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GRASS GIS 7.8.7 Reference Manual

       Geographic  Resources  Analysis  Support  System,  commonly referred to as GRASS GIS, is a
       Geographic Information System (GIS) used for  geospatial  data  management  and  analysis,
       image  processing, graphics/maps production, spatial modeling, and visualization. GRASS is
       currently used in academic and commercial settings around the world, as well  as  by  many
       governmental agencies and environmental consulting companies.

       This  reference  manual  details  the use of modules distributed with Geographic Resources
       Analysis Support System  (GRASS),  an  open  source  (GNU  GPLed),  image  processing  and
       geographic information system (GIS).  Go back to help overview

   Display commands (d.*)
       d.barscale                                                   Displays a barscale on the graphics monitor.

       d.colorlist                                                  Outputs a list of all available display colors.

       d.colortable                                                 Displays the color table associated with a raster map layer.

       d.correlate                                                  Prints  a  graph  of the correlation between raster maps (in
                                                                    pairs).

       d.erase                                                      Erases the contents of the  active  graphics  display  frame
                                                                    with user defined color.

       d.font                                                       Selects  the  font  in  which  text will be displayed on the
                                                                    user’s graphics monitor.

       d.fontlist                                                   Lists the available fonts.

       d.frame                                                      Manages display frames on the user’s graphics monitor.

       d.geodesic                                                   Displays a geodesic  line,  tracing  the  shortest  distance
                                                                    between  two  geographic  points  along a great circle, in a
                                                                    longitude/latitude data set.

       d.graph                                                      Program for generating and displaying simple graphics on the
                                                                    display monitor.

       d.grid                                                       Overlays  a  user-specified grid in the active display frame
                                                                    on the graphics monitor.

       d.his                                                        Displays the result obtained by  combining  hue,  intensity,
                                                                    and saturation (HIS) values from user-specified input raster
                                                                    map layers.

       d.histogram                                                  Displays a histogram in the form of a pie or bar chart for a
                                                                    user-specified raster map.

       d.info                                                       Displays information about the active display monitor.

       d.labels                                                     Displays  text  labels  (created with v.label) to the active
                                                                    frame on the graphics monitor.

       d.legend                                                     Displays a legend for a 2D or 3D raster map  in  the  active
                                                                    frame of the graphics monitor.

       d.legend.vect                                                Displays a vector legend in the active graphics frame.

       d.linegraph                                                  Generates  and  displays  simple  line  graphs in the active
                                                                    graphics monitor display frame.

       d.mon                                                        Controls graphics display monitors from the command line.

       d.northarrow                                                 Displays a north arrow on the graphics monitor.

       d.out.file                                                   Saves the contents  of  the  active  display  monitor  to  a
                                                                    graphics file.

       d.path                                                       Finds shortest path for selected starting and ending node.

       d.polar                                                      Draws  polar  diagram  of  angle  map such as aspect or flow
                                                                    directions

       d.profile                                                    Plots profile of a transect.

       d.rast.arrow                                                 Draws arrows representing cell aspect direction for a raster
                                                                    map containing aspect data.

       d.rast.edit                                                  Edits cell values in a raster map.

       d.rast                                                       Displays  user-specified  raster  map in the active graphics
                                                                    frame.

       d.rast.leg                                                   Displays a raster map and its legend on a graphics window

       d.rast.num                                                   Overlays cell category values on a raster map  displayed  in
                                                                    the active graphics frame.

       d.redraw                                                     Redraws the content of currently selected monitor.

       d.rgb                                                        Displays three user-specified raster maps as red, green, and
                                                                    blue overlays in the active graphics frame.

       d.rhumbline                                                  Displays  the  rhumbline  joining   two   longitude/latitude
                                                                    coordinates.

       d.shade                                                      Drapes a color raster over an shaded relief or aspect map.

       d.text                                                       Draws  text  in  the  active  display  frame on the graphics
                                                                    monitor using the current font.

       d.title                                                      Create a TITLE for a raster  map  in  a  form  suitable  for
                                                                    display with d.text.

       d.to.rast                                                    Saves the contents of the active display monitor to a raster
                                                                    map.

       d.vect.chart                                                 Displays charts of vector data in the active  frame  on  the
                                                                    graphics monitor.

       d.vect                                                       Displays  user-specified  vector  map in the active graphics
                                                                    frame.

       d.vect.thematic                                              Displays a thematic vector map in the active graphics frame.

       d.what.rast                                                  Allows the user to interactively query raster map layers  at
                                                                    user-selected locations.

       d.what.vect                                                  Allows  the user to interactively query vector map layers at
                                                                    user-selected locations.

       d.where                                                      Identifies the geographic coordinates associated with  point
                                                                    locations given in display coordinates.

   Database commands (db.*)
       db.columns                                                   List all columns for a given table.

       db.connect                                                   Prints/sets general DB connection for current mapset.

       db.copy                                                      Copy a table.

       db.createdb                                                  Creates an empty database.

       db.databases                                                 Lists all databases for a given driver and location.

       db.describe                                                  Describes a table in detail.

       db.drivers                                                   Lists all database drivers.

       db.dropcolumn                                                Drops a column from selected attribute table.

       db.dropdb                                                    Removes an existing database.

       db.droptable                                                 Drops an attribute table.

       db.execute                                                   Executes any SQL statement.

       db.in.ogr                                                    Imports attribute tables in various formats.

       db.login                                                     Sets user/password for DB driver/database.

       db.out.ogr                                                   Exports attribute tables into various formats.

       db.select                                                    Selects data from attribute table.

       db.tables                                                    Lists all tables for a given database.

       db.test                                                      Test  database  driver,  database  must  exist  and  set  by
                                                                    db.connect.

       db.univar                                                    Calculates univariate statistics on selected table column.

