Provided by: dacs_1.4.40-2_amd64 bug

NAME

       dacs.install - DACS installation guide

DESCRIPTION

       This document describes how to build and install this release of DACS. Please read it
       carefully.

           Important
           •   Installation requires the GNU make command (gmake[1]) and GCC[2]. On macOS,
               LLVM/Clang[3] is used.

           •   Our philosophy is that DACS should be used with the most recent stable versions of
               third-party packages (such as OpenSSL) available at the time DACS is released.
               This helps to ensure that a DACS deployment has the latest security features and
               bug fixes. A DACS release will most likely not have been tested with older (or
               newer) third-party packages, and the DACS instructions for configuring or building
               an older release may be incorrect. You may save yourself time and headaches if you
               just use the recommended releases.

               That said, third-party software used by DACS is often already installed or readily
               obtained using yum, rpm, pkg, or a similar package manager. These are often not
               the latest versions, but sometimes convenience outweighs other factors. Provided
               the DACS documentation does not forbid a particular version and DACS seems to
               build and test correctly with it, you may elect to use it.

               For a very few third-party packages, it is important that you use the exact
               version that is mentioned. Do not use anything newer or older.

               For some third-party packages, a particular release is recommended. It is less
               critical that you use the recommended release.

               Sometimes the recommended version of a third-party package will be fine on some
               platforms but is buggy or will not build on another platform. Whenever possible,
               the DACS installation instructions suggest an alternative version, and you may
               proceed with that version, or a recent version of your choice - but keep the
               preceding comments regarding older releases in mind and ensure that a "gmake test"
               of DACS completes successfully.

           •   Should a critical bug in a third-party package be found, the Post-Release Notes[4]
               section will provide instructions.

           •   You should build third-party packages in the order in which they are discussed
               below because packages that are discussed earlier may require some that appear
               later.

           •   The examples here and in other DACS documentation assume that DACS is installed in
               its default location, /usr/local/dacs. If you specify a different location at
               build time, please keep this in mind as you read the documentation. This also
               applies to third-party packages, which you may install where convenient, provided
               you are careful not to confuse or combine different versions of the same package;
               in this document's examples we install them under /usr/local and unpack their
               source code under /local/src.

           •   In some examples, long lines have been split to improve readability.
               Copy-and-paste with care.

           •   Whenever you upgrade to a more recent version of DACS, do not forget to install
               the mod_auth_dacs module that comes with your new version of DACS.  DACS web-based
               access control (dacs_acs(8)[5]) will deny all access if it detects an incompatible
               version of mod_auth_dacs.

           •   On macOS you will probably need to install the Xcode[6] development environment.

           •   On some platforms, the PAM development environment is required if you need DACS to
               authenticate against Unix accounts. If security/pam_appl.h is in a standard
               include directory, as is often the case, it has probably been installed and no
               action is necessary. On platforms where this development environment is optional
               (CentOS), it may be necessary to install it; for example,

                   # yum install pam-devel.x86_64

               For details, refer to Using Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)[7].

           •   On some systems it will be necessary to use ldconfig(8)[8] (or equivalent) so that
               your system finds the correct shared libraries for programs that are executed by
               the web server, including the DACS web services. Command such as ldd(1)[9] and
               otool may be helpful.

           •   Solaris and OpenSolaris are no longer supported. Notes regarding these unsupported
               platforms and deprecated releases of supported platforms may appear in the DACS
               documentation and source code.

           •   DACS is not supported on Microsoft Windows platforms.  Cygwin[10], which provides
               a GNU/Linux-like environment for Windows, is not an officially-supported platform,
               but earlier DACS releases would usually build on it. At that time, running DACS
               utilities and commands on Windows (such as dacscheck) required installing the
               binaries along with the Cygwin run-time libraries, such as /bin/cygwin1.dll and
               /bin/cygcrypt-0.dll.

   Trying DACS
       If at this time you only want to try DACS rather than doing a full install, review the
       information below regarding third-party packages and then proceed to follow the
       instructions you will find in dacs.quick(7)[11], which is a step-by-step tutorial for
       installing and configuring DACS.

   Upgrading DACS
       If DACS 1.4 is already installed on your system and you are not changing any third-party
       packages or installation options, for a "quick and dirty" upgrade you can often install a
       new release on top of a previous release. While this will leave your existing DACS
       configuration files alone, it will also leave files that are no longer needed by the new
       DACS. Be sure to check the new distribution's release notes, HISTORY file, and the rest of
       this manual page for any notable changes and incompatibilities - you may need to make some
       adjustments to your pre-existing installation.

       It is possible for minor, incompatible changes introduced by a new release to cause
       temporary, user-visible problems. For example, changes to the format of credentials might
       invalidate sessions (i.e., DACS HTTP cookies) issued by the earlier release, requiring
       users to reauthenticate.

        1. Make a backup copy of the previous install, just in case.  It is especially important
           to make copies of all data files (such as DACS password files, other kinds of account
           files, encryption keys) and any custom configuration (such as access control rules).

        2. Obtain and unpack the new distribution and chdir to it;

        3. Review dacs.readme(7)[12] and the instructions in this document;

        4. Copy src/config.nice from your installed version to the new src directory, make any
           updates and corrections that are necessary, and configure DACS:

               % cd src; sh ./config.nice

        5. Build DACS:

               % gmake

        6. We recommend that you remove some of the files from the previous release in case they
           are no longer required or have been renamed. Unless you have put non-standard files in
           them or made non-standard customizations, it is safe to simply delete these
           directories and their contents:

               % rm -f -r /usr/local/dacs/{acls,bin,include,lib,man,www}

        7. Stop httpd:

               % apachectl stop

        8. Install DACS:

               % gmake install

        9. Make and install the latest mod_auth_dacs module[13]:

               % cd ../apache; gmake tag install

       10. Restart httpd:

               % apachectl start

           or

               % apachectl startssl

       11. Check that DACS appears to be working correctly. You may find it handy to construct a
           set of links or bookmarks that you can use after installing or configuring DACS to
           invoke various DACS web services with appropriate arguments; for instance, try
           dacs_authenticate(8)[14] dacs_current_credentials(8)[15], dacs_prenv(8)[16],
           dacs_list_jurisdictions(8)[17], dacs_conf(8)[18], dacs_signout(8)[19], and
           dacs_version(8)[20]. Review the DACS log file for any error messages or warnings.

   Installation Layout Overview
       By default, DACS is installed under /usr/local/dacs. It is sometimes installed as
       /usr/local/dacs-version (e.g., /usr/local/dacs-1.4.30) with the current version
       symbolically linked to, and referenced as, /usr/local/dacs. In the documentation and DACS
       configuration files, the root directory used is referred to as DACS_HOME[21] or the
       configuration variable[22] ${Conf::DACS_HOME}. The locations of other components are
       usually specified relative to the actual root directory, as in site.conf (and its
       template, conf/site.conf-std) and dacs.conf. While the default layout of directories and
       files is adequate, system administrators often customize it, which is not difficult to do.
       Customization might be desirable for security, availability, aesthetic, or performance
       reasons.

       Briefly, the default directory layout is as follows. The organization of files and
       directories within these directories can be customized by system administrators through
       changes to site.conf and dacs.conf and largely depends on how many federations and
       jurisdictions will be configured and how much configuration is shared by different
       federations and jurisdictions. Also see Configuration Variables[22].

       /usr/local/dacs
           The installation root directory.

       /usr/local/dacs/acls
           Default access control list files for DACS web services and resources, copied from the
           distribution's acls directory.

       /usr/local/dacs/bin
           This contains DACS commands and utilities (and excludes the mod_auth_dacs module[13],
           which is installed in Apache's modules directory).

       /usr/local/dacs/etc
           Currently unused.

       /usr/local/dacs/federations
           This directory will contain one directory per federation, and each of those
           subdirectories will contain one directory per jurisdiction. The following example
           shows a default configuration for a site that belongs to two federations, having
           domains fed1.example.com and fed2.example.com. The site has two jurisdictions (JUR1
           and JUR2) at this site that belong to the former federation and one jurisdiction
           (JUR8) in the latter federation.

                 /usr/local/dacs/federations/fed1.example.com
                 /usr/local/dacs/federations/fed1.example.com/federation_keyfile
                 /usr/local/dacs/federations/fed1.example.com/JUR1
                 /usr/local/dacs/federations/fed1.example.com/JUR1/jurisdiction_keyfile
                 /usr/local/dacs/federations/fed1.example.com/JUR1/acls
                 /usr/local/dacs/federations/fed1.example.com/JUR1/acls/revocations
                 /usr/local/dacs/federations/fed1.example.com/JUR1/auth_tokens
                 /usr/local/dacs/federations/fed1.example.com/JUR1/auth_token_keys
                 /usr/local/dacs/federations/fed1.example.com/JUR1/auth_token_keys.prev
                 /usr/local/dacs/federations/fed1.example.com/JUR1/groups
                 /usr/local/dacs/federations/fed1.example.com/JUR1/passwd
                 /usr/local/dacs/federations/fed1.example.com/JUR1/roles

                 /usr/local/dacs/federations/fed1.example.com/JUR2
                 /usr/local/dacs/federations/fed1.example.com/JUR2/jurisdiction_keyfile
                 /usr/local/dacs/federations/fed1.example.com/JUR2/acls
                 /usr/local/dacs/federations/fed1.example.com/JUR2/acls/revocations
                 /usr/local/dacs/federations/fed1.example.com/JUR2/auth_tokens
                 /usr/local/dacs/federations/fed1.example.com/JUR2/auth_token_keys
                 /usr/local/dacs/federations/fed1.example.com/JUR2/auth_token_keys.prev
                 /usr/local/dacs/federations/fed1.example.com/JUR2/groups
                 /usr/local/dacs/federations/fed1.example.com/JUR2/passwd
                 /usr/local/dacs/federations/fed1.example.com/JUR2/roles

                 /usr/local/dacs/federations/fed2.example.com
                 /usr/local/dacs/federations/fed2.example.com/federation_keyfile
                 /usr/local/dacs/federations/fed2.example.com/JUR8
                 /usr/local/dacs/federations/fed2.example.com/JUR8/jurisdiction_keyfile
                 /usr/local/dacs/federations/fed2.example.com/JUR8/acls
                 /usr/local/dacs/federations/fed2.example.com/JUR8/acls/revocations
                 /usr/local/dacs/federations/fed2.example.com/JUR8/auth_tokens
                 /usr/local/dacs/federations/fed2.example.com/JUR8/auth_token_keys
                 /usr/local/dacs/federations/fed2.example.com/JUR8/auth_token_keys.prev
                 /usr/local/dacs/federations/fed2.example.com/JUR8/groups
                 /usr/local/dacs/federations/fed2.example.com/JUR8/passwd
                 /usr/local/dacs/federations/fed2.example.com/JUR8/roles

           If additional data or configuration files are needed, an administrator is free to
           place them wherever convenient within this hierarchy by referencing them using
           appropriate configuration directives in dacs.conf.

