Provided by:
passwd_4.1.1-1ubuntu1_i386 
NOME
passwd - cambia la password utente
SINOSSI
passwd [opzioni] [LOGIN]
DESCRIZIONE
The passwd command changes passwords for user accounts. A normal user
may only change the password for his/her own account, while the
superuser may change the password for any account. passwd also changes
account information, such as the full name of the user, the user´s
login shell, or his/her password expiry date and interval.
Modifiche delle password
The user is first prompted for his/her old password, if one is present.
This password is then encrypted and compared against the stored
password. The user has only one chance to enter the correct password.
The superuser is permitted to bypass this step so that forgotten
passwords may be changed.
After the password has been entered, password aging information is
checked to see if the user is permitted to change the password at this
time. If not, passwd refuses to change the password and exits.
The user is then prompted twice for a replacement password. The second
entry is compared against the first and both are required to match in
order for the password to be changed.
Then, the password is tested for complexity. As a general guideline,
passwords should consist of 6 to 8 characters including one or more
characters from each of the following sets:
· lettere minuscole
· numeri da 0 a 9
· segni di punteggiatura
Care must be taken not to include the system default erase or kill
characters. passwd will reject any password which is not suitably
complex.
Suggerimenti per password utente
The security of a password depends upon the strength of the encryption
algorithm and the size of the key space. The UNIX System encryption
method is based on the NBS DES algorithm and is very secure. The size
of the key space depends upon the randomness of the password which is
selected.
Compromises in password security normally result from careless password
selection or handling. For this reason, you should not select a
password which appears in a dictionary or which must be written down.
The password should also not be a proper name, your license number,
birth date, or street address. Any of these may be used as guesses to
violate system security.
Your password must be easily remembered so that you will not be forced
to write it on a piece of paper.
OPZIONI
Il comando passwd accetta le seguenti opzioni:
-a, --all
This option can be used only with -S and causes show status for all
users.
-d, --delete
Delete a user´s password (make it empty). This is a quick way to
disable a password for an account. It will set the named account
passwordless.
-e, --expire
Immediately expire an account´s password. This in effect can force
a user to change his/her password at the user´s next login.
-h, --help
Mostra un messaggio di aiuto ed esce.
-i, --inactive INACTIVE
This option is used to disable an account after the password has
been expired for a number of days. After a user account has had an
expired password for INACTIVE days, the user may no longer sign on
to the account.
-k, --keep-tokens
Indicate password change should be performed only for expired
authentication tokens (passwords). The user wishes to keep their
non-expired tokens as before.
-l, --lock
Lock the named account. This option disables an account by changing
the password to a value which matches no possible encrypted value,
and by setting the account expiry field to 1.
-m, --mindays MIN_DAYS
Set the minimum number of days between password changes to
MIN_DAYS. A value of zero for this field indicates that the user
may change his/her password at any time.
-q, --quiet
Quiet mode.
-r, --repository REPOSITORY
change password in REPOSITORY repository
-S, --status
Display account status information. The status information consists
of 7 fields. The first field is the user´s login name. The second
field indicates if the user account is locked (L), has no password
(NP), or has a usable password (P). The third field gives the date
of the last password change. The next four fields are the minimum
age, maximum age, warning period, and inactivity period for the
password. These ages are expressed in days.
-u, --unlock
Unlock the named account. This option re-enables an account by
changing the password back to its previous value (to value before
using -l option), and by resetting the account expiry field.
-w, --warndays WARN_DAYS
Set the number of days of warning before a password change is
required. The WARN_DAYS option is the number of days prior to the
password expiring that a user will be warned that his/her password
is about to expire.
-x, --maxdays MAX_DAYS
Set the maximum number of days a password remains valid. After
MAX_DAYS, the password is required to be changed.
AVVISI/CAVEAT
Non tutte le opzioni potrebbero essere supportate. Il controllo della
complessità delle password varia da sistema a sistema. L\´utente deve
poter selezionare la possibilità di selezionare una password che
ritenga sufficientemente complessa. Gli utenti potrebbero non essere in
condizione di modificare la propria password se NIS è abilitato e loro
non hanno fatto il login sul server NIS.
FILE
/etc/passwd
informazioni sugli account utente.
/etc/shadow
Informazioni sicure sugli account di utenti.
VALORI RESTITUITI
Il comando passwd restituisce i seguenti valori:
VEDERE ANCHE
group(5), passwd(5), shadow(5).