Provided by: libtype-tiny-perl_1.008001-2_all 
NAME
Type::Tiny - tiny, yet Moo(se)-compatible type constraint
SYNOPSIS
use v5.12;
use strict;
use warnings;
package Horse {
use Moo;
use Types::Standard qw( Str Int Enum ArrayRef Object );
use Type::Params qw( compile );
use namespace::autoclean;
has name => (
is => 'ro',
isa => Str,
required => 1,
);
has gender => (
is => 'ro',
isa => Enum[qw( f m )],
);
has age => (
is => 'rw',
isa => Int->where( '$_ >= 0' ),
);
has children => (
is => 'ro',
isa => ArrayRef[Object],
default => sub { return [] },
);
sub add_child {
state $check = compile( Object, Object ); # method signature
my ($self, $child) = $check->(@_); # unpack @_
push @{ $self->children }, $child;
return $self;
}
}
package main;
my $boldruler = Horse->new(
name => "Bold Ruler",
gender => 'm',
age => 16,
);
my $secretariat = Horse->new(
name => "Secretariat",
gender => 'm',
age => 0,
);
$boldruler->add_child( $secretariat );
STATUS
This module is covered by the Type-Tiny stability policy.
DESCRIPTION
This documents the internals of the Type::Tiny class. Type::Tiny::Manual is a better
starting place if you're new.
Type::Tiny is a small class for creating Moose-like type constraint objects which are
compatible with Moo, Moose and Mouse.
use Scalar::Util qw(looks_like_number);
use Type::Tiny;
my $NUM = "Type::Tiny"->new(
name => "Number",
constraint => sub { looks_like_number($_) },
message => sub { "$_ ain't a number" },
);
package Ermintrude {
use Moo;
has favourite_number => (is => "ro", isa => $NUM);
}
package Bullwinkle {
use Moose;
has favourite_number => (is => "ro", isa => $NUM);
}
package Maisy {
use Mouse;
has favourite_number => (is => "ro", isa => $NUM);
}
Maybe now we won't need to have separate MooseX, MouseX and MooX versions of everything?
We can but hope...
Constructor
"new(%attributes)"
Moose-style constructor function.
Attributes
Attributes are named values that may be passed to the constructor. For each attribute,
there is a corresponding reader method. For example:
my $type = Type::Tiny->new( name => "Foo" );
print $type->name, "\n"; # says "Foo"
Important attributes
These are the attributes you are likely to be most interested in providing when creating
your own type constraints, and most interested in reading when dealing with type
constraint objects.
"constraint"
Coderef to validate a value ($_) against the type constraint. The coderef will not be
called unless the value is known to pass any parent type constraint (see "parent"
below).
Alternatively, a string of Perl code checking $_ can be passed as a parameter to the
constructor, and will be converted to a coderef.
Defaults to "sub { 1 }" - i.e. a coderef that passes all values.
"parent"
Optional attribute; parent type constraint. For example, an "Integer" type constraint
might have a parent "Number".
If provided, must be a Type::Tiny object.
"inlined"
A coderef which returns a string of Perl code suitable for inlining this type.
Optional.
(The coderef will be called in list context and can actually return a list of strings
which will be joined with "&&". If the first item on the list is undef, it will be
substituted with the type's parent's inline check.)
If "constraint" (above) is a coderef generated via Sub::Quote, then Type::Tiny may be
able to automatically generate "inlined" for you. If "constraint" (above) is a
string, it will be able to.
"name"
The name of the type constraint. These need to conform to certain naming rules (they
must begin with an uppercase letter and continue using only letters, digits 0-9 and
underscores).
Optional; if not supplied will be an anonymous type constraint.
"display_name"
A name to display for the type constraint when stringified. These don't have to
conform to any naming rules. Optional; a default name will be calculated from the
"name".
"library"
The package name of the type library this type is associated with. Optional.
Informational only: setting this attribute does not install the type into the package.
"deprecated"
Optional boolean indicating whether a type constraint is deprecated. Type::Library
will issue a warning if you attempt to import a deprecated type constraint, but
otherwise the type will continue to function as normal. There will not be deprecation
warnings every time you validate a value, for instance. If omitted, defaults to the
parent's deprecation status (or false if there's no parent).
"message"
Coderef that returns an error message when $_ does not validate against the type
constraint. Optional (there's a vaguely sensible default.)