   General commands (g.*)
       g.access                                                     Controls access to the current mapset for other users on the
                                                                    system.

       g.cairocomp                                                  Overlays multiple X Pixmaps.

       g.copy                                                       Copies  available  data  files  in the current mapset search
                                                                    path to the user’s current mapset.

       g.dirseps                                                    Internal GRASS utility for  converting  directory  separator
                                                                    characters.

       g.extension.all                                              Rebuilds  or  removes  all  locally  installed  GRASS Addons
                                                                    extensions.

       g.extension                                                  Maintains   GRASS   Addons   extensions   in   local   GRASS
                                                                    installation.

       g.filename                                                   Prints GRASS data base file names.

       g.findetc                                                    Searches for GRASS support files.

       g.findfile                                                   Searches  for  GRASS  data base files and sets variables for
                                                                    the shell.

       g.gisenv                                                     Outputs and  modifies  the  user’s  current  GRASS  variable
                                                                    settings.

       g.gui.animation                                              Tool  for  animating a series of raster and vector maps or a
                                                                    space time raster or vector dataset.

       g.gui.datacatalog                                            Tool for browsing, modifying and managing GRASS maps.

       g.gui.dbmgr                                                  Launches graphical attribute table manager.

       g.gui.gcp                                                    Georectifies  a  map  and  allows  managing  Ground  Control
                                                                    Points.

       g.gui.gmodeler                                               Graphical Modeler.

       g.gui                                                        Launches a GRASS graphical user interface (GUI) session.

       g.gui.iclass                                                 Tool for supervised classification of imagery data.

       g.gui.image2target                                           Georectifies a map and allows managing Ground Control Points
                                                                    for 3D correction.

       g.gui.mapswipe                                               Interactively compares two maps by swiping a visibility bar.

       g.gui.photo2image                                            Corrects scanning distortions of a paper photo.

       g.gui.psmap                                                  Tool for creating hardcopy map outputs.

       g.gui.rlisetup                                               Configuration tool for r.li modules.

       g.gui.timeline                                               Allows  comparing  temporal  datasets  by  displaying  their
                                                                    temporal extents in a plot.

       g.gui.tplot                                                  Plots the values of temporal datasets.

       g.gui.vdigit                                                 Interactive editing and digitization of vector maps.

       g.list                                                       Lists  available GRASS data base files of the user-specified
                                                                    data type optionally using the search pattern.

       g.manual                                                     Displays the manual pages of GRASS modules.

       g.mapset                                                     Changes/reports current mapset.

       g.mapsets                                                    Modifies/prints the user’s current mapset search path.

       g.message                                                    Prints a message, warning, progress info, or fatal error  in
                                                                    the GRASS way.

       g.mkfontcap                                                  Generates  the  font  configuration file by scanning various
                                                                    directories for fonts.

       g.parser                                                     Provides automated parser, GUI, and help support  for  GRASS
                                                                    scipts.

       g.pnmcomp                                                    Overlays multiple PPM image files.

       g.ppmtopng                                                   Converts between PPM/PGM and PNG image formats.

       g.proj                                                       Prints  or  modifies  GRASS projection information files (in
                                                                    various co-ordinate system descriptions).

       g.region                                                     Manages the boundary definitions for the geographic region.

       g.remove                                                     Removes data base element  files  from  the  user’s  current
                                                                    mapset using the search pattern.

       g.rename                                                     Renames  data  base  element  files  in  the  user’s current
                                                                    mapset.

       g.search.modules                                             Search in GRASS modules using keywords

       g.tempfile                                                   Creates a temporary file and prints it’s file name.

       g.version                                                    Displays GRASS GIS version info.

   Imagery commands (i.*)
       i.albedo                                                     Computes broad band albedo from surface reflectance.

       i.aster.toar                                                 Calculates Top of Atmosphere Radiance/Reflectance/Brightness
                                                                    Temperature from ASTER DN.

       i.atcorr                                                     Performs atmospheric correction using the 6S algorithm.

       i.biomass                                                    Computes   biomass   growth,   precursor   of   crop   yield
                                                                    calculation.

       i.cca                                                        Canonical  components  analysis  (CCA)  program  for   image
                                                                    processing.

       i.cluster                                                    Generates  spectral  signatures  for  land cover types in an
                                                                    image using a clustering algorithm.

       i.colors.enhance                                             Performs auto-balancing of colors for RGB images.

       i.eb.eta                                                     Actual evapotranspiration for diurnal period  (Bastiaanssen,
                                                                    1995).

       i.eb.evapfr                                                  Computes evaporative fraction and root zone soil moisture.

       i.eb.hsebal01                                                Computes sensible heat flux iteration SEBAL 01.

       i.eb.netrad                                                  Net radiation approximation (Bastiaanssen, 1995).

       i.eb.soilheatflux                                            Soil heat flux approximation (Bastiaanssen, 1995).

       i.emissivity                                                 Computes  emissivity  from  NDVI,  generic method for sparse
                                                                    land.

       i.evapo.mh                                                   Computes evapotranspiration calculation modified or original
                                                                    Hargreaves formulation, 2001.

       i.evapo.pm                                                   Computes   potential   evapotranspiration  calculation  with
                                                                    hourly Penman-Monteith.

       i.evapo.pt                                                   Computes evapotranspiration calculation Priestley and Taylor
                                                                    formulation, 1972.

       i.evapo.time                                                 Computes  temporal  integration of satellite ET actual (ETa)
                                                                    following the daily ET reference (ETo)  from  meteorological
                                                                    station(s).

       i.fft                                                        Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) for image processing.

       i.gensig                                                     Generates statistics for i.maxlik from raster map.

       i.gensigset                                                  Generates statistics for i.smap from raster map.

       i.group                                                      Creates, edits, and lists groups of imagery data.

       i.his.rgb                                                    Transforms  raster  maps from HIS (Hue-Intensity-Saturation)
                                                                    color space to RGB (Red-Green-Blue) color space.

       i.ifft                                                       Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) for image processing.

       i.image.mosaic                                               Mosaics several images and extends colormap.

       i.in.spotvgt                                                 Imports SPOT VGT NDVI data into a raster map.