       /usr/local/dacs/include
           This directory contains header files for use with custom DACS code.

       /usr/local/dacs/lib
           Run-time libraries are installed here.

       /usr/local/dacs/logs
           Run-time log files are written here by dacs_acs(8)[5] and DACS commands.

       /usr/local/dacs/sbin
           Analogous to /usr/sbin, system administrative commands are installed here.

       /usr/local/dacs/share/man
           DACS manual pages for use by man(1)[23] are installed here.

       /usr/local/dacs/tmp
           Various temporary run-time files, such as lock files, are kept in this directory.

       /usr/local/dacs/www
           DACS HTML documentation is installed here.

   Installing DACS
       The following describes how to install DACS.

           Important
           •   If another release of DACS is present, rename your previous release, install the
               new release, and then copy any site-specific configuration files from the previous
               release to the new release.

           •   Be careful not to mix DACS binaries and support files from different releases.
               This can lead to strange behaviour that is often hard to resolve.

           •   If you are installing or upgrading a third-party package, make sure that you are
               building it against the correct include files and libraries (e.g., ensure that the
               DACS build is not finding an old version, or using include files from one version
               and library files from a different version, or that httpd is trying to use the
               wrong version of an OpenSSL library). This is frequently the cause of build and
               run-time problems.

        1. Unpack the DACS distribution and move to its root directory.

        2. Familiarize yourself with the system by:

           •   reading this document;

           •   running:

                   % src/configure --help

           •   browsing through the documentation (best done by loading man/index.html[24] into
               your browser);

           •   deciding where you want the various components to be installed; and

           •   considering which optional features you may want (you can easily make changes at
               any time, so do not be too concerned about this).

        3. A few third-party packages are required by DACS and must be built before DACS can be
           configured and built. Please note carefully if any special exceptions apply to your
           particular platform and third-party package needs. Although you may have better luck,
           sometimes we experienced problems building the recommended packages (or combinations
           of packages) on certain platforms; whenever possible, we try to provide a workable
           alternative. Late-breaking updates are sometimes available in the release's
           Post-Release Notes[4].

               Important
               It is not necessary to actually install these packages, you only have to build
               them so that the DACS build can use their libraries, include files, and so on,
               directly from where you build the packages. You may chose to do this if you do not
               want to upgrade an existing version of the package, or if you are unable to do so.

               Shared libraries belonging to these packages must be accessible at run-time, so
               please make sure that their path permissions enable them to be read by a program
               executing with Apache's CGI permissions.

               Build these packages in the order in which they are listed below.

               If you install a package, you may need to be root or use sudo(8)[25] (e.g., "sudo
               make install").

               These packages are not distributed with DACS and have licensing terms completely
               separate from those of DACS that are your responsibility.

           Third-Party Package Index:Expat: XML parser

           •   OpenSSL: Crytographic toolkit

           •   Apache: Web server

           •   Berkeley DB, gdbm, ndbm: dbm-type database libraries

           •   SQLite: SQL database engine

           •   libdsm/Samba: NTLM authentication protocol client

           •   libxml2, xmlsec1: XML toolkit and security libraries

           •   OpenLDAP: Lightweight Directory Access Protocol software

           •   Readline: Command line history and editing

            1. Install the Expat XML parser

               This release of DACS has been tested with Expat[26] 2.2.5 and we recommend that
               you use that release.

               For use with DACS, Expat can either be built with -prefix=/usr/local or something
               like -prefix=/usr/local/expat-2.2.5, whichever you prefer. In the former case, you
               can omit the --with-expat when configuring DACS or use --with-expat=/usr/local,
               and in the latter case you must use --with-expat=/usr/local/expat-2.2.5. Here is
               how we usually build Expat after unpacking it:

                   % cd expat-2.2.5
                   % ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/expat-2.2.5
                   % make
                   (All should go well.)
                   % make install
                   (All should go well here, too.)

                   Note
                   On Win2K/Cygwin, only a static library is needed. From the root of the expat
                   distribution directory:

                       % cd lib; ar rv libexpat.a *.o; ranlib libexpat.a

                   If the build fails, reconfigure using --enable-shared=no and
                   --enable-static=yes and try to build it again.

            2. Install OpenSSL

               DACS uses cryptographic functionality provided by OpenSSL[27]. This release of
               DACS has been tested with openssl-1.0.2n and we recommend that you use that
               release with DACS.  Apache should be built using the version of OpenSSL
               recommended by the particular Apache release - using a more recent version of
               OpenSSL may introduce build problems or run-time bugs in Apache.  It is not
               necessary for Apache and DACS to use the same release of OpenSSL.

                   NotesDACS will likely work with recent openssl-1.0.1x releases, although those
                       versions are no longer officially supported and may have important
                       security issues.

                   •   If you are enabling DACS support for Java, add the -fPIC flag to config
                       when you are building OpenSSL.

                   •   In some configurations you may want or require shared OpenSSL libraries;
                       if so, add the shared command line flag to config when building OpenSSL.

                   •   Here is how we built OpenSSL:

                           % ./config --prefix=/usr/local/openssl-1.0.2n --openssldir=/usr/local/openssl-1.0.2n \
                               -fPIC shared

                   •   On macOS, however, it was necessary to explicitly request a 64-bit build
                       of OpenSSL:

                           % ./Configure darwin64-x86_64-cc --prefix=/usr/local/openssl-1.0.2n \
                               --openssldir=/usr/local/openssl-1.0.2n -fPIC shared

            3. Install Apache 2.4.29 or 2.2.34

               You will need an SSL/TLS-capable Apache[28] server (build Apache with
               --enable-ssl) that uses a recent version of OpenSSL (build Apache using
               --with-ssl=path, see above[29]).

                   Important
                   DACS 1.4.40 is the final version to officially support the Apache 2.2 series.
                   Future releases of DACS will not be maintained, tested, or documented with
                   Apache 2.2 series servers.

                   Tip
                   You can install a subset of DACS that does not require Apache and does not
                   require any DACS configuration. These stand-alone, general-purpose utility
                   commands, such as dacshttp and sslclient, might be of interest to you even if
                   you are not interested in any other parts of DACS. Look for BASIC_PROGS in
                   Makefile.in to see which commands will be installed.

                   To build this subset, use --with-apache=omit when running configure. Please
                   continue to review the information about third-party packages in this
                   document, but you can ignore anything that follows that is related to Apache
                   and mod_auth_dacs.
               If you want to use mod_auth_dacs[13] as a dynamic module, which is the recommended
               configuration, make sure that mod_so is built-in to your httpd ("httpd -l"
               displays a list).

                   Important
                   •   This release of DACS has been tested with both Apache 2.2.34 and Apache
                       2.4.29. We now strongly recommend that you use 2.4.29.

                   •   If suitable APR, APR-UTIL, and other support libraries have already been
                       installed on your system, you may be able to perform a basic build and
                       install of Apache 2.4 with a command like:

                           % cd httpd-2.4.29
                           % ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache2-2.4.29 --enable-ssl \
                                 --with-ssl=/usr/local/openssl-1.0.2n
                           % make install

                   •   Detailed instructions for building Apache 2.4.29 can be found in Apache's
                       INSTALL file. For the testing platforms, we get the APR and APR-UTIL
                       libraries from apr.apache.org[30] and unpack them in the Apache
                       distribution's srclib directory, then rename them srclib/apr and
                       srclib/apr-util, respectively, as it says in INSTALL. We currently use
                       apr-1.6.3 and apr-util-1.6.1. If you are building httpd this way, include
                       the --with-included-apr flag with configure.

                   •   On CentOS 5.9 and later, the Apache build initially failed with a
                       complaint about not finding pcre-config. To solve this, we did:

                           # yum install pcre-devel.x86_64

                   •   We sometimes run into minor problems configuring or building Apache 2.4 on
                       macOS, especially after a recent Xcode[6] upgrade. Ensure your PATH is
                       correct. It is sometimes necessary to make a symbolic link from an
                       Xcode[6] directory
                       /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Toolchains/XcodeDefault.xctoolchain/...
                       to a more conventional path so that it is found. If necessary, obtain Perl
                       Compatible Regular Expressions (PCRE) from http://pcre.org and install it,
                       then make sure that pcre-config is on your PATH.

                   •   When building Apache 2.2, running configure as shown above will work in
                       some cases (distributions of the 2.2 branch include the APR and APR-UTIL
                       libraries, currently apr-1.6.3 and apr-util-1.6.1). If you decide not to
                       use the APR and APR-UTIL libraries that ship with Apache, remove or rename
                       the existing directories and install the fresh copies, which is the
                       procedure we usually follow.

                       After unpacking fresh copies of APR (as srclib/apr) and APR-UTIL (as
                       srclib/apr-util), configure, build, and install them. We then build httpd
                       using the --with-apr and --with-apr-util flags. When you build DACS in an
                       upcoming step, you will probably need to use the --with-apache and
                       --with-apache-apr flags (see Third-party support options[31]). If you are
                       going to use the --with-berkeley-db flag when building APR-UTIL (e.g.,
                       --with-berkeley-db=/usr/local/BerkeleyDB.5.3), you may want to temporarily
                       skip ahead to build Berkeley DB[32] before returning here to continue your
                       Apache build. (Note: apr-util will sometimes not work with the latest
                       versions of Berkeley DB; refer to documentation for its --with-dbm flag).