"coercion"
A Type::Coercion object associated with this type.
Generally speaking this attribute should not be passed to the constructor; you should
rely on the default lazily-built coercion object.
You may pass "coercion => 1" to the constructor to inherit coercions from the
constraint's parent. (This requires the parent constraint to have a coercion.)
"my_methods"
Experimenal hashref of additional methods that can be called on the type constraint
object.
Attributes related to parameterizable and parameterized types
The following additional attributes are used for parameterizable (e.g. "ArrayRef") and
parameterized (e.g. "ArrayRef[Int]") type constraints. Unlike Moose, these aren't handled
by separate subclasses.
"constraint_generator"
Coderef that is called when a type constraint is parameterized. When called, it is
passed the list of parameters, though any parameter which looks like a foreign type
constraint (Moose type constraints, Mouse type constraints, etc, and coderefs(!!!)) is
first coerced to a native Type::Tiny object.
Note that for compatibility with the Moose API, the base type is not passed to the
constraint generator, but can be found in the package variable
$Type::Tiny::parameterize_type. The first parameter is also available as $_.
Types can be parameterized with an empty parameter list. For example, in
Types::Standard, "Tuple" is just an alias for "ArrayRef" but "Tuple[]" will only allow
zero-length arrayrefs to pass the constraint. If you wish "YourType" and "YourType[]"
to mean the same thing, then do:
return $Type::Tiny::parameterize_type unless @_;
The constraint generator should generate and return a new constraint coderef based on
the parameters. Alternatively, the constraint generator can return a fully-formed
Type::Tiny object, in which case the "name_generator", "inline_generator", and
"coercion_generator" attributes documented below are ignored.
Optional; providing a generator makes this type into a parameterizable type
constraint. If there is no generator, attempting to parameterize the type constraint
will throw an exception.
"name_generator"
A coderef which generates a new display_name based on parameters. Called with the same
parameters and package variables as the "constraint_generator". Expected to return a
string.
Optional; the default is reasonable.
"inline_generator"
A coderef which generates a new inlining coderef based on parameters. Called with the
same parameters and package variables as the "constraint_generator". Expected to
return a coderef.
Optional.
"coercion_generator"
A coderef which generates a new Type::Coercion object based on parameters. Called
with the same parameters and package variables as the "constraint_generator". Expected
to return a blessed object.
Optional.
"deep_explanation"
This API is not finalized. Coderef used by Error::TypeTiny::Assertion to peek inside
parameterized types and figure out why a value doesn't pass the constraint.
"parameters"
In parameterized types, returns an arrayref of the parameters.
Lazy generated attributes
The following attributes should not be usually passed to the constructor; unless you're
doing something especially unusual, you should rely on the default lazily-built return
values.
"compiled_check"
Coderef to validate a value ($_[0]) against the type constraint. This coderef is
expected to also handle all validation for the parent type constraints.
"complementary_type"
A complementary type for this type. For example, the complementary type for an integer
type would be all things that are not integers, including floating point numbers, but
also alphabetic strings, arrayrefs, filehandles, etc.
"moose_type", "mouse_type"
Objects equivalent to this type constraint, but as a Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint or
Mouse::Meta::TypeConstraint.
It should rarely be necessary to obtain a Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint object from
Type::Tiny because the Type::Tiny object itself should be usable pretty much anywhere
a Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint is expected.
Methods
Predicate methods
These methods return booleans indicating information about the type constraint. They are
each tightly associated with a particular attribute. (See "Attributes".)
"has_parent", "has_library", "has_inlined", "has_constraint_generator",
"has_inline_generator", "has_coercion_generator", "has_parameters", "has_message",
"has_deep_explanation"
Simple Moose-style predicate methods indicating the presence or absence of an
attribute.
"has_coercion"
Predicate method with a little extra DWIM. Returns false if the coercion is a no-op.
"is_anon"
Returns true iff the type constraint does not have a "name".
"is_parameterized", "is_parameterizable"
Indicates whether a type has been parameterized (e.g. "ArrayRef[Int]") or could
potentially be (e.g. "ArrayRef").
"has_parameterized_from"
Useless alias for "is_parameterized".
Validation and coercion
The following methods are used for coercing and validating values against a type
constraint:
"check($value)"
Returns true iff the value passes the type constraint.