       i.landsat.acca                                               Performs Landsat TM/ETM+ Automatic  Cloud  Cover  Assessment
                                                                    (ACCA).

       i.landsat.toar                                               Calculates  top-of-atmosphere  radiance  or  reflectance and
                                                                    temperature for Landsat MSS/TM/ETM+/OLI

       i.maxlik                                                     Classifies the cell spectral reflectances in imagery data.

       i.modis.qc                                                   Extracts quality control parameters from MODIS QC layers.

       i.oif                                                        Calculates Optimum-Index-Factor table for spectral bands

       i.ortho.camera                                               Select and modify the imagery group camera reference file.

       i.ortho.elev                                                 Select or modify the target elevation model.

       i.ortho.init                                                 Interactively  creates  or  modifies  entries  in  a  camera
                                                                    initial  exposure  station file for imagery group referenced
                                                                    by a sub-block.

       i.ortho.photo                                                Menu driver for the photo imagery programs.

       i.ortho.rectify                                              Orthorectifies  an  image  by  using  the  image  to   photo
                                                                    coordinate transformation matrix.

       i.ortho.target                                               Select or modify the imagery group target.

       i.ortho.transform                                            Computes  a  coordinate  transformation based on the control
                                                                    points.

       i.pansharpen                                                 Image  fusion  algorithms  to  sharpen  multispectral   with
                                                                    high-res panchromatic channels

       i.pca                                                        Principal components analysis (PCA) for image processing.

       i.rectify                                                    Rectifies  an image by computing a coordinate transformation
                                                                    for each pixel in the image based on the control points.

       i.rgb.his                                                    Transforms raster maps from RGB (Red-Green-Blue) color space
                                                                    to HIS (Hue-Intensity-Saturation) color space.

       i.segment                                                    Identifies segments (objects) from imagery data.

       i.smap                                                       Performs  contextual  image  classification using sequential
                                                                    maximum a posteriori (SMAP) estimation.

       i.spectral                                                   Displays spectral response at user  specified  locations  in
                                                                    group or images.

       i.target                                                     Targets an imagery group to a GRASS location and mapset.

       i.tasscap                                                    Performs Tasseled Cap (Kauth Thomas) transformation.

       i.topo.corr                                                  Computes topographic correction of reflectance.

       i.vi                                                         Calculates different types of vegetation indices.

       i.zc                                                         Zero-crossing  "edge  detection"  raster  function for image
                                                                    processing.

   Miscellaneous commands (m.*)
       m.cogo                                                       A  simple  utility  for  converting  bearing  and   distance
                                                                    measurements to coordinates and vice versa.

       m.measure                                                    Measures the lengths and areas of features.

       m.nviz.image                                                 Creates a 3D rendering of GIS data.

       m.nviz.script                                                Creates fly-through script to run in NVIZ.

       m.proj                                                       Converts  coordinates  from one projection to another (cs2cs
                                                                    frontend).

       m.transform                                                  Computes a coordinate transformation based  on  the  control
                                                                    points.

   PostScript commands (ps.*)
       ps.map                                                       Produces hardcopy PostScript map output.

   Raster commands (r.*)
       r.basins.fill                                                Generates watershed subbasins raster map.

       r.blend                                                      Blends color components of two raster maps by a given ratio.

       r.buffer                                                     Creates  a raster map showing buffer zones surrounding cells
                                                                    that contain non-NULL category values.

       r.buffer.lowmem                                              Creates a raster map showing buffer zones surrounding  cells
                                                                    that contain non-NULL category values.

       r.buildvrt                                                   Build  a  VRT (Virtual Raster) from the list of input raster
                                                                    maps.

       r.carve                                                      Generates stream channels.

       r.category                                                   Manages  category  values   and   labels   associated   with
                                                                    user-specified raster map layers.

       r.circle                                                     Creates  a  raster  map containing concentric rings around a
                                                                    given point.

       r.clump                                                      Recategorizes data in a raster map by  grouping  cells  that
                                                                    form physically discrete areas into unique categories.

       r.coin                                                       Tabulates  the mutual occurrence (coincidence) of categories
                                                                    for two raster map layers.

       r.colors                                                     Creates/modifies the color table associated  with  a  raster
                                                                    map.

       r.colors.out                                                 Exports the color table associated with a raster map.

       r.colors.stddev                                              Sets  color  rules  based on stddev from a raster map’s mean
                                                                    value.

       r.composite                                                  Combines red, green and  blue  raster  maps  into  a  single
                                                                    composite raster map.

       r.compress                                                   Compresses and decompresses raster maps.

       r.contour                                                    Produces  a  vector  map of specified contours from a raster
                                                                    map.

       r.cost                                                       Creates a raster map showing the cumulative cost  of  moving
                                                                    between  different  geographic  locations on an input raster
                                                                    map whose cell category values represent cost.

       r.covar                                                      Outputs a covariance/correlation matrix  for  user-specified
                                                                    raster map layer(s).

       r.cross                                                      Creates a cross product of the category values from multiple
                                                                    raster map layers.

       r.describe                                                   Prints terse list of category values found in a  raster  map
                                                                    layer.

       r.distance                                                   Locates  the  closest  points  between objects in two raster
                                                                    maps.

       r.drain                                                      Traces a flow through an elevation model or cost surface  on
                                                                    a raster map.

       r.external                                                   Links  GDAL  supported  raster data as a pseudo GRASS raster
                                                                    map.

       r.external.out                                               Redirects raster  output  to  file  utilizing  GDAL  library
                                                                    rather than storing in GRASS raster format.

       r.fill.dir                                                   Filters  and  generates a depressionless elevation map and a
                                                                    flow direction map from a given elevation raster map.

       r.fill.stats                                                 Rapidly fills ’no data’ cells (NULLs) of a raster  map  with
                                                                    interpolated values (IDW).

       r.fillnulls                                                  Fills   no-data   areas   in   raster   maps   using  spline
                                                                    interpolation.

       r.flow                                                       Constructs flowlines.

       r.geomorphon                                                 Calculates  geomorphons  (terrain  forms)   and   associated
                                                                    geometry using machine vision approach.