                   •   Here is how we built Apache 2.2 after unpacking it and the correct
                       versions of the APR and APR-UTIL libraries:

                           % cd httpd-2.2.34
                           % cd srclib/apr
                           % ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache2-2.2.34/apr-httpd --disable-lfs CFLAGS=-fPIC
                           % make install
                           % cd ../apr-util
                           # See notes below for adding LDFLAGS
                           % ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache2-2.2.34/apr-util-httpd
                                  --with-apr=/usr/local/apache2-2.2.34/apr-httpd
                                  --with-expat=/usr/local/expat-2.2.5
                                  --with-dbm=db53
                           % make install
                           % cd ../..
                           # See notes below for adding LDFLAGS
                           % ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache2-2.2.34 --enable-ssl
                                  --with-ssl=/usr/local/openssl-1.0.2n
                                  --with-apr=/usr/local/apache2-2.2.34/apr-httpd
                                  --with-apr-util=/usr/local/apache2-2.2.34/apr-util-httpd
                                  LDFLAGS="-rpath /usr/local/db-5.3.28/lib -rpath /usr/local/openssl-1.0.2n/lib"
                           % make install

                       This builds a very basic server; you can enable other options if you want.

                       Because we deal with multiple versions of third-party packages, each
                       release is installed separately, hence the version numbers in the
                       pathnames.

                       If you encounter problems building dacsversion, it may be necessary for
                       you to go back and build APR with the --disable-lfs flag to disable large
                       file support on your platform.

                       On FreeBSD, when doing the top level Apache configuration above it was
                       necessary to add "-rpath /usr/local/db-5.3.28/lib -rpath
                       /usr/local/openssl-1.0.2n/lib" to LDFLAGS so that Apache commands could
                       find shared libraries at run time.

                       On CentOS, when building apr-util, and at the top level, it was necessary
                       to use (instead of the -rpath flags) "-Wl,-rpath /usr/local/db-5.3.28/lib
                       -Wl,-rpath /usr/local/openssl-1.0.2n/lib" to LDFLAGS.

                       Alternatively, on either platform the ldconfig command or LD_LIBRARY_PATH
                       might be used. It appears that the LDFLAGS above should be omitted on
                       macOS.

                   •   In some configurations an "undefined ssl_hook_Fixup symbol" error or
                       "Cannot load modules/mod_ssl.so into server" error is produced by httpd
                       when it starts up. This was also seen in earlier releases of Apache. These
                       errors can be due to an apparent bug in the Apache build procedure that
                       results in the mod_ssl module not knowing where libssl.so and libcrypto.so
                       are, even though the correct path was specified at Apache build time
                       through the --with-ssl flag to configure.

                       One solution is to make mod_ssl a built-in module instead of a dynamically
                       loaded module. Build Apache using something similar to this (using the
                       --enable-ssl=static flag is the important change):

                           % ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache2-2.4.29 \
                               --with-ssl=/usr/local/openssl-1.0.2n --enable-ssl=static

                       Then do a "make install". Note that you will need to comment out the
                       httpd.conf directive that loads mod_ssl:

                           # LoadModule ssl_module modules/mod_ssl.so

                       Now, from the Apache installation directory, try:

                           % bin/httpd -l
                           % bin/httpd -M

                       If httpd cannot find your OpenSSL libraries, you will see an error message
                       like this:

                           error while loading shared libraries: libssl.so.1.0.0: cannot open
                             shared object file: No such file or directory

                       Tell the linker where the OpenSSL libraries are by setting the
                       LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variable for httpd; for example:

                           %  sh -c "export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/openssl-1.0.2n/lib; bin/httpd -M"

                       You may also be able to resolve the problem using the ldconfig command,
                       but we don't know if that could possibly break other programs that expect
                       a different version of the OpenSSL library. You will need to always set
                       LD_LIBRARY_PATH before running httpd, maybe using an alias or script. If
                       you use apachectl to manage Apache, you could simply have it set
                       LD_LIBRARY_PATH (also see the Apache envvars script, which is sourced by
                       apachectl).

                       Another thing to try if Apache is unable to load a shared library is to
                       re-run configure without the --with-dbm flag.

                   •   Sometimes the Apache build procedure insists on using the system's version
                       of apr or apr-util rather than the version you explicitly asked configure
                       to use with --with-apr or --with-apr-util (check using: ldd bin/httpd or
                       otool bin/httpd). If the linker complains about an undefined symbol when
                       you attempt to start Apache, this may be the reason. The easiest solution
                       is to temporarily hide the system libraries that you don't want configure
                       to use and then re-make Apache, checking that bin/httpd is now referencing
                       the expected libraries and restoring the system libraries.

                   •   If you find that your Apache server on CentOS does not accept requests
                       coming from the network (non-localhost requests) it may be because the
                       operating system's security policy is disallowing them. As root, do:

                           # system-config-firewall

                       (This command is sometimes named system-config-securitylevel, or
                       system-config-firewall-tui in various releases of CentOS). In the "Other
                       ports" section of the "Firewall Options", add the HTTP/HTTPS port(s) you
                       want to use for protocol TCP. Once the change is applied it is persistent.
                       Another option, if it is safe to do so, is to totally disable the
                       firewall. On CentOS:

                           # service iptables stop

                       (Alternative: systemctl disable firewalld) Note that this change is not
                       persistent, however. Another alternative, for CentOS and other systems, is
                       to use the appropriate command (e.g., iptables, ipfw, or pfctl) to add a
                       firewall rule to allow TCP access to your HTTP/HTTPS port(s).

                   •   One difference to be aware of between the Apache 2.0 branch and subsequent
                       branches is that the default Apache configuration of the newer branches
                       may deny all access by default; some DACS files should be publicly
                       accessible, however, so you may need to explicitly allow this. For
                       example, in httpd.conf:

                           <Directory /usr/local/dacs/www>
                             Satisfy Any
                             Allow from all
                             Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
                           </Directory>

                   •   Apache 1.3 is not supported; please consult the FAQ[33].  DACS has not
                       been tested with Apache 2.3 or 2.4.

                   •   We do not support using mod_auth_dacs with a non-source install of Apache;
                       we have received feedback that it can be done manually without much
                       effort, however. In this case, we believe that the install may go more
                       smoothly if you use the configure flag --disable-shared.

                   Tip
                   Check that Apache is working properly and that it is actually using the
                   version of OpenSSL that you are expecting. It is important to confirm that
                   your server is working correctly with your web resources before DACS gets
                   involved. Doing so can save you time and frustration.

                   You can see your httpd's Server response-header by connecting to your server
                   (e.g., using telnet) and engaging in an interaction with it similar to the
                   following (note the last line of output):

                       % telnet localhost 80
                       Trying 127.0.0.1...
                       Connected to localhost.
                       Escape character is '^]'.
                       GET / HTTP/1.0

                       HTTP/1.1 200 OK
                       Date: Tue, 20 Jan 2018 18:08:11 GMT
                       Server: Apache/2.4.29 (Unix) OpenSSL/1.0.2n mod_auth_dacs/1.4.40(Release date 31-Jan-2018 09:49:34) PHP/5.6.14

        4. A few third-party packages are optional and whether you need them depends on which
           optional features of DACS you require. These packages must be built before DACS can be
           configured and built. If you decide you want to add or remove optional capabilities
           after building DACS, it is easy to do so later.

               Tip
               If you are new to DACS, it may be a good idea to first build it without any
               optional packages. After you have gotten the basic system working to your
               satisfaction, rebuild DACS with the optional components you need. Or, if you are
               not sure at this time which optional packages you need, return to this step later.

            1. Berkeley DB, gdbm, ndbm DB (dbm-type databases)

               If you want to be able to store DACS configuration information in a database or
               need to access files managed by Apache's mod_auth_dbm, you may use Berkeley DB[34]
               from Oracle Corporation[35] (Sleepy Cat Software was acquired by Oracle in
               February, 2006). A suitable version may already be installed on your system.
               Typically, Apache will only build with a version of Berkeley DB that is somewhat
               older than the latest. Neither DACS nor Apache require Berkeley DB, and they do
               not need to use the same version of Berkeley DB. Version db-5.3.28 is being used
               for testing, but somewhat older versions should be fine. See the DACS configure
               arguments: --enable-bdb[36], --disable-bdb[37], and --with-bdb[38].

                   Notes
                   Note that starting with db-6.x, licensing for Berkeley DB changed[39] from the
                   Sleepycat License[40] to the GNU AGPL v3[41]. Installations should consider
                   whether they should use db-5.3.28 or switch to another supported dbm-type
                   database.

                   Tip
                   You may find that you must sign on to the Oracle site before you are allowed
                   to download Berkeley DB. You may be able to avoid this by using a URL such as:

                       http://download.oracle.com/berkeley-db/db-5.3.28.tar.gz

                   You may also be able to obtain Berkeley DB elsewhere, such as at
                   linux.softpedia.com, pkgs.fedoraproject.org, or fossies.org. Consider
                   validating the downloaded file using a checksum published on a different site,
                   however.
               The default is to use Berkeley DB if it is available. If you do not want to use
               Berkeley DB you must disable it (--disable-bdb[37]). Similar functionality is
               provided by the NDBM library and from GNU GDBM (versions 1.8.3 through 1.14, the
               latter being the version tested against).  GNU GDBM must be built with its NDBM
               compatibility mode. These libraries may already be installed on your system. Get
               GDBM from ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gdbm[42]. See the --enable-ndbm[43],
               --with-gdbm-lib[44], and --with-gdbm-includes[44] configure flags.

                   Notes
                   •   It may be necessary to create (or update) links to the Berkeley DB
                       installation directory to avoid problems when building other packages. For
                       example, if you install it in /usr/local/db-5.3.28:

                           % ln -sf /usr/local/db-5.3.28 /usr/local/BerkeleyDB.5.3
                           % ln -sf /usr/local/db-5.3.28 /usr/local/db53

                   •   Here is how we built Berkeley DB for DACS after unpacking it:

                           % cd build_unix
                           % ../dist/configure --prefix=/usr/local/db-5.3.28
                           % make
                           (All should go well.)
                           % make install
                           (All should go well here, too.)

                   •   On some platforms, applications (including DACS) that use Berkeley DB may
                       need to be linked with the -lpthread flag.

                   •   You cannot enable the NDBM library and GNU GDBM. You can use either one
                       with Berkeley DB.

                   •   GNU GDBM 1.9.1 and newer may not interoperate correctly with databases
                       created by older versions of GNU GDBM; consult its source code and
                       documentation for details.

                   •   A deficiency in configuration processing is that the location of the NDBM
                       library cannot be specified; the standard configuration search path is
                       used. A future version should provide a --with-ndbm flag.

                   •   The NDBM-workalike, sdbm[45], is not currently supported. It may be added
                       to a future release if it is requested.

            2. SQLite

               The SQLite[46] database, which can be used together with the dbm-type
               databases[32], is another option for storing DACS configuration information.
               Version 3.22.0 is being used for testing (we use the "sqlite-autoconf"
               amalgamation tarball). See the DACS configure arguments: --enable-sqlite[47],
               --disable-sqlite[48], and --with-sqlite[49].

                   Notes
                   •   On FreeBSD at least, an apparent bug in the SQlite build procedure can
                       cause a compilation error. To avoid the error, edit the definition of the
                       DEFS symbol in the Makefile to remove the embedded space by changing:

                             -DPACKAGE_STRING=\"sqlite 3.22.0\"

                       to:

                             -DPACKAGE_STRING=\"sqlite-3.22.0\"

                   •   Here is how we built SQlite:

                           % ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/sqlite-3.22.0
                           % make
                           % make install

            3. libdsm/Samba

               If you want to be able to authenticate using Microsoft's SMB[50]/NTLM[51] protocol
               (see local_ntlm_authenticate[52]), you must either configure DACS to use the
               custom implementation of the libdsm library that ships with DACS or obtain
               Samba[53], a Microsoft Windows interoperability suite.

               DACS NTLM authentication is currently tested against services provided by Windows
               Server 2012 but DACS should also interoperate with other MS Windows platforms.

                   Important
                   For a very long time, Samba 3.x provided NTLM client authentication for DACS
                   and was the only option. But because Samba 3.x has not been supported by the
                   Samba team for quite some time, and Samba 4.x has proved to be difficult to
                   build on DACS platforms and is not a drop-in replacement for Samba 3.x in any
                   case, the smaller and simpler libdsm will replace Samba.  Samba 3.x can still
                   be used by this version of DACS but support for Samba will be removed.

                   libdsm Notes
                   Although the library is currently functional and tested, configuration of
                   libdsm is not quite fully integrated or documented within the main DACS build.
                   To use libdsm:

                    1. Unpack the DACS tarfile

                    2. chdir to dacs-1.4.40/src/libdsm and refer to the README in that directory
                       for detailed instructions.

                       We continue here with a brief outline of the procedure to build the
                       library. If you are going to enable NTLM authentication, or think you
                       might do so later, build the library before running configure for DACS. If
                       you do not need NTLM authentication, you need not build the library.

                    3. Obtain the GNU libraries libtasn1[54] and libiconv[55]. No changes to
                       those libraries are required. Build both libraries in place.

                    4. Configure and make the modified libdsm. The library is installed in its
                       root directory and no system files or directories are modified. A program
                       called ntlmauth will be built. You should use it to test authentication
                       against your Windows server.

                    5. If all goes well, build DACS as you normally would, except instead of
                       configuring it using

                           --with-samba

                       use

                           --with-libdsm=./libdsm

                       Test authentication again, this time using dacsauth (refer to
                       dacsauth(1)[56] and local_ntlm_authenticate[57] for examples).

                    6. If you are satisfied with the results of your testing, complete your
                       installation of DACS and verify that dacs_authenticate[58] also works
                       correctly. The only change you may need to make to dacs.conf is to specify

                           OPTION 'SAMBA_PORT="0"'

                       in the appropriate Auth clause. If you are using the standard ports, you
                       may delete that option entirely since the library knows which port(s) to
                       try.

                    7. Please report any problems so that they can be addressed in the next
                       release.

                   Samba Notes
                   •   This release of DACS has been tested with samba-3.6.25 and that is the
                       only version officially supported. If you use Samba, we strongly recommend
                       that you use that version. It is not known whether this release of DACS
                       will work with any other version of Samba.

                   •   DACS requires the Samba source distribution to be built but it does not
                       matter if Samba is installed. The DACS build procedure looks for include
                       files and libraries relative to the Samba distribution's root directory.

                   •   On systems where libexecinfo has been installed (FreeBSD), when building
                       DACS it may be necessary to add -lexecinfo to LDFLAGS if backtrace or
                       backtrace_symbols are referenced by Samba.

                   •   The Samba 4.X releases use a different build system than earlier releases,
                       unfortunately.  DACS does not currently work with the 4.X releases, mainly
                       because we have had no success getting a clean build of any 4.X release on
                       either FreeBSD or macOS.

                   •   To build Samba for DACS, from your Samba distribution's ./source3
                       directory do:

                           % ./configure --enable-static=yes --with-ads=no --with-ldap=no --disable-swat --disable-cups --disable-pie \
                                 --enable-external-libtalloc=no --enable-external-libtdb=no
                           % make

                   •   Then, when configuring DACS, specify the directory where Samba was
                       unpacked, for example:

                           --with-samba=/local/src/samba-3.6.25

               See the DACS configure arguments: --enable-ntlm-auth[59], --with-samba[60], and
               --with-libdsm[61].

            4. libxml2 and xmlsec1

               InfoCard support is now deprecated and therefore these libraries are no longer
               needed. This section may be removed in a future release.

               See local_infocard_authenticate[62].

               InfoCard support requires libxml2[63] and xmlsec1[64] are required. Build libxml2
               and OpenSSL first, because xmlsec1[64] depends on both of them. This release of
               DACS has been tested with libxml2-2.8.0 or libxml2-2.9.1, and xmlsec1-1.2.20, and
               we strongly recommend that you use those versions. It is not known whether this
               release of DACS will work with any other versions - we do not officially support
               them.

                   Notes
                   •   Here is how we built libxml2:

                           % ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/libxml2-2.9.1

                       Due to an apparent bug in the code (in threads.c) that results in a syntax
                       error, it was necessary to add --with-threads=no on some platforms, such
                       as macOS.

                   •   Here is how we built xmlsec1:

                           % ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/xmlsec1-1.2.20
                               --with-libxml=/usr/local/libxml2-2.9.1
                               --with-openssl=/usr/local/openssl-1.0.2n --with-gnu-ld
                               --enable-static-linking  --disable-crypto-dl --disable-apps-crypto-dl

                       Except on macOS:

                           % ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/xmlsec1-1.2.20 \
                                 --with-libxml=/usr/local/libxml2-2.9.1 --with-gnu-ld --enable-static=yes \
                                 --enable-shared=yes --with-nss=/Applications/Firefox.app/Contents/MacOS \
                                 --with-nspr=/Applications/Firefox.app/Contents/MacOS \
                                 --with-openssl=/usr/local/openssl-1.0.2n \
                                 --disable-crypto-dl

                   •   Due to an apparent error in its build procedure, we sometimes encountered
                       the following error message:

                           *** Warning: Linking the shared library libxmlsec1-openssl.la against the
                           *** static library /local/openssl-1.0.2n/lib/libcrypto.a is not portable!

                       After ensuring that libcrypto.so (or libcrypto.dylib) had been installed
                       when building OpenSSL, to correct the xmlsec1 build problem we did "make
                       clean", re-ran configure as above, and edited src/openssl/Makefile under
                       the root of the xmlsec1 distribution directory to change all occurrences
                       of "libcrypto.a" to "libcrypto.so". It was sometimes also necessary to
                       delete the -ldl flag on those same lines, and in other Makefile files in
                       the distribution (and making sure the flag was not specified by
                       xmlsec1-config). After those changes, we ran make again. Additionally, it
                       was sometimes necessary to specify CFLAGS="-I/usr/local/include
                       -L/usr/local/lib".

                   •   Another problem related to this library on a CentOS platform resulted in
                       an error message similar to this:

                           Cannot restore segment prot after reloc: Permission denied

                       The solution was to issue the command (adjust the path as necessary):

                           % chcon -t texrel_shlib_t /usr/local/xmlsec1-1.2.20/lib/libxmlsec1-openssl.so

                   •   When including InfoCard support on macOS, it was necessary to tell the
                       dynamic linker where to find the xmlsec1 library (despite using the -rpath
                       flag during the build). To work around this, do something like the
                       following (or equivalent):

                           % setenv DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH /usr/local/xmlsec1-1.2.20/lib

                       Ensure that "gmake test" does not fail.

                   •   Due to an apparent bug in configure.in, on FreeBSD configure may
                       incorrectly use the -ldl flag in generated Makefiles. Either edit all
                       Makefiles to remove all occurrences of the -ldl flag, or edit
                       configure.in, add a "*-*-freebsd*" case like the others in the "OpenSSL"
                       section, run autoconf to regenerate configure, and then "make clean" and
                       re-run configure.

                   •   Your experience may differ, but we found xmlsec1 to not cooperate when we
                       wanted to work with multiple installations of libxml2 - apparently if a
                       libxml2 directory or link has been installed, its build procedure seems to
                       use that version, regardless of what is specified on the command line,
                       requiring manual editing of its Makefiles. Check that the correct instance
                       of xml2-config is being used. Unfortunately, it may be necessary to remove
                       (or temporarily rename) older installed versions, or fall back to using an
                       older version already installed on your system.

                   •   We also found it sometimes necessary to also upgrade the version of the
                       libxslt library (also available here[65]) to build against the same
                       libxml2 as xmlsec1 library, otherwise multiple versions of libxml2 may be
                       referenced, leading to undefined symbols during the DACS build procedure.
                       We have had success using libxslt-1.1.28 (and then adding
                       --with-libxslt=/usr/local/libxslt-1.1.28 when configuring libxslt).
               The DACS build procedure uses xmlsec1-config, a program that comes with xmlsec1.
               If InfoCard support is enabled, the build procedure will look in some standard
               places for this command. You can specify its location with the
               --with-xmlsec1-config[66] flag.