"validate($value)"
Returns the error message for the value; returns an explicit undef if the value passes
the type constraint.
"assert_valid($value)"
Like "check($value)" but dies if the value does not pass the type constraint.
Yes, that's three very similar methods. Blame Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint whose API
I'm attempting to emulate. :-)
"assert_return($value)"
Like "assert_valid($value)" but returns the value if it passes the type constraint.
This seems a more useful behaviour than "assert_valid($value)". I would have just
changed "assert_valid($value)" to do this, except that there are edge cases where it
could break Moose compatibility.
"get_message($value)"
Returns the error message for the value; even if the value passes the type constraint.
"validate_explain($value, $varname)"
Like "validate" but instead of a string error message, returns an arrayref of strings
explaining the reasoning why the value does not meet the type constraint, examining
parent types, etc.
The $varname is an optional string like '$foo' indicating the name of the variable
being checked.
"coerce($value)"
Attempt to coerce $value to this type.
"assert_coerce($value)"
Attempt to coerce $value to this type. Throws an exception if this is not possible.
Child type constraint creation and parameterization
These methods generate new type constraint objects that inherit from the constraint they
are called upon:
"create_child_type(%attributes)"
Construct a new Type::Tiny object with this object as its parent.
"where($coderef)"
Shortcut for creating an anonymous child type constraint. Use it like
"HashRef->where(sub { exists($_->{name}) })". That said, you can get a similar result
using overloaded "&":
HashRef & sub { exists($_->{name}) }
Like the "constraint" attribute, this will accept a string of Perl code:
HashRef->where('exists($_->{name})')
"child_type_class"
The class that create_child_type will construct by default.
"parameterize(@parameters)"
Creates a new parameterized type; throws an exception if called on a non-
parameterizable type.
"of(@parameters)"
A cute alias for "parameterize". Use it like "ArrayRef->of(Int)".
"plus_coercions($type1, $code1, ...)"
Shorthand for creating a new child type constraint with the same coercions as this
one, but then adding some extra coercions (at a higher priority than the existing
ones).
"plus_fallback_coercions($type1, $code1, ...)"
Like "plus_coercions", but added at a lower priority.
"minus_coercions($type1, ...)"
Shorthand for creating a new child type constraint with fewer type coercions.
"no_coercions"
Shorthand for creating a new child type constraint with no coercions at all.
Type relationship introspection methods
These methods allow you to determine a type constraint's relationship to other type
constraints in an organised hierarchy:
"equals($other)", "is_subtype_of($other)", "is_supertype_of($other)",
"is_a_type_of($other)"
Compare two types. See Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint for what these all mean. (OK,
Moose doesn't define "is_supertype_of", but you get the idea, right?)
Note that these have a slightly DWIM side to them. If you create two Type::Tiny::Class
objects which test the same class, they're considered equal. And:
my $subtype_of_Num = Types::Standard::Num->create_child_type;
my $subtype_of_Int = Types::Standard::Int->create_child_type;
$subtype_of_Int->is_subtype_of( $subtype_of_Num ); # true
"strictly_equals($other)", "is_strictly_subtype_of($other)",
"is_strictly_supertype_of($other)", "is_strictly_a_type_of($other)"
Stricter versions of the type comparison functions. These only care about explicit
inheritance via "parent".
my $subtype_of_Num = Types::Standard::Num->create_child_type;
my $subtype_of_Int = Types::Standard::Int->create_child_type;
$subtype_of_Int->is_strictly_subtype_of( $subtype_of_Num ); # false
"parents"
Returns a list of all this type constraint's ancestor constraints. For example, if
called on the "Str" type constraint would return the list "(Value, Defined, Item,
Any)".
Due to a historical misunderstanding, this differs from the Moose implementation of
the "parents" method. In Moose, "parents" only returns the immediate parent type
constraints, and because type constraints only have one immediate parent, this is
effectively an alias for "parent". The extension module
MooseX::Meta::TypeConstraint::Intersection is the only place where multiple type
constraints are returned; and they are returned as an arrayref in violation of the
base class' documentation. I'm keeping my behaviour as it seems more useful.
"find_parent($coderef)"
Loops through the parent type constraints including the invocant itself and returns
the nearest ancestor type constraint where the coderef evaluates to true. Within the
coderef the ancestor currently being checked is $_. Returns undef if there is no
match.