       r.grow.distance                                              Generates  a  raster  map  containing  distances  to nearest
                                                                    raster features and/or the value  of  the  nearest  non-null
                                                                    cell.

       r.grow                                                       Generates  a raster map layer with contiguous areas grown by
                                                                    one cell.

       r.gwflow                                                     Numerical calculation program for  transient,  confined  and
                                                                    unconfined groundwater flow in two dimensions.

       r.his                                                        Generates  red,  green  and  blue  (RGB)  raster  map layers
                                                                    combining hue, intensity and saturation  (HIS)  values  from
                                                                    user-specified input raster map layers.

       r.horizon                                                    Computes  horizon  angle  height  from  a  digital elevation
                                                                    model.

       r.import                                                     Imports raster data into  a  GRASS  raster  map  using  GDAL
                                                                    library and reprojects on the fly.

       r.in.ascii                                                   Converts a GRASS ASCII raster file to binary raster map.

       r.in.aster                                                   Georeference,  rectify,  and  import Terra-ASTER imagery and
                                                                    relative DEMs using gdalwarp.

       r.in.bin                                                     Import a binary raster file into a GRASS raster map layer.

       r.in.gdal                                                    Imports raster data into  a  GRASS  raster  map  using  GDAL
                                                                    library.

       r.in.gridatb                                                 Imports  GRIDATB.FOR map file (TOPMODEL) into a GRASS raster
                                                                    map.

       r.in.mat                                                     Imports a binary MAT-File(v4) to a GRASS raster.

       r.in.png                                                     Imports non-georeferenced PNG format image.

       r.in.poly                                                    Creates  raster  maps  from  ASCII  polygon/line/point  data
                                                                    files.

       r.in.srtm                                                    Imports SRTM HGT files into raster map.

       r.in.wms                                                     Downloads  and  imports  data  from OGC WMS and OGC WMTS web
                                                                    mapping servers.

       r.in.xyz                                                     Creates a raster map from an assemblage of many  coordinates
                                                                    using univariate statistics.

       r.info                                                       Outputs basic information about a raster map.

       r.kappa                                                      Calculates  error  matrix  and  kappa parameter for accuracy
                                                                    assessment of classification result.

       r.lake                                                       Fills lake at given point to given level.

       r.latlong                                                    Creates a latitude/longitude raster map.

       r.li.cwed                                                    Calculates contrast weighted edge density index on a  raster
                                                                    map

       r.li.daemon                                                  Support module for r.li landscape index calculations.

       r.li.dominance                                               Calculates dominance’s diversity index on a raster map

       r.li.edgedensity                                             Calculates  edge  density  index  on a raster map, using a 4
                                                                    neighbour algorithm

       r.li                                                         Toolset for multiscale analysis of landscape structure

       r.li.mpa                                                     Calculates mean pixel attribute index on a raster map

       r.li.mps                                                     Calculates mean patch size index on a raster map, using a  4
                                                                    neighbour algorithm

       r.li.padcv                                                   Calculates  coefficient  of  variation  of  patch  area on a
                                                                    raster map

       r.li.padrange                                                Calculates range of patch area size on a raster map

       r.li.padsd                                                   Calculates standard deviation of patch area a raster map

       r.li.patchdensity                                            Calculates patch density index on a raster map,  using  a  4
                                                                    neighbour algorithm

       r.li.patchnum                                                Calculates  patch  number  index  on a raster map, using a 4
                                                                    neighbour algorithm.

       r.li.pielou                                                  Calculates Pielou’s diversity index on a raster map

       r.li.renyi                                                   Calculates Renyi’s diversity index on a raster map

       r.li.richness                                                Calculates richness index on a raster map

       r.li.shannon                                                 Calculates Shannon’s diversity index on a raster map

       r.li.shape                                                   Calculates shape index on a raster map

       r.li.simpson                                                 Calculates Simpson’s diversity index on a raster map

       r.mapcalc                                                    Raster map calculator.

       r.mapcalc.simple                                             Calculates  a  new  raster  map  from  a  simple   r.mapcalc
                                                                    expression.

       r.mask                                                       Creates a MASK for limiting raster operation.

       r.mfilter                                                    Performs raster map matrix filter.

       r.mode                                                       Finds  the  mode  of  values  in  a  cover  map within areas
                                                                    assigned the same category value in  a  user-specified  base
                                                                    map.

       r.neighbors                                                  Makes  each  cell  category value a function of the category
                                                                    values assigned to the cells around it, and stores new  cell
                                                                    values in an output raster map layer.

       r.null                                                       Manages NULL-values of given raster map.

       r.out.ascii                                                  Converts a raster map layer into a GRASS ASCII text file.

       r.out.bin                                                    Exports a GRASS raster to a binary array.

       r.out.gdal                                                   Exports GRASS raster maps into GDAL supported formats.

       r.out.gridatb                                                Exports GRASS raster map to GRIDATB.FOR map file (TOPMODEL).

       r.out.mat                                                    Exports a GRASS raster to a binary MAT-File.

       r.out.mpeg                                                   Converts raster map series to MPEG movie.

       r.out.png                                                    Export a GRASS raster map as a non-georeferenced PNG image.

       r.out.pov                                                    Converts  a  raster  map  layer into a height-field file for
                                                                    POV-Ray.

       r.out.ppm                                                    Converts a GRASS raster map to a PPM image file.

       r.out.ppm3                                                   Converts 3 GRASS raster layers (R,G,B) to a PPM image file.

       r.out.vrml                                                   Exports  a  raster  map  to  the  Virtual  Reality  Modeling
                                                                    Language (VRML).

       r.out.vtk                                                    Converts raster maps into the VTK-ASCII format.

       r.out.xyz                                                    Exports a raster map to a text file as x,y,z values based on
                                                                    cell centers.

       r.pack                                                       Exports a raster map as GRASS GIS specific archive file

       r.param.scale                                                Extracts terrain parameters from a DEM.