               See the DACS configure arguments: --enable-infocard-auth[67] and
               --with-xmlsec1-config[66]

            5. OpenLDAP

               Authentication through LDAP or Microsoft Active Directory (see
               local_ldap_authenticate[68]) is implemented using OpenLDAP[69]. This release of
               DACS has been tested only with openldap-2.4.45 and we strongly recommend that you
               use that version.

               It is not known whether this release of DACS will work with any other version of
               OpenLDAP - we do not support them.  DACS may work properly with OpenLDAP versions
               at least as old as 2.2.24, if you really must use one of them.

               DACS LDAP authentication and role retrieval is currently tested against directory
               services provided by Windows Server 2012 but DACS should also interoperate with
               other LDAP implementations.

               If the --with-ldap flag is not given (in which case LDAP authentication must be
               enabled; e.g., via --enable-ldap-auth), configure will search for OpenLDAP headers
               and libraries; if found, it will assume they are a suitable version and use them.

               If --with-ldap is given (either because OpenLDAP is not installed or an unsuitable
               version is installed), headers and libraries relative to the root of the specified
               directory will be used rather than any installed OpenLDAP files; it is not
               necessary to install OpenLDAP, you only need to build it - so you do not need to
               be concerned about hassles associated with upgrading or any other versions that
               might already be installed on your system.

               To build OpenLDAP for DACS, from the root of your OpenLDAP distribution do:

                   % ./configure --with-tls=openssl --disable-slapd --enable-static \
                       CFLAGS=-I/usr/local/openssl-1.0.2n/include \
                       LDFLAGS=-L/usr/local/openssl-1.0.2n/lib
                   % make

               If so instructed, do a "make depend" before the make.

               See the DACS configure arguments: --enable-ldap-auth[70] and --with-ldap[71]

            6. Readline

               The history and editing functionality provided by the GNU Readline Library[72] is
               entirely optional but can be nice to have when using dacsexpr(1)[73]
               interactively. This release of DACS has been tested with version 7.0, although we
               have used readline-6.X with recent releases of DACS. Note that you may need to
               compile Readline with the -fPIC flag ("make CFLAGS=-fPIC").

               It is not necessary for you to install readline, you only need to build it - so
               you do not need to be concerned about hassles associated with upgrading or any
               other versions that might already be installed on your system. If
               readline/readline.h is in a standard include directory, it has probably been
               installed and no action is necessary. On platforms where it is missing, it may be
               simple to install using a command such as:

                   # yum install readline-devel.x86_64

               or

                   # pkg install readline

                   Notes
                   •   When building on macOS, it was sometimes necessary to fix a bug by editing
                       shlib/Makefile and making this change:

                           #SHOBJ_LDFLAGS = -dynamic
                           SHOBJ_LDFLAGS = -dynamiclib

               See the DACS configure arguments: --with-readline[74]

        5. Configure and build DACS libraries, services, commands, and utilities

           See Build Options[75] for build alternatives and options to configure.

               % cd src
               % ./configure
               % gmake

           To confirm that DACS has been built with the third-party packages that you intended,
           from the run:

               % ./version -v

           You should ensure that the sslclient utility is working correctly. From the src
           directory, you can test it using the following command:

               % printf "GET https://dacs.dss.ca:8443 HTTP/1.0\r\n\r\n" | ./sslclient dacs.dss.ca:443

           which should print the contents of https://dacs.dss.ca to the standard output. You
           should repeat this test substituting the name of your server and port.

               Tip
               After building DACS, it is strongly recommended that you run the self-tests
               (expression evaluation, crypto code, string handling, and so on) from the src
               directory:

                   % gmake test

               If any error occurs during testing, testing will stop immediately and a message
               will be displayed. In this event, first check that you are using the recommended
               software packages and that your build flags are correct. Most often, problems are
               the result of mixing header files or library files from different versions of a
               third-party package (e.g., OpenSSL) or incorrect file permissions. If you cannot
               find anything wrong with your configuration, please submit a bug report that
               includes the self test output and describes your platform (you can include the
               output of "./version -v").

        6. If all looks good, install DACS

               % gmake install

               Notes
               •   If gmake complains about not being able to find xsltproc, docbook.xsl, or
                   something that might be related to installing the documentation, try:

                       % (cd ../man; gmake touch)
                       % gmake install

               •   This will install the rules for the standard DACS web services and run
                   dacsacl(1)[76] to create and install an index for them.

               •   You can specify DESTDIR[77] to gmake when installing or uninstalling:

                       % gmake DESTDIR=/tmp/mydacs install

           The installation process may prompt you for the owner name and group name to use for
           files and directories; it will guess at reasonable defaults for your platform. The
           appropriate responses will depend on local conventions, but to start with you might
           set the owner to your login name or root, and the group name to the same name that is
           used by Apache (specified by the Group[78] directive in httpd.conf). For the group, it
           may help to look at /etc/group. If you need to change your owner or group selection,
           remove src/.ownername or src/.groupname and try again.

               Tip
               While running "gmake install", important instructions regarding manual
               installation steps may be displayed. A copy is written to .build_notes, truncating
               any previous contents.

        7. As part of the installation procedure, the DACS manual pages are copied into the DACS
           man directory (default: /usr/local/dacs/man). If you adjust your MANPATH environment
           variable to include that directory, try:

               % man dacs

           While it is occasionally handy to view the manual pages using the man command, the
           HTML documentation is far superior.

        8. Build a DACS-enabled httpd

           Please consult apache/README in the DACS distribution for details and, from the apache
           directory, do:

               % gmake help

               Security
               You can build the mod_auth_dacs module[13] with a module identification string (a
               "version tag") with varying amounts of detail, or without a tag. For a full-length
               tag, use "gmake tag", for a simple tag use "gmake smalltag", or to disable the tag
               use "gmake notag" or "gmake module". We suggest that you compile mod_auth_dacs
               with a tag so that Apache's SERVER_SIGNATURE and Server response header field can
               include DACS version identification; this makes it easy to tell which version of
               DACS the server is running and helps to detect mismatches. If mod_auth_dacs is
               compiled with debugging enabled or if the SetDACSAuthDebug[79] directive enables
               debugging, additional version information is added to the tag. For production use,
               identifying the modules in your Apache server is considered by some to be a
               potential security weakness - you may reasonably choose not to include the version
               tag. For some versions of Apache, module identification can be suppressed at
               runtime through its ServerTokens[80] directive.
           If you want mod_auth_dacs[13] to be a dynamic module, which is recommended, do:

               % cd apache
               % gmake tag
               % gmake install

           Check that your httpd.conf has the appropriate LoadModule directive.

               Notes
               When installing mod_auth_dacs on some platforms (such as FreeBSD 10.0), messages
               similar to the following may be seen:

                   Warning!  dlname not found in /usr/local/apache2.2/modules/mod_auth_dacs.la.
                   Assuming installing a .so rather than a libtool archive.
                   chmod 755 /usr/local/apache2.2/modules/mod_auth_dacs.so
                   chmod: /usr/local/apache2.2/modules/mod_auth_dacs.so: No such file or directory
                   apxs:Error: Command failed with rc=65536

               In this situation you should notice that a shared library (a .so file) has not
               been created in the Apache modules directory. This problem is apparently caused by
               a buggy version of libtool that ships with Apache (e.g.,
               /usr/local/apache2.2/apr-httpd/build-1/libtool) and is invoked by apxs by gmake
               install. To work around this issue, edit the apxs command that is run from the
               Makefile in the DACS apache directory (e.g., /usr/local/apache2.2/bin/apxs).
               Modify the apxs script to execute the system's libtool instead of Apache's. This
               change will suffice, for example:

                   #my $libtool = `$apr_config --apr-libtool`;
                   my $libtool = "/usr/local/bin/libtool";

               After the change, repeat the gmake install. If this fails with the error message:

                   libtool: compile: unable to infer tagged configuration

               try:

                   my $libtool = "/usr/local/bin/libtool --tag=CC";
           If you want mod_auth_dacs module[13] to be a static module:

            1. Copy apache/mod_auth_dacs.c to Apache's modules/aaa directory

            2. Re-run Apache's configure, adding mod_auth_dacs (--with-module=aaa:auth_dacs)

            3. Reinstall Apache:

                   % make install

            4. Verify that mod_auth_dacs appears in the list of Apache modules:

                   % httpd -l

               Tip
               Because mod_auth_dacs[13] references symbols in mod_ssl, apparently those symbols
               must be loaded before mod_auth_dacs is loaded. This can be ensured by statically
               compiling mod_ssl into httpd (configure httpd with --enable-ssl and verify with
               "httpd -l") and using the following directive in httpd.conf to dynamically load
               the mod_auth_dacs module:

                   LoadModule auth_dacs_module modules/mod_auth_dacs.so

               Alternatively, it may be sufficient to dynamically load mod_ssl before
               mod_auth_dacs.

               If mod_ssl symbols are unavailable when they are needed, you'll probably see a
               message like the following when you try to start httpd:

                   mod_auth_dacs.so: undefined symbol: ssl_hook_Fixup
           After you've installed mod_auth_dacs, restart httpd.

           If you built the module with a tag, verify that the DACS version identifier appears in
           SERVER_SIGNATURE. You can do this by hitting Apache's printenv CGI program from your
           browser or using a command like:

               % dacshttp "http://myserver:myserverport/cgi-bin/printenv"

           (first making sure that Apache's printenv CGI is executable) and examining the
           SERVER_SIGNATURE environment variable, or by running:

               % telnet myserver myserverport

           and typing:

               OPTIONS * HTTP/1.0

           followed by a blank line and examining the Server response header.

               Note
               •   The URLs that follow will use http and omit myserverport. Substitute https
                   and/or include myserverport as necessary for your configuration.

               •   If you install a new version of DACS, please make sure that you use the
                   mod_auth_dacs module that comes with it. Follow the instructions above.

        9. An assortment of DACS files, including HTML documentation and CSS files, are copied
           into the DACS www directory (default: /usr/local/dacs/www).

           While you can view the documentation simply by pointing your web browser at the DACS
           www directory, it is recommended that you make it available through Apache using its
           Alias[81] directive because the default site configuration (site.conf-std) expects
           handlers and DTDs to be available using certain URLs.

