名称

       gpasswd - administer /etc/group and /etc/gshadow

大纲

       gpasswd [选项] group

描述

       The gpasswd command is used to administer /etc/group, and /etc/gshadow. Every group can
       have administrators, members and a password.

       System administrators can use the -A option to define group administrator(s) and the -M
       option to define members. They have all rights of group administrators and members.

       gpasswd called by a group administrator with a group name only prompts for the new
       password of the group.

       If a password is set the members can still use newgrp(1) without a password, and
       non-members must supply the password.

   请注意组密码
       Group passwords are an inherent security problem since more than one person is permitted
       to know the password. However, groups are a useful tool for permitting co-operation
       between different users.

选项

       Except for the -A and -M options, the options cannot be combined.

       The options which apply to the gpasswd command are:

       -a, --add user
           Add the user to the named group.

       -d, --delete user
           Remove the user from the named group.

       -h, --help
           现实帮助信息并退出。

       -Q, --root CHROOT_DIR
           Apply changes in the CHROOT_DIR directory and use the configuration files from the
           CHROOT_DIR directory.

       -r, --remove-password
           Remove the password from the named group. The group password will be empty. Only group
           members will be allowed to use newgrp to join the named group.

       -R, --restrict
           Restrict the access to the named group. The group password is set to "!". Only group
           members with a password will be allowed to use newgrp to join the named group.

       -A, --administrators user,...
           设置有管理权限的用户列表。

       -M, --members user,...
           设置组成员列表。

CAVEATS

       This tool only operates on the /etc/group and /etc/gshadow files.  Thus you cannot change
       any NIS or LDAP group. This must be performed on the corresponding server.

配置文件

       The following configuration variables in /etc/login.defs change the behavior of this tool:

       ENCRYPT_METHOD (string)
           这定义了系统加密密码的默认算法(如果没有在命令行上指定算法)。

           It can take one of these values: DES (default), MD5, SHA256, SHA512.

           Note: this parameter overrides the MD5_CRYPT_ENAB variable.

           注意：这只影响组密码的产生。用户密码的产生是由 PAM 和 PAM 配置负责的。建议设置此变量和
           PAM 配置一致。

       MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP (number)
           Maximum members per group entry. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line)
           is started in /etc/group (with the same name, same password, and same GID).

           默认值是 0，意味着组中的成员数没有限制。

           此功能(分割组)允许限制组文件中的行长度。这对于确保 NIS 组的行比长于 1024 字符。

           如果要强制这个限制，可以使用 25。

           注意：分割组可能不受所有工具的支持(甚至在 Shadow 工具集中)。您不应该使用这个变量，除非
           真的需要。

       MD5_CRYPT_ENAB (boolean)
           Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5-based algorithm. If set to yes,
           new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5-based algorithm compatible with the one
           used by recent releases of FreeBSD. It supports passwords of unlimited length and
           longer salt strings. Set to no if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other
           systems which don't understand the new algorithm. Default is no.

           This variable is superseded by the ENCRYPT_METHOD variable or by any command line
           option used to configure the encryption algorithm.

           This variable is deprecated. You should use ENCRYPT_METHOD.

           注意：这只影响组密码的产生。用户密码的产生是由 PAM 和 PAM 配置负责的。建议设置此变量和
           PAM 配置一致。

       SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS (number), SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS (number)
           When ENCRYPT_METHOD is set to SHA256 or SHA512, this defines the number of SHA rounds
           used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not
           specified on the command line).

           使用很多轮转，会让暴力破解更加困难。但是需要注意，认证用户时也会需要更多的 CPU 资源。

           如果没有指定，libc 会选择默认的轮转数(5000)。

           值必须在 1000 - 999,999,999 之间。

           If only one of the SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS or SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS values is set, then
           this value will be used.

           If SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS > SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS, the highest value will be used.

           注意：这只影响组密码的产生。用户密码的产生是由 PAM 和 PAM 配置负责的。建议设置此变量和
           PAM 配置一致。

文件

       /etc/group
           组账户信息。

       /etc/gshadow
           安全组账户信息。

参见

       newgrp(1), groupadd(8), groupdel(8), groupmod(8), grpck(8), group(5), gshadow(5).