In list context also returns the number of type constraints which had been looped
through before the matching constraint was found.
"find_constraining_type"
Finds the nearest ancestor type constraint (including the type itself) which has a
"constraint" coderef.
Equivalent to:
$type->find_parent(sub { not $_->_is_null_constraint })
"coercibles"
Return a type constraint which is the union of type constraints that can be coerced to
this one (including this one). If this type constraint has no coercions, returns
itself.
"type_parameter"
In parameterized type constraints, returns the first item on the list of parameters;
otherwise returns undef. For example:
( ArrayRef[Int] )->type_parameter; # returns Int
( ArrayRef[Int] )->parent; # returns ArrayRef
Note that parameterizable type constraints can perfectly legitimately take multiple
parameters (several of the parameterizable type constraints in Types::Standard do).
This method only returns the first such parameter. "Attributes related to
parameterizable and parameterized types" documents the "parameters" attribute, which
returns an arrayref of all the parameters.
"parameterized_from"
Harder to spell alias for "parent" that only works for parameterized types.
Hint for people subclassing Type::Tiny: Since version 1.006000, the methods for
determining subtype, supertype, and type equality should not be overridden in subclasses
of Type::Tiny. This is because of the problem of diamond inheritance. If X and Y are both
subclasses of Type::Tiny, they both need to be consulted to figure out how type
constraints are related; not just one of them should be overriding these methods. See the
source code for Type::Tiny::Enum for an example of how subclasses can give hints about
type relationships to Type::Tiny. Summary: push a coderef onto @Type::Tiny::CMP. This
coderef will be passed two type constraints. It should then return one of the constants
Type::Tiny::CMP_SUBTYPE (first type is a subtype of second type),
Type::Tiny::CMP_SUPERTYPE (second type is a subtype of first type), Type::Tiny::CMP_EQUAL
(the two types are exactly the same), Type::Tiny::CMP_EQUIVALENT (the two types are
effectively the same), or Type::Tiny::CMP_UNKNOWN (your coderef couldn't establish any
relationship).
Type relationship introspection function
"Type::Tiny::cmp($type1, $type2)"
The subtype/supertype relationship between types results in a partial ordering of type
constraints.
This function will return one of the constants: Type::Tiny::CMP_SUBTYPE (first type is
a subtype of second type), Type::Tiny::CMP_SUPERTYPE (second type is a subtype of
first type), Type::Tiny::CMP_EQUAL (the two types are exactly the same),
Type::Tiny::CMP_EQUIVALENT (the two types are effectively the same), or
Type::Tiny::CMP_UNKNOWN (couldn't establish any relationship). In numeric contexts,
these evaluate to -1, 1, 0, 0, and 0, making it potentially usable with "sort" (though
you may need to silence warnings about treating the empty string as a numeric value).
Inlining methods
The following methods are used to generate strings of Perl code which may be pasted into
stringy "eval"uated subs to perform type checks:
"can_be_inlined"
Returns boolean indicating if this type can be inlined.
"inline_check($varname)"
Creates a type constraint check for a particular variable as a string of Perl code.
For example:
print( Types::Standard::Num->inline_check('$foo') );
prints the following output:
(!ref($foo) && Scalar::Util::looks_like_number($foo))
For Moose-compat, there is an alias "_inline_check" for this method.
"inline_assert($varname)"
Much like "inline_check" but outputs a statement of the form:
... or die ...;
Can also be called line "inline_assert($varname, $typevarname, %extras)". In this
case, it will generate a string of code that may include $typevarname which is
supposed to be the name of a variable holding the type itself. (This is kinda
complicated, but it allows a useful string to still be produced if the type is not
inlineable.) The %extras are additional options to be passed to
Error::TypeTiny::Assertion's constructor and must be key-value pairs of strings only,
no references or undefs.
Other methods
"qualified_name"
For non-anonymous type constraints that have a library, returns a qualified
"MyLib::MyType" sort of name. Otherwise, returns the same as "name".
"isa($class)", "can($method)", "AUTOLOAD(@args)"
If Moose is loaded, then the combination of these methods is used to mock a
Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint.
If Mouse is loaded, then "isa" mocks Mouse::Meta::TypeConstraint.
"DOES($role)"
Overridden to advertise support for various roles.
See also Type::API::Constraint, etc.