           Add lines like the following to your httpd.conf:

               Alias /dacs      "/usr/local/dacs/www/"
               Alias /css       "/usr/local/dacs/www/css/"
               Alias /dtd-xsd   "/usr/local/dacs/www/dtd-xsd/"
               Alias /examples  "/usr/local/dacs/www/examples/"
               Alias /handlers  "/usr/local/dacs/www/handlers/"
               Alias /infocards "/usr/local/dacs/www/infocards/"
               Alias /man       "/usr/local/dacs/www/man/"
               Alias /misc      "/usr/local/dacs/www/misc/"
               Alias /mod       "/usr/local/dacs/www/mod/"

           To see the DACS DTD files from your browser, you can also add:

               AddType text/plain      .dtd

           These .dtd files are only used to document XML structures and messages used by DACS
           and are cited in the documentation.

           You should also uncomment these two directives in your site.conf file:

               XSD_BASE_URL "/dacs/dtd-xsd"
               DTD_BASE_URL "/dacs/dtd-xsd"

               Tip
               After restarting httpd, you can view the documentation using a URL that looks like
               http://myserver/dacs/man or simply http://myserver/man.

       10. Access to all DACS web services (everything installed in the .../cgi-bin/dacs
           directory) must be controlled by DACS; that is, they must be "DACS-wrapped". Assuming
           you are following the defaults for installing DACS, these are the only files that are
           required to be DACS-wrapped.

           DACS-wrapping a resource or set of related resources involves:

           •   Configuring Apache so that it uses DACS to manage access to the contents of a
               directory or portion of URL space and

           •   Configuring one or more DACS access control rules for the jurisdiction responsible
               for the resources (this is done for the DACS web services by the default ACLs).

           Configuring Apache involves, at minimum, adding directives like the following to the
           appropriate VirtualHost section of httpd.conf:

               AddDACSAuth dacs-acs /usr/local/dacs/bin/dacs_acs "-t -v"
               SetDACSAuthMethod dacs-acs external
               SetDACSAuthConf dacs-acs "/usr/local/dacs/dacs.conf"
               <Location /cgi-bin/dacs>
                  AuthType DACS
                  AuthDACS dacs-acs
                  Require valid-user
               # Note: For Apache 2.4, instead use:
               # Require dacs-authz
                  Options ExecCGI
               </Location>

               Tip
               Remember to restart Apache after making changes to httpd.conf.
           Some administrators may choose to make all content or all CGIs DACS-wrapped. That is
           probably a more secure approach, although of course it can be somewhat less efficient
           than segmenting the server's URL space into "secure" and "insecure" areas. Content
           that is not DACS-wrapped is totally oblivious to DACS and incurs no overhead due to
           DACS. Also, this approach may necessitate making "holes" in the URL space for
           non-access controlled resources, which must be done with care.

               Tip
               If you decide to DACS-wrap everything, you will likely want to add rules to grant
               access to various public resources, such as CSS files, robots.txt, favicon.ico,
               and various public DACS resources, such as its man, dtd-xsd, etc. directories (see
               the instructions for the Alias directive above). The default ACL acl-stddocs.0
               does this for some resources, but you may need to extend the list to grant access
               to additional public resources.

   Initial Configuration
           Tip
           At this point, reviewing dacs.quick(7)[11] is strongly recommended. It provides a
           detailed example of what needs to be done to make your DACS operational and how to do
           some basic testing. If you encounter problems installing or running Apache or DACS,
           please refer to dacs.quick(7)[11].

           Tip
           The interactive dacsinit utility can perform the steps described below quickly. You
           will find dacsinit in the installation bin directory. It can be run anytime after DACS
           has been built and installed. It produces a directory structure for the federation,
           copies the distribution's site configuration file, creates a minimal dacs.conf for the
           federation and one jurisdiction, makes federation and jurisdiction encryption keys,
           and generates metadata for the jurisdiction. The resulting configuration can be used
           immediately by DACS commands and by DACS web services after Apache has been configured
           for DACS.

           Passing the -d flag to dacsinit causes it to append a string to certain paths and
           filenames so that, for debugging or test purposes, it is unlikely to overwrite any
           "real" configuration files. Passing it the -n flag causes it to display what it would
           do without performing any of the actions.

       Having installed DACS, the next major step is to do some initial configuration of your
       federation and jurisdiction(s). At each jurisdiction in your federation you will need to
       do the following:

        1. Install the default site configuration file. The distribution comes with a default
           site configuration file found in the distribution's conf/site.conf-std file. The
           installation procedure copies this file into the DACS federations directory. After
           making a backup copy of any federations/site.conf file that is already there, copy
           federations/site.conf-std to federations/site.conf, applying any customizations you
           require (customizations are usually done in dacs.conf though, so that you can simply
           copy on top of the previous site.conf). Note that conf/site.conf-std may well change
           in a new release and you should use the latest version.

        2. As part of the installation procedure, a default set of access control rules is copied
           into the DACS acls directory (default: /usr/local/dacs/acls). The default site.conf
           file (site.conf-std) configures DACS to look in that directory for the default rules.
           These rules control access to DACS web services and are sufficient for proper
           operation.

               Tip
               If your installed DACS web services have a filename suffix (e.g., .cgi, you should
               probably build DACS with an appropriate --with-cgi-suffix flag or customize the
               rules manually. If it is necessary to change the default rules, consider
               overriding them at the jurisdiction level instead of editing a default ACL file -
               this will make it easier for you to upgrade because you will not have to carry
               these changes forward to future releases of DACS.

               Security
               Access to some administrative and experimental DACS web services is completely
               disabled or restricted by default; change these with care and at your own risk,
               particularly if your web server is reachable from the Internet.

        3. Configure your dacs.conf file at each jurisdiction. At the very least, you must
           provide FEDERATION_DOMAIN[82], FEDERATION_NAME[83], and JURISDICTION_NAME[84]
           directives; all other required directives will come from the site.conf file installed
           in an earlier step if you do not specify them.

        4. Use dacskey(1)[85] to make encryption keys for the federation (if you are creating a
           new federation) or obtain a copy of the federation's encryption keys for each new
           jurisdiction (if you are joining an existing federation). Each jurisdiction in a
           federation must have a copy of the same federation keys.

        5. Use dacskey(1)[85] to make encryption keys for each new jurisdiction (each
           jurisdiction will have different keys).

        6. Create a group definition that describes your jurisdictions - see dacs.groups(5)[86] -
           and install an identical copy at each jurisdiction.

        7. Check ownership and permissions on DACS executables and data files.

               Security
               All access to DACS configuration files (dacs.conf, site.conf) and keys must be
               limited to the DACS administrator and the DACS CGI programs called by Apache. The
               installation process tries to set this reasonably, but you should re-check now and
               after making changes because it is vital to maintain a secure system (e.g., ls -lR
               /usr/local/dacs).

   Initial Testing
       Having configured Apache and DACS, you should try some basic DACS web services to make
       sure that they are working properly before you go on to make customizations.

       For example, invoke dacs_version(8)[20] from your browser to check that it is properly
       DACS-wrapped (adjust the URL for your environment):

           % dacshttp "http://myserver/cgi-bin/dacs/dacs_version"

       Review the DACS log files (default: /usr/local/dacs/logs/*) to see what happened. The
       Apache log files can also be helpful, as messages from mod_auth_dacs can be found there if
       they have been enabled.

       You can also try dacsversion(1)[87] from the command line.

       You should verify that dacs_list_jurisdictions(8)[17] works properly.

           Security
           If your browser successfully retrieves a DACS-wrapped resource it may retain a copy in
           its cache. A later attempt to retrieve the same resource may appear to succeeed,
           because the cached copy is returned, even if the DACS configuration or other context
           has changed so that access to the resource should be denied. To ensure that DACS is
           handling every request when testing, always clear or disable your browser's cache
           before beginning. If a request is granted when you expect it to be denied, try the
           request again, making sure that your browser sends the request to the web server.

       The next step is to configure an authentication method - see dacs_authenticate(8)[14] and
       try to authenticate. Once that appears to be working, you can try
       dacs_current_credentials(8)[15], dacs_prenv(8)[16], dacs_conf(8)[18], and
       dacs_signout(8)[19].

           Security
           Before deploying your DACS-enabled system, after an upgrade, or following
           configuration changes, always carefully test to ensure that resources are being
           protected as you require. It is best to configure and test DACS on a development
           platform that looks as much as possible like the intended production platform. When
           you are satisfied, a clone of the development platform can become the new production
           platform, which should also be tested.

   Build Options
       Running configure generates config.nice (over-writing any previous contents), which can be
       executed at some later time if you want to re-run configure with the same arguments.

           Tip
           After you are happy with your configuration, consider squirrelling away a copy of
           config.nice in case you want to reconfigure DACS or for use with later releases of
           DACS.

       It is possible to "bundle" several of the DACS utility programs together into a single
       binary called dacs. This is similar to what OpenSSL does with its openssl command. Instead
       of running:

           % dacsacl ...

       you would run:

           % dacs dacsacl ...

       Running dacs without arguments displays the list of built-in utilities. Some utilities
       have multiple names that are equivalent; these appear in a comma-separated list. To build
       this combined command, add the flag bundle=yes to command lines when building and
       installing:

           % gmake bundle=yes
           % gmake bundle=yes install

       The commands that are bundled into the dacs command won't be built as separate programs.
       To build and install both bundled and unbundled commands:

           % gmake bundle=both
           % gmake bundle=both install

       Command: gmake or "gmake build"
           This will build libraries, services, and utilities in the source directory. By
           default, the build process will create shared libraries and binaries if they are
           supported on your platform.

               Tip
               If you encounter problems while building DACS with shared libraries, use
               --disabled-shared and --enable-static with configure and try building it again.

       Command: "gmake install"
           This will install all DACS components. We recommend that everything other than CGI
           binaries be put under /usr/local/dacs, which is the default. The CGI binaries are by
           default installed in .../your-apache-dir/cgi-bin/dacs. By default, DACS utilities will
           be installed in /usr/local/dacs/bin, which you may want to put on your PATH for
           convenience.