       r.patch                                                      Creates a composite raster map layer by using known category
                                                                    values  from  one (or more) map layer(s) to fill in areas of
                                                                    "no data" in another map layer.

       r.path                                                       Traces  paths   from   starting   points   following   input
                                                                    directions.

       r.plane                                                      Creates  raster  plane  map  given dip (inclination), aspect
                                                                    (azimuth) and one point.

       r.profile                                                    Outputs the raster map layer values  lying  on  user-defined
                                                                    line(s).

       r.proj                                                       Re-projects  a raster map from given location to the current
                                                                    location.

       r.quant                                                      Produces the quantization file for a floating-point map.

       r.quantile                                                   Compute quantiles using two passes.

       r.random.cells                                               Generates random cell values with spatial dependence.

       r.random                                                     Creates a raster map layer and vector point  map  containing
                                                                    randomly located points.

       r.random.surface                                             Generates random surface(s) with spatial dependence.

       r.reclass.area                                               Reclasses  a  raster map greater or less than user specified
                                                                    area size (in hectares).

       r.reclass                                                    Reclassify raster map based on category values.

       r.recode                                                     Recodes categorical raster maps.

       r.region                                                     Sets the boundary definitions for a raster map.

       r.regression.line                                            Calculates linear regression from two raster maps: y =  a  +
                                                                    b*x.

       r.regression.multi                                           Calculates multiple linear regression from raster maps.

       r.relief                                                     Creates shaded relief map from an elevation map (DEM).

       r.report                                                     Reports statistics for raster maps.

       r.resamp.bspline                                             Performs  bilinear  or  bicubic  spline  interpolation  with
                                                                    Tykhonov regularization.

       r.resamp.filter                                              Resamples raster map layers using an analytic kernel.

       r.resamp.interp                                              Resamples raster map to a finer grid using interpolation.

       r.resamp.rst                                                 Reinterpolates and optionally computes topographic  analysis
                                                                    from  input  raster  map  to a new raster map (possibly with
                                                                    different resolution) using regularized spline with  tension
                                                                    and smoothing.

       r.resamp.stats                                               Resamples   raster  map  layers  to  a  coarser  grid  using
                                                                    aggregation.

       r.resample                                                   GRASS raster map layer data resampling capability.

       r.rescale.eq                                                 Rescales histogram equalized the range of category values in
                                                                    a raster map layer.

       r.rescale                                                    Rescales the range of category values in a raster map layer.

       r.rgb                                                        Splits a raster map into red, green and blue maps.

       r.ros                                                        Generates rate of spread raster maps.

       r.series.accumulate                                          Makes  each  output cell value a accumulationfunction of the
                                                                    values assigned to the  corresponding  cells  in  the  input
                                                                    raster map layers.

       r.series                                                     Makes  each  output  cell  value  a  function  of the values
                                                                    assigned to the corresponding cells in the input raster  map
                                                                    layers.

       r.series.interp                                              Interpolates  raster  maps  located (temporal or spatial) in
                                                                    between input raster maps at specific sampling positions.

       r.shade                                                      Drapes a color raster over an shaded relief or aspect map.

       r.sim.sediment                                               Sediment transport and erosion/deposition  simulation  using
                                                                    path sampling method (SIMWE).

       r.sim.water                                                  Overland  flow  hydrologic  simulation  using  path sampling
                                                                    method (SIMWE).

       r.slope.aspect                                               Generates raster  maps  of  slope,  aspect,  curvatures  and
                                                                    partial derivatives from an elevation raster map.

       r.solute.transport                                           Numerical  calculation  program  for transient, confined and
                                                                    unconfined solute transport in two dimensions

       r.spread                                                     Simulates elliptically anisotropic spread.

       r.spreadpath                                                 Recursively traces the least cost path  backwards  to  cells
                                                                    from which the cumulative cost was determined.

       r.statistics                                                 Calculates category or object oriented statistics.

       r.stats                                                      Generates area statistics for raster map.

       r.stats.quantile                                             Compute category quantiles using two passes.

       r.stats.zonal                                                Calculates    category   or   object   oriented   statistics
                                                                    (accumulator-based statistics).

       r.stream.extract                                             Performs stream network extraction.

       r.sun                                                        Solar irradiance and irradiation model.

       r.sunhours                                                   Calculates solar elevation, solar azimuth, and sun hours.

       r.sunmask                                                    Calculates cast shadow areas from sun position and elevation
                                                                    raster map.

       r.support                                                    Allows  creation  and/or  modification  of  raster map layer
                                                                    support files.

       r.support.stats                                              Update raster map statistics

       r.surf.area                                                  Prints estimation of surface area for raster map.

       r.surf.contour                                               Generates surface raster map from rasterized contours.

       r.surf.fractal                                               Creates a fractal surface of a given fractal dimension.

       r.surf.gauss                                                 Generates  a  raster  map  using  gaussian   random   number
                                                                    generator.

       r.surf.idw                                                   Provides  surface  interpolation  from  raster point data by
                                                                    Inverse Distance Squared Weighting.

       r.surf.random                                                Produces a raster surface map  of  uniform  random  deviates
                                                                    with defined range.

       r.terraflow                                                  Performs flow computation for massive grids.

       r.texture                                                    Generate images with textural features from a raster map.

       r.thin                                                       Thins non-null cells that denote linear features in a raster
                                                                    map layer.

       r.tile                                                       Splits a raster map into tiles.

       r.tileset                                                    Produces tilings of the source projection  for  use  in  the
                                                                    destination region and projection.

       r.timestamp                                                  Modifies a timestamp for a raster map.

       r.to.rast3                                                   Converts 2D raster map slices to one 3D raster volume map.

       r.to.rast3elev                                               Creates  a  3D  volume  map  based on 2D elevation and value
                                                                    raster maps.

       r.to.vect                                                    Converts a raster map into a vector map.

       r.topidx                                                     Creates a topographic index (wetness index) raster map  from
                                                                    an elevation raster map.