"TIESCALAR", "TIEARRAY", "TIEHASH"
These are provided as hooks that wrap Type::Tie. (Type::Tie is distributed separately,
and can be used with non-Type::Tiny type constraints too.) They allow the following to
work:
use Types::Standard qw(Int);
tie my @list, Int;
push @list, 123, 456; # ok
push @list, "Hello"; # dies
The following methods exist for Moose/Mouse compatibility, but do not do anything useful.
"compile_type_constraint"
"hand_optimized_type_constraint"
"has_hand_optimized_type_constraint"
"inline_environment"
"meta"
Overloading
· Stringification is overloaded to return the qualified name.
· Boolification is overloaded to always return true.
· Coderefification is overloaded to call "assert_return".
· On Perl 5.10.1 and above, smart match is overloaded to call "check".
· The "==" operator is overloaded to call "equals".
· The "<" and ">" operators are overloaded to call "is_subtype_of" and
"is_supertype_of".
· The "~" operator is overloaded to call "complementary_type".
· The "|" operator is overloaded to build a union of two type constraints. See
Type::Tiny::Union.
· The "&" operator is overloaded to build the intersection of two type constraints. See
Type::Tiny::Intersection.
Previous versions of Type::Tiny would overload the "+" operator to call "plus_coercions"
or "plus_fallback_coercions" as appropriate. Support for this was dropped after 0.040.
Constants
"Type::Tiny::SUPPORT_SMARTMATCH"
Indicates whether the smart match overload is supported on your version of Perl.
Package Variables
$Type::Tiny::DD
This undef by default but may be set to a coderef that Type::Tiny and related modules
will use to dump data structures in things like error messages.
Otherwise Type::Tiny uses it's own routine to dump data structures. $DD may then be
set to a number to limit the lengths of the dumps. (Default limit is 72.)
This is a package variable (rather than get/set class methods) to allow for easy
localization.
$Type::Tiny::AvoidCallbacks
If this variable is set to true (you should usually do it in a "local" scope), it acts
as a hint for type constraints, when generating inlined code, to avoid making any
callbacks to variables and functions defined outside the inlined code itself.
This should have the effect that "$type->inline_check('$foo')" will return a string of
code capable of checking the type on Perl installations that don't have Type::Tiny
installed. This is intended to allow Type::Tiny to be used with things like Mite.
The variable works on the honour system. Types need to explicitly check it and decide
to generate different code based on its truth value. The bundled types in
Types::Standard, Types::Common::Numeric, and Types::Common::String all do. (StrMatch
is sometimes unable to, and will issue a warning if it needs to rely on callbacks when
asked not to.)
Most normal users can ignore this.
Environment
"PERL_TYPE_TINY_XS"
Currently this has more effect on Types::Standard than Type::Tiny. In future it may be
used to trigger or suppress the loading XS implementations of parts of Type::Tiny.
BUGS
Please report any bugs to <http://rt.cpan.org/Dist/Display.html?Queue=Type-Tiny>.
SEE ALSO
The Type::Tiny homepage <http://typetiny.toby.ink/>.
Type::Tiny::Manual, Type::API.
Type::Library, Type::Utils, Types::Standard, Type::Coercion.
Type::Tiny::Class, Type::Tiny::Role, Type::Tiny::Duck, Type::Tiny::Enum,
Type::Tiny::Union, Type::Tiny::Intersection.
Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint, Mouse::Meta::TypeConstraint.
Type::Params.
Type::Tiny on GitHub <https://github.com/tobyink/p5-type-tiny>, Type::Tiny on Travis-CI
<https://travis-ci.org/tobyink/p5-type-tiny>, Type::Tiny on AppVeyor
<https://ci.appveyor.com/project/tobyink/p5-type-tiny>, Type::Tiny on Codecov
<https://codecov.io/gh/tobyink/p5-type-tiny>, Type::Tiny on Coveralls
<https://coveralls.io/github/tobyink/p5-type-tiny>.
AUTHOR
Toby Inkster <tobyink@cpan.org>.
THANKS
Thanks to Matt S Trout for advice on Moo integration.
COPYRIGHT AND LICENCE
This software is copyright (c) 2013-2014, 2017-2019 by Toby Inkster.
This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as
the Perl 5 programming language system itself.
DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES
THIS PACKAGE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING,
WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE.