributes.

REFERENCES

       Hofierka  J.,  Parajka  J.,  Mitasova  H.,  Mitas  L., 2002, Multivariate Interpolation of
       Precipitation Using Regularized Spline with Tension.  Transactions in GIS  6, pp. 135-150.

       Mitas, L., Mitasova, H., 1999, Spatial Interpolation. In: P.Longley, M.F.  Goodchild, D.J.
       Maguire,  D.W.Rhind  (Eds.),  Geographical  Information  Systems:  Principles, Techniques,
       Management and Applications, Wiley, pp.481-492

       Mitas L., Brown W. M., Mitasova H., 1997, Role of dynamic cartography  in  simulations  of
       landscape processes based on multi-variate fields. Computers and Geosciences, Vol. 23, No.
       4, pp. 437-446 (includes CDROM and WWW: www.elsevier.nl/locate/cgvis)

       Mitasova H., Mitas L.,  Brown W.M.,  D.P. Gerdes, I.  Kosinovsky, Baker, T.1995,  Modeling
       spatially  and  temporally  distributed  phenomena:  New  methods and tools for GRASS GIS.
       International Journal of GIS, 9 (4), special issue on Integrating  GIS  and  Environmental
       modeling, 433-446.

       Mitasova,  H.,  Mitas,  L.,  Brown,  B.,  Kosinovsky,  I.,  Baker,  T., Gerdes, D. (1994):
       Multidimensional interpolation and visualization in GRASS GIS

       Mitasova H. and Mitas L. 1993: Interpolation by Regularized Spline with Tension: I. Theory
       and Implementation, Mathematical Geology 25, 641-655.

       Mitasova  H.  and  Hofierka J. 1993: Interpolation by Regularized Spline with Tension: II.
       Application to Terrain Modeling and Surface Geometry Analysis,  Mathematical  Geology  25,
       657-667.

       Mitasova, H., 1992 : New capabilities for interpolation and topographic analysis in GRASS,
       GRASSclippings 6, No.2 (summer), p.13.

       Wahba, G., 1990 : Spline Models  for  Observational  Data,  CNMS-NSF  Regional  Conference
       series in applied mathematics, 59, SIAM, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

       Mitas,  L., Mitasova H., 1988 : General variational approach to the interpolation problem,
       Computers and Mathematics with Applications 16, p. 983

       Talmi, A. and Gilat, G., 1977 : Method  for  Smooth  Approximation  of  Data,  Journal  of
       Computational Physics, 23, p.93-123.

       Thorpe,  J.  A.  (1979): Elementary Topics in Differential Geometry.  Springer-Verlag, New
       York, pp. 6-94.

SEE ALSO

        g.region, v.in.ascii, r3.mask, v.in.db, v.surf.rst, v.univar

AUTHOR

       Original version of program (in FORTRAN) and GRASS enhancements:
       Lubos Mitas, NCSA, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA,  since  2000
       at    Department   of   Physics,   North   Carolina   State   University,   Raleigh,   USA
       lubos_mitas@ncsu.edu
       Helena Mitasova, Department of Marine, Earth  and  Atmospheric  Sciences,  North  Carolina
       State University, Raleigh, USA, hmitaso@unity.ncsu.edu

       Modified program (translated to C, adapted for GRASS, new segmentation procedure):
       Irina Kosinovsky, US Army CERL, Champaign, Illinois, USA
       Dave Gerdes, US Army CERL, Champaign, Illinois, USA

       Modifications for g3d library, geometric parameters, cross-validation, deviations:
       Jaro  Hofierka,  Department  of  Geography and Regional Development, University of Presov,
       Presov, Slovakia, hofierka@fhpv.unipo.sk, http://www.geomodel.sk

SOURCE CODE

       Available at: v.vol.rst source code (history)

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