       r.topmodel                                                   Simulates  TOPMODEL  which  is a physically based hydrologic
                                                                    model.

       r.transect                                                   Outputs raster map layer values  lying  along  user  defined
                                                                    transect line(s).

       r.univar                                                     Calculates  univariate statistics from the non-null cells of
                                                                    a raster map.

       r.unpack                                                     Imports a GRASS GIS specific  raster  archive  file  (packed
                                                                    with r.pack) as a raster map

       r.uslek                                                      Computes USLE Soil Erodibility Factor (K).

       r.usler                                                      Computes USLE R factor, Rainfall erosivity index.

       r.viewshed                                                   Computes the viewshed of a point on an elevation raster map.

       r.volume                                                     Calculates the volume of data "clumps".

       r.walk                                                       Creates a raster map showing the anisotropic cumulative cost
                                                                    of moving between different geographic locations on an input
                                                                    raster map whose cell category values represent cost.

       r.water.outlet                                               Creates watershed basins from a drainage direction map.

       r.watershed                                                  Calculates hydrological parameters and RUSLE factors.

       r.what.color                                                 Queries colors for a raster map layer.

       r.what                                                       Queries  raster  maps  on their category values and category
                                                                    labels.

   3d raster commands (r3.*)
       r3.colors                                                    Creates/modifies the color table associated with a 3D raster
                                                                    map.

       r3.colors.out                                                Exports the color table associated with a 3D raster map.

       r3.cross.rast                                                Creates cross section 2D raster map from 3D raster map based
                                                                    on 2D elevation map

       r3.flow                                                      Computes 3D flow lines and 3D flow accumulation.

       r3.gradient                                                  Computes gradient of a 3D raster map  and  outputs  gradient
                                                                    components as three 3D raster maps.

       r3.gwflow                                                    Numerical   calculation   program  for  transient,  confined
                                                                    groundwater flow in three dimensions.

       r3.in.ascii                                                  Converts a 3D ASCII raster text  file  into  a  (binary)  3D
                                                                    raster map.

       r3.in.bin                                                    Imports a binary raster file into a GRASS 3D raster map.

       r3.in.v5d                                                    Import 3-dimensional Vis5D files.

       r3.in.xyz                                                    Create   a   3D  raster  map  from  an  assemblage  of  many
                                                                    coordinates using univariate statistics

       r3.info                                                      Outputs basic information about a user-specified  3D  raster
                                                                    map layer.

       r3.mapcalc                                                   Raster map calculator.

       r3.mask                                                      Establishes the current working 3D raster mask.

       r3.mkdspf                                                    Creates  a  display  file  from  an  existing  3D raster map
                                                                    according to specified threshold levels.

       r3.neighbors                                                 Makes each voxel value a function of the values assigned  to
                                                                    the  voxels  around  it,  and  stores new voxel values in an
                                                                    output 3D raster map

       r3.null                                                      Explicitly create the 3D NULL-value bitmap file.

       r3.out.ascii                                                 Converts a 3D raster map layer into a ASCII text file.

       r3.out.bin                                                   Exports a GRASS 3D raster map to a binary array.

       r3.out.netcdf                                                Export a 3D raster map as netCDF file.

       r3.out.v5d                                                   Exports GRASS 3D raster map to 3-dimensional Vis5D file.

       r3.out.vtk                                                   Converts 3D raster maps into the VTK-ASCII format.

       r3.retile                                                    Retiles an existing 3D raster map with user defined x, y and
                                                                    z tile size.

       r3.stats                                                     Generates volume statistics for 3D raster maps.

       r3.support                                                   Allows  creation  and/or modification of 3D raster map layer
                                                                    support files.

       r3.timestamp                                                 Modifies a timestamp for a 3D raster map.

       r3.to.rast                                                   Converts 3D raster maps to 2D raster maps

       r3.univar                                                    Calculates univariate statistics from the non-null cells  of
                                                                    a 3D raster map.

   Temporal commands (t.*)
       t.connect                                                    Prints/sets  general  temporal  GIS  database connection for
                                                                    current mapset.

       t.create                                                     Creates a space time dataset.

       t.downgrade                                                  Downgrades the version of a space time dataset (TGRASS DB).

       t.info                                                       Lists information about space time datasets and maps.

       t.list                                                       Lists  space  time  datasets  and  maps  registered  in  the
                                                                    temporal database.

       t.merge                                                      Merges  several space time datasets into a single space time
                                                                    dataset.

       t.rast.accdetect                                             Detects  accumulation  patterns  in  temporally  accumulated
                                                                    space time raster datasets created by t.rast.accumulate.

       t.rast.accumulate                                            Computes   cyclic  accumulations  of  a  space  time  raster
                                                                    dataset.

       t.rast.aggregate.ds                                          Aggregates data of an existing  space  time  raster  dataset
                                                                    using the time intervals of a second space time dataset.

       t.rast.aggregate                                             Aggregates  temporally  the  maps  of  a  space  time raster
                                                                    dataset by a user defined granularity.

       t.rast.algebra                                               Apply temporal and spatial operations on space  time  raster
                                                                    datasets using temporal raster algebra.

       t.rast.colors                                                Creates/modifies the color table associated with each raster
                                                                    map of the space time raster dataset.

       t.rast.contour                                               Produces a space time vector dataset of  specified  contours
                                                                    from a space time raster dataset.

       t.rast.export                                                Exports space time raster dataset.

       t.rast.extract                                               Extracts a subset of a space time raster datasets.

       t.rast.gapfill                                               Replaces   gaps   in   a  space  time  raster  dataset  with
                                                                    interpolated raster maps.

       t.rast.import                                                Imports space time raster dataset.

       t.rast.list                                                  Lists registered maps of a space time raster dataset.

       t.rast.mapcalc                                               Performs spatio-temporal mapcalc expressions  on  temporally
                                                                    sampled maps of space time raster datasets.

       t.rast.neighbors                                             Performs  a  neighborhood  analysis  for each map in a space
                                                                    time raster dataset.

       t.rast.out.vtk                                               Exports space time raster dataset as VTK time series.

       t.rast.series                                                Performs different aggregation algorithms from  r.series  on
                                                                    all  or  a  subset  of  raster  maps  in a space time raster
                                                                    dataset.

       t.rast.to.rast3                                              Converts a space time raster dataset into a 3D raster map.

       t.rast.to.vect                                               Converts a space time  raster  dataset  into  a  space  time
                                                                    vector dataset

       t.rast.univar                                                Calculates univariate statistics from the non-null cells for
                                                                    each registered raster map of a space time raster dataset.

       t.rast.what                                                  Sample a space time raster dataset at specific vector  point
                                                                    coordinates  and  write the output to stdout using different
                                                                    layouts

       t.rast3d.algebra                                             Apply temporal and  spatial  operations  on  space  time  3D
                                                                    raster datasets using temporal 3D raster algebra.

       t.rast3d.extract                                             Extracts a subset of a space time 3D raster dataset.

       t.rast3d.list                                                Lists registered maps of a space time raster3d dataset.

       t.rast3d.mapcalc                                             Performs  r3.mapcalc  expressions  on  maps of sampled space
                                                                    time 3D raster datasets.

       t.rast3d.univar                                              Calculates univariate statistics from the non-null cells for
                                                                    each  registered  3D  raster  map  of a space time 3D raster
                                                                    dataset.

       t.register                                                   Assigns timestamps and registers raster, vector and raster3d
                                                                    maps in a space time dataset.

       t.remove                                                     Removes space time datasets from temporal database.

       t.rename                                                     Renames a space time dataset

       t.sample                                                     Samples  the input space time dataset(s) with a sample space
                                                                    time dataset and print the result to stdout.

       t.select                                                     Select  maps  from  space  time  datasets   by   topological
                                                                    relationships  to  other  space time datasets using temporal
                                                                    algebra.

       t.shift                                                      Shifts temporally the maps of a space time dataset.

       t.snap                                                       Snaps temporally the maps of a space time dataset.

       t.support                                                    Modifies the metadata of a space time dataset.

       t.topology                                                   Lists temporal topology of a space time dataset.

       t.unregister                                                 Unregisters  raster,  vector  and  raster3d  maps  from  the
                                                                    temporal database or a specific space time dataset.

       t.vect.algebra                                               Apply  temporal  and spatial operations on space time vector
                                                                    datasets using temporal vector algebra.

       t.vect.db.select                                             Prints attributes of vector maps registered in a space  time
                                                                    vector dataset.

       t.vect.export                                                Exports  a  space  time vector dataset as GRASS GIS specific
                                                                    archive file.

       t.vect.extract                                               Extracts a subset of a space time vector dataset.

       t.vect.import                                                Imports a  space  time  vector  dataset  from  a  GRASS  GIS
                                                                    specific archive file.

       t.vect.list                                                  Lists registered maps of a space time vector dataset.

       t.vect.observe.strds                                         Observes  specific  locations in a space time raster dataset
                                                                    over a period of time using vector points.

       t.vect.univar                                                Calculates univariate  statistics  of  attributes  for  each
                                                                    registered vector map of a space time vector dataset

       t.vect.what.strds                                            Stores  raster  map values at spatial and temporal positions
                                                                    of vector points as vector attributes.

   Test commands (test.*)
       test.r3flow                                                  Testing flow lines.

       test.raster3d.lib                                            Performs unit and integration tests for the raster3d library

   Vector commands (v.*)
       v.buffer                                                     Creates a buffer around vector features of given type.

       v.build.all                                                  Rebuilds topology on all vector maps in the current mapset.

       v.build                                                      Creates topology for vector map.

       v.build.polylines                                            Builds polylines from lines or boundaries.

       v.category                                                   Attaches, deletes or reports  vector  categories  to/from/of
                                                                    map geometry.

       v.centroids                                                  Adds missing centroids to closed boundaries.

       v.class                                                      Classifies attribute data, e.g. for thematic mapping

       v.clean                                                      Toolset for cleaning topology of vector map.

       v.clip                                                       Extracts  features  of  input  map which overlay features of
                                                                    clip map.

       v.cluster                                                    Performs cluster identification.

       v.colors                                                     Creates/modifies the color table associated  with  a  vector
                                                                    map.

       v.colors.out                                                 Exports the color table associated with a vector map.

       v.db.addcolumn                                               Adds one or more columns to the attribute table connected to
                                                                    a given vector map.

       v.db.addtable                                                Creates and connects a new attribute table to a given  layer
                                                                    of an existing vector map.

       v.db.connect                                                 Prints/sets  DB  connection  for  a  vector map to attribute
                                                                    table.

       v.db.dropcolumn                                              Drops a column from the attribute table connected to a given
                                                                    vector map.

       v.db.droprow                                                 Removes a vector feature from a vector map through attribute
                                                                    selection.

       v.db.droptable                                               Removes existing attribute table of a vector map.

       v.db.join                                                    Joins a database table to a vector map table.

       v.db.reconnect.all                                           Reconnects attribute tables for all  vector  maps  from  the
                                                                    current mapset to a new database.

       v.db.renamecolumn                                            Renames a column in the attribute table connected to a given
                                                                    vector map.

       v.db.select                                                  Prints vector map attributes.

       v.db.univar                                                  Calculates univariate statistics on  selected  table  column
                                                                    for a GRASS vector map.

       v.db.update                                                  Updates  a  column  in  the  attribute  table connected to a
                                                                    vector map.

       v.decimate                                                   Decimates a point cloud

       v.delaunay                                                   Creates a Delaunay triangulation from an  input  vector  map
                                                                    containing points or centroids.

       v.dissolve                                                   Dissolves boundaries between adjacent areas sharing a common
                                                                    category number or attribute.

       v.distance                                                   Finds the nearest element in vector map ’to’ for elements in
                                                                    vector map ’from’.

       v.drape                                                      Converts  2D  vector features to 3D by sampling of elevation
                                                                    raster map.