       Command: "gmake clean"
           Removes binaries, object files, and other junk in the build directory

       Command: "gmake distclean"
           Does a "gmake clean" and cleans up so that configure can be re-done.

       Command: "gmake extraclean"
           Does a "gmake distclean" and removes configure. After this, do:

               % autoconf -I../include

           and then run configure.

       Command: "gmake uninstall"
           Removes installed binaries, include files, and libraries

       Other useful build commands (these should be self-explanatory):

           % gmake build-services
           % gmake build-progs
           % gmake build-static
           % gmake build-shared
           % gmake build-static-services
           % gmake build-shared-services
           % gmake build-static-progs
           % gmake build-shared-progs
           % gmake build-shared-lib
           % gmake install-libs
           % gmake install-shared-lib
           % gmake install-static-lib
           % gmake install-progs
           % gmake install-services

       Configure Options
           To verify that this documentation is up-to-date, please run:

               % configure --help

           This will also tell you which features are enabled (or disabled) by default.  Standard
           build and install options.PP

           --prefix=PREFIX
               The root for the installation hierarchy [/usr/local/dacs], which is referred to as
               the symbol and variable DACS_HOME[21].

           --exec-prefix=EPREFIX
               The root for the architecture-dependent hierarchy [PREFIX].

           --bindir=DIR
               Where DACS utilities are installed [EPREFIX/bin].

           --libdir=DIR
               Where DACS libraries are installed [EPREFIX/lib].

           --includedir=DIR
               Where DACS include files are installed [EPREFIX/include].

           --mandir=DIR
               Where DACS manual pages are installed [EPREFIX/man].

           --enable-shared
               Generate shared libraries.

           --enable-static
               Generate static libraries.

           --disable-prefix-check
               Disable prefix path check; the prefix path check does some sanity tests on PREFIX.
           Feature selection options.PP

           --enable-access-tokens
               Compile with the authorization caching feature.

           --enable-addons
               Compile with optional add-on features[88]; add-on source code files for the
               version of DACS being built must be present in the src directory.

           --enable-all-auth
               Enable all authentication methods; you can use this flag and then individually
               disable methods (e.g., --enable-all-auth --disable-apache-auth would enable all
               methods except Apache password authentication.

           --enable-apache-auth
               Enable Apache password authentication directly through DACS.

           --enable-bdb
               Enable Berkeley DB support (default is yes); if you don't want it, use the
               --disable-bdb flag.

           --enable-cas-auth
               Enable CAS authentication.

           --enable-cert-auth
               Enable X.509 client certificate authentication.

           --enable-dacs-conf
               Specify default DACS config file.

           --enable-dacs-log
               Specify initial DACS log file.

           --enable-debug
               Compile with debugging.

           --enable-developer
               Compile with development flags.

           --enable-fts
               Use the included fts(3)[89] library.

           --enable-grid-auth
               Enable one-time password grid authentication.

           --enable-hush-startup-logging
               Enable suppression of informational log messages at startup.

           --enable-infocard-auth
               Enable InfoCard authentication and support. Deprecated.

           --enable-java
               Enable Java support.

           --enable-ldap-auth
               Enable LDAP authentication and roles.

           --enable-local-roles
               Enable private DACS roles module. (enabled by default)

           --enable-native-auth
               Enable authentication via Apache modules.

           --enable-ndbm
               Enable native Unix ndbm API support (this is often supplied by the Berkeley DB
               compatibility API).

           --enable-ntlm-auth
               Enable NTLM authentication.

           --enable-pam-auth
               Enable PAM authentication.

                   Important
                   The PAM module should be considered experimental. Test it carefully before
                   production use.

           --enable-passwd-auth
               Enable DACS password-protected account authentication.

           --enable-radius-auth
               Enable RADIUS authentication.

           --enable-rule-patterns
               Enable extended URL patterns when matching a request against ACLs (this is an
               add-on feature[88]).

           --enable-simple-auth
               Enable simple DACS account authentication.

           --enable-sqlite
               Enable SQLite support (default is no). If you don't want it, use the
               --disable-sqlite flag.

           --enable-system-libradius
               Link to the system libradius library (which must provide a BSD-style RADIUS client
               API). If RADIUS authentication is enabled and this flag is not given, the portable
               implementation of the library that is included with DACS is configured, built, and
               used as a DACS component. Only BSD systems are likely to use this flag.

           --enable-token-auth
               Enable one-time password token authentication.

           --enable-unix-roles
               Enable Unix groups roles module (enabled by default on Unix platforms).

           --enable-user-info
               Compile with the user information reporting feature.
           Third-party support options.PP

           --with-apache=DIR
               Root Apache install directory; if DIR is "omit", however, a basic subset of DACS
               will be installed (also see above[90]) (example: if Apache files have been
               installed in /usr/local/apache2.2/include, /usr/local/apache2.2/conf, etc., use
               --with-apache=/usr/local/apache2.2).

           --with-apache-apr=DIR
               Root Apache APR install directory; required only when Apache 2.2 or 2.4 are used
               (example: --with-apache-apr=/usr/local/apache2.2/apr-httpd).

           --with-apache-apr-config=PATH
               Apache APR configuration program; required only when Apache 2.2 or 2.4 are used
               and the correct program is not on the search path; this flag may be required if
               the build system has more than one instance of Apache installed or if you have
               installed Apache in a non-standard location (example:
               --with-apache-apr-config=/usr/local/apache2.2/apr-httpd/bin/apr-1-config).

           --with-apache-apr-cpp-defs=FLAGS
               Preprocessor flags required when compiling files that include Apache APR code; may
               be required with some "non-standard" cases when Apache 2.2 or 2.4 are used and
               "apr-1-config --cppflags" is unavailable or does not report the correct flags
               (example: --with-apache-apr-cpp-defs=-D_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE).

                   Note
                   It has been reported that on some GNU/Linux platforms, such as Ubuntu, it is
                   necessary to define these symbols when building DACS code that includes APR
                   header files (such as dacsversion):

                       #define LINUX 2
                       #define _REENTRANT
                       #define _GNU_SOURCE
                       #define _LARGEFILE64_SOURCE

           --with-apache-apr-includes=DIR
               Apache APR include files directory; required with some "non-standard" cases when
               Apache 2.2 or 2.4 are used and apr-1-config is unavailable or does not report the
               correct directory (example: --with-apache-apr-includes=/usr/bin/include/apr-1.0).

           --with-apache-apu-config=PATH
               Apache APU configuration program; required only when Apache 2.2 or 2.4 are used
               and the correct program is not on the search path; this flag may be required if
               the build system has more than one instance of Apache installed or if you have
               installed Apache in a non-standard location (example:
               --with-apache-apu-config=/usr/local/apache2.2/apr-util-httpd/bin/apu-1-config).

           --with-apache-apu-includes=DIR
               Apache APU include files directory; required with some "non-standard" cases when
               Apache 2.2 or 2.4 are used and apu-1-config is unavailable or does not report the
               correct directory (example:
               --with-apache-apu-includes=/usr/bin/include/apr-util-1.0).

           --with-apxs=PATH
               By default, the build procedure expects the Apache apxs utility to be bin/apxs,
               relative to Apache's installation directory. On systems where this is incorrect,
               you must specifically configure the path for apxs. (example:
               --with-apxs=/usr/sbin/apxs2).

           --with-bdb=DIR
               Location of the root of the installed Berkeley DB libraries, include files, etc.;
               for example --with-bdb=/usr/local/db-5.3.28. This implies --enable-bdb.

           --with-cgi-bin=DIR
               Location of Apache CGI files for DACS web services. This will resolve to
               DIR/cgi-bin/dacs if it exists, or DIR/dacs if that exists, or DIR if its last
               component is "dacs".

           --with-cgi-suffix=SUFFIX
               When installing CGI executables, add SUFFIX as the file extension. A typical value
               for SUFFIX is ".cgi". The default access control rules for DACS web services (via
               the VFS item type dacs_acls) respect this suffix. On Windows platforms, where
               ".exe" is the standard extension for programs, SUFFIX is set to that by default.
               Using a SUFFIX of "no" sets the extension to the null string.

           --with-dacs-conf=PATH
               Specify default DACS config file (default: PREFIX/federations/dacs.conf).

           --with-dacs-log=PATH
               Specify initial DACS log file (default: PREFIX/logs/error_log).

           --with-default-cipher-list=CIPHERSTRING
               Specify a default OpenSSL cipher string specification (the argument to
               SSL_CTX_set_cipher_list()[91]) to be used with sslclient(1)[92] and therefore by
               SSL/TLS connections internal to DACS. By default, these connections may use SSLv3
               or TLS. By setting CIPHERSTRING appropriately, connections can be restricted to
               TLS, for instance. This is separate from any Apache SSL/TLS configuration.

           --with-expat=DIR
               Root directory of installed Expat libraries and include files. If Expat files have
               been installed in /usr/local/expat/include, /usr/local/expat/lib, etc., use
               --with-expat=/usr/local/expat.

           --with-federations-root=DIR
               Location of DACS federations root directory (default: PREFIX/federations).

           --with-gdbm-includes=DIR
               Enable ndbm support using gdbm's compatibility API (gdbm(3)[93]), specifying the
               include flags to use. (Example:
               --with-gdbm-includes=-I/local/src/gdbm-1.13/include). (CentOS Example:
               --with-gdbm-includes=-I/usr/include/gdbm).

           --with-gdbm-lib=LIB
               Enable ndbm support using gdbm's compatibility API (gdbm(3)[93]), specifying the
               link flags to use, the pathname for the library, and any other necessary flags.
               (FreeBSD Example: --with-gdbm-lib="-Wl,-rpath,/local/src/gdbm-1.13/lib
               -L/local/src/gdbm-1.13/lib -lgdbm"). (CentOS Example:
               --with-gdbm-lib="-L/usr/lib64 -lgdbm").

           --with-htdocs=DIR
               Location of Apache DACS files if not the htdocs subdirectory of the Apache install
               directory.

           --with-iconv=DIR
               Path to parent of iconv installation. This flag may be required if you are
               enabling Samba support.

           --with-jdk-bin
               If Java support is enabled, this identifies the directory containing the java,
               javac, javah, and jar commands. If this flag is absent, configure will look for
               those programs using the current PATH variable. (Example:
               --with-jdk-bin=/usr/local/java/bin).

           --with-jdk-includes
               If Java support is enabled, this is a list of one or more GCC include flags for
               JDK include directories (Example: --with-jdk-includes="-I/usr/local/jdk/include
               -I/usr/local/jdk/include/freebsd").

           --with-ldap=DIR
               Location of OpenLDAP source files. This is the root directory for the OpenLDAP
               source distribution (Example: /local/src/openldap-2.4.45). This implies
               --enable-ldap-auth.

           --with-libdsm=DIR
               Location of the libdsm library (which will be used instead of Samba). This is the
               root directory of the library's source distribution. This option implies
               --enable-ntlm-auth, which may also appear explicitly, but is incompatible with
               --with-samba.

           --with-mailer-prog=PATH
               Location of a mailer program to use instead of sendmail. This is only needed if
               email support is required. If --with-mailer-args is also specified, it will be
               used as the command line arguments. See dacsemail(1)[94] for a description of how
               the mailer is expected to behave.

           --with-mailer-args=STRING
               Command line arguments to use with the selected mailer program. This is only
               required if email support is required. See dacsemail(1)[94] for a description of
               how the mailer is expected to behave.

           --with-readline=LIB
               Use GNU Readline[72] when available. If LIB is given, it is the link flag to use
               or the pathname for the library (other flags may also be specified). (Example:
               --with-readline="-Wl,-rpath,/local/src/readline-7.0/lib
               -L/local/src/readline-7.0/lib -I/local/src/readline-7.0/include").

           --with-samba=DIR
               Location of Samba source files. This is the root directory for the Samba source
               distribution (Example: /local/src/samba-3.6.25). This implies --enable-ntlm-auth.

           --with-sendmail=PATH
               Location of sendmail(8)[95]. This is only needed if email support is required and
               the location of the sendmail command found at configuration time must be
               overridden. If --with-mailer-args is also specified, it will be used instead of
               the default sendmail command line arguments. See dacsemail(1)[94] for additional
               details.

           --with-sqlite=DIR
               Location of the root of the installed SQLite libraries, include files, etc.; for
               example --with-sqlite=/usr/local/sqlite-3.14.2. This implies --enable-sqlite.

           --with-ssl=DIR
               Location of the root of the installed OpenSSL libraries and include files. If
               OpenSSL files have been installed in /usr/local/openssl/include,
               /usr/local/openssl/lib, etc., use --with-expat=/usr/local/openssl.

           --with-xmlsec1-config=PATH
               If the build procedure cannot find xmlsec1-config, or if it finds the wrong one,
               you can specify its location as PATH. This may only be required if InfoCard
               authentication has been enabled.

           To specify additional flags for compiling or linking DACS, set CFLAGS or LDFLAGS,
           respectively.

           To specify additional flags for compiling or linking the mod_auth_dacs module[13], set
           APACHE_CFLAGS or APACHE_LDFLAGS, respectively. For example, this command will cause
           mod_auth_dacs to be built with the -m64 flag and DACS to be built with both the -m64
           flag and the -O3 flag:

               % ./configure "APACHE_CFLAGS=-m64" "CFLAGS=-O3 -m64" ...

SEE ALSO

       dacs(1)[96], dacs.readme(7)[12], dacs.quick(7)[11]

AUTHOR

       Distributed Systems Software (www.dss.ca[97])

COPYING

       Copyright © 2003-2018 Distributed Systems Software. See the LICENSE[98] file that
       accompanies the distribution for licensing information.

NOTES

        1. gmake
           http://directory.fsf.org/project/make

        2. GCC
           http://gcc.gnu.org

        3. LLVM/Clang
           http://llvm.org

        4. Post-Release Notes
           http://dacs.dss.ca/download.html

        5. dacs_acs(8)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_acs.8.html

        6. Xcode
           https://developer.apple.com/xcode

        7. Using Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)
           https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/6/html/Managing_Smart_Cards/Pluggable_Authentication_Modules.html

        8. ldconfig(8)
           https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ldconfig&apropos=0&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+10.3-RELEASE&format=html

        9. ldd(1)
           https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ldd&apropos=0&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+10.3-RELEASE&format=html

       10. Cygwin
           http://cygwin.com

       11. dacs.quick(7)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.quick.7.html

       12. dacs.readme(7)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.readme.7.html

       13. mod_auth_dacs module
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/mod_auth_dacs.html

       14. dacs_authenticate(8)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_authenticate.8.html

       15. dacs_current_credentials(8)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_current_credentials.8.html

       16. dacs_prenv(8)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_prenv.8.html

       17. dacs_list_jurisdictions(8)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_list_jurisdictions.8.html

       18. dacs_conf(8)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_conf.8.html

       19. dacs_signout(8)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_signout.8.html

       20. dacs_version(8)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_version.8.html

       21. DACS_HOME
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.conf.5.html#var_dacs_home

       22. configuration variable
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.conf.5.html#config-vars

       23. man(1)
           https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=man&apropos=0&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+10.3-RELEASE&format=html

       24. man/index.html
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/index.html

       25. sudo(8)
           https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sudo&apropos=0&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+10.3-RELEASE&format=html

       26. Expat
           https://libexpat.github.io/

       27. OpenSSL
           http://www.openssl.org

       28. Apache
           http://httpd.apache.org

       29. above
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#install-openssl

       30. apr.apache.org
           http://apr.apache.org

       31. Third-party support options
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#third-party-support-options

       32. build Berkeley DB
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#dbm-databases

       33. FAQ
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man//faq.html

       34. Berkeley DB
           http://www.oracle.com/us/products/database/berkeley-db/overview/index.html

       35. Oracle Corporation
           http://www.oracle.com

       36. --enable-bdb
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#build_flag_--enable-bdb

       37. --disable-bdb
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#build_flag_--disable-bdb

       38. --with-bdb
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#build_flag_--with-bdb

       39. changed
           http://www.infoworld.com/article/2611450/open-source-software/oracle-switches-berkeley-db-license.html

       40. Sleepycat License
           http://opensource.org/licenses/Sleepycat

       41. GNU AGPL v3
           http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/products/berkeleydb/downloads/oslicense-093458.html

       42. ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gdbm
           ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gdbm/

       43. --enable-ndbm
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#build_flag_--enable-ndbm

       44. --with-gdbm-lib
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#build_flag_--with-gdbm-lib

       45. sdbm
           http://search.cpan.org/src/NWCLARK/perl-5.8.8/ext/SDBM_File/sdbm/README

       46. SQLite
           http://www.sqlite.org

       47. --enable-sqlite
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#build_flag_--enable-sqlite

       48. --disable-sqlite
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#build_flag_--disable-sqlite

       49. --with-sqlite
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#build_flag_--with-sqlite

       50. SMB
           https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Message_Block

       51. NTLM
           https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NT_LAN_Manager

       52. local_ntlm_authenticate
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_authenticate.8.html#local_ntlm_authenticate

       53. Samba
           http://www.samba.org

       54. libtasn1
           https://www.gnu.org/software/libtasn1

       55. libiconv
           https://www.gnu.org/software/libiconv

       56. dacsauth(1)
           https://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacsauth.1.html

       57. local_ntlm_authenticate
           https://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_authenticate.8.html#local_ntlm_authenticate

       58. dacs_authenticate
           https://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_authenticate.8.html

       59. --enable-ntlm-auth
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#build_flag_--enable-ntlm-auth

       60. --with-samba
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#build_flag_--with-samba

       61. --with-libdsm
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#build_flag_--with-libdsm

       62. local_infocard_authenticate
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_authenticate.8.html#local_infocard_authenticate

       63. libxml2
           http://xmlsoft.org

       64. xmlsec1
           http://www.aleksey.com/xmlsec

       65. here
           ftp://xmlsoft.org/libxslt/

       66. --with-xmlsec1-config
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#build_flag_--with-xmlsec1-config

       67. --enable-infocard-auth
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#build_flag_--enable-infocard-auth

       68. local_ldap_authenticate
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_authenticate.8.html#local_ldap_authenticate

       69. OpenLDAP
           http://www.openldap.org

       70. --enable-ldap-auth
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#build_flag_--enable-ldap-auth

       71. --with-ldap
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#build_flag_--with-ldap

       72. GNU Readline Library
           https://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/readline/rltop.html

       73. dacsexpr(1)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacsexpr.1.html

       74. --with-readline
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#build_flag_--with-readline

       75. Build Options
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#build_options

       76. dacsacl(1)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacsacl.1.html

       77. DESTDIR
           http://www.gnu.org/prep/standards/standards.html#DESTDIR

       78. Group
           http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/mod/mod_unixd.html#group

       79. SetDACSAuthDebug
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/mod_auth_dacs.html#SetDACSAuthDebug

       80. ServerTokens
           http://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/mod/core.html#servertokens

       81. Alias
           http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/mod/mod_alias.html#alias

       82. FEDERATION_DOMAIN
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.conf.5.html#FEDERATION_DOMAIN

       83. FEDERATION_NAME
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.conf.5.html#FEDERATION_NAME

       84. JURISDICTION_NAME
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.conf.5.html#JURISDICTION_NAME

       85. dacskey(1)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacskey.1.html

       86. dacs.groups(5)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.groups.5.html#dacs_metadata

       87. dacsversion(1)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacsversion.1.html

       88. add-on features
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.readme.7.html#addons

       89. fts(3)
           https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=fts&apropos=0&sektion=3&manpath=FreeBSD+10.3-RELEASE&format=html

       90. also see above
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#building_subset

       91. SSL_CTX_set_cipher_list()
           http://www.openssl.org/docs/ssl/SSL_CTX_set_cipher_list.html

       92. sslclient(1)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/sslclient.1.html

       93. gdbm(3)
           http://directory.fsf.org/gdbm.html

       94. dacsemail(1)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacsemail.1.html

       95. sendmail(8)
           https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sendmail&apropos=0&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+10.3-RELEASE&format=html

       96. dacs(1)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.1.html

       97. www.dss.ca
           http://www.dss.ca

       98. LICENSE
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/../misc/LICENSE