       v.edit                                                       Edits a vector map, allows adding,  deleting  and  modifying
                                                                    selected vector features.

       v.external                                                   Creates   a   new   pseudo-vector   map  as  a  link  to  an
                                                                    OGR-supported layer or a PostGIS feature table.

       v.external.out                                               Defines vector output format.

       v.extract                                                    Selects vector features from  an  existing  vector  map  and
                                                                    creates  a  new  vector  map  containing  only  the selected
                                                                    features.

       v.extrude                                                    Extrudes flat vector features to  3D  vector  features  with
                                                                    defined height.

       v.generalize                                                 Performs vector based generalization.

       v.hull                                                       Produces a 2D/3D convex hull for a given vector map.

       v.import                                                     Imports  vector  data  into  a  GRASS  vector  map using OGR
                                                                    library and reprojects on the fly.

       v.in.ascii                                                   Creates a vector map from an  ASCII  points  file  or  ASCII
                                                                    vector file.

       v.in.db                                                      Creates   new   vector  (points)  map  from  database  table
                                                                    containing coordinates.

       v.in.dxf                                                     Converts file in DXF format to GRASS vector map.

       v.in.e00                                                     Imports E00 file into a vector map.

       v.in.geonames                                                Imports geonames.org country files into a vector points map.

       v.in.lines                                                   Imports ASCII x,y[,z] coordinates as a series of lines.

       v.in.mapgen                                                  Imports Mapgen or Matlab-ASCII vector maps into GRASS.

       v.in.ogr                                                     Imports vector data  into  a  GRASS  vector  map  using  OGR
                                                                    library.

       v.in.region                                                  Creates a vector polygon from the current region extent.

       v.in.wfs                                                     Imports GetFeature from a WFS server.

       v.info                                                       Outputs basic information about a vector map.

       v.kcv                                                        Randomly partition points into test/train sets.

       v.kernel                                                     Generates a raster density map from vector points map.

       v.label                                                      Creates   paint  labels  for  a  vector  map  from  attached
                                                                    attributes.

       v.label.sa                                                   Create optimally placed labels for vector map(s)

       v.lidar.correction                                           Corrects the v.lidar.growing output. It is the last  of  the
                                                                    three algorithms for LIDAR filtering.

       v.lidar.edgedetection                                        Detects the object’s edges from a LIDAR data set.

       v.lidar.growing                                              Building  contour determination and Region Growing algorithm
                                                                    for determining the building inside

       v.lrs.create                                                 Creates a linear reference system.

       v.lrs.label                                                  Creates stationing from input lines,  and  linear  reference
                                                                    system.

       v.lrs.segment                                                Creates  points/segments  from input lines, linear reference
                                                                    system and positions read from stdin or a file.

       v.lrs.where                                                  Finds line id and real km+offset for given points in  vector
                                                                    map using linear reference system.

       v.mkgrid                                                     Creates a vector map of a user-defined grid.

       v.neighbors                                                  Neighborhood analysis tool for vector point maps.

       v.net.alloc                                                  Allocates subnets for nearest centers.

       v.net.allpairs                                               Computes the shortest path between all pairs of nodes in the
                                                                    network.

       v.net.bridge                                                 Computes bridges and articulation points in the network.

       v.net.centrality                                             Computes  degree,  centrality,  betweeness,  closeness   and
                                                                    eigenvector centrality measures in the network.

       v.net.components                                             Computes  strongly  and  weakly  connected components in the
                                                                    network.

       v.net.connectivity                                           Computes vertex connectivity between two sets  of  nodes  in
                                                                    the network.

       v.net.distance                                               Computes shortest distance via the network between the given
                                                                    sets of features.

       v.net.flow                                                   Computes the maximum flow between two sets of nodes  in  the
                                                                    network.

       v.net                                                        Performs network maintenance.

       v.net.iso                                                    Splits subnets for nearest centers by cost isolines.

       v.net.path                                                   Finds shortest path on vector network.

       v.net.salesman                                               Creates  a  cycle connecting given nodes (Traveling salesman
                                                                    problem).

       v.net.spanningtree                                           Computes minimum spanning tree for the network.

       v.net.steiner                                                Creates Steiner tree for the network and given terminals.

       v.net.timetable                                              Finds shortest path using timetables.

       v.net.visibility                                             Performs visibility graph construction.

       v.normal                                                     Tests for normality for vector points.

       v.out.ascii                                                  Exports a vector map to a GRASS ASCII vector representation.

       v.out.dxf                                                    Exports vector map to DXF file format.

       v.out.ogr                                                    Exports a vector map layer  to  any  of  the  supported  OGR
                                                                    vector formats.

       v.out.postgis                                                Exports a vector map layer to PostGIS feature table.

       v.out.pov                                                    Converts GRASS x,y,z points to POV-Ray x,z,y format.

       v.out.svg                                                    Exports a vector map to SVG file.

       v.out.vtk                                                    Converts a vector map to VTK ASCII output.

       v.outlier                                                    Removes outliers from vector point data.

       v.overlay                                                    Overlays   two  vector  maps  offering  clip,  intersection,
                                                                    difference, symmetrical difference, union operators.

       v.pack                                                       Exports a vector map as GRASS GIS specific archive file

       v.parallel                                                   Creates parallel line to input vector lines.

       v.patch                                                      Creates a new vector map by combining other vector maps.

       v.perturb                                                    Random location perturbations of vector points.

       v.profile                                                    Vector map profiling tool

       v.proj                                                       Re-projects a vector map from one location  to  the  current
                                                                    location.

       v.qcount                                                     Indices for quadrat counts of vector point lists.

       v.random                                                     Generates random 2D/3D vector points.

       v.rast.stats                                                 Calculates  univariate statistics from a raster map based on
                                                                    a  vector  map  and  uploads  statistics  to  new  attribute
                                                                    columns.

       v.reclass                                                    Changes  vector  category  values for an existing vector map
                                                                    according to results of SQL queries or a value in  attribute
                                                                    table column.

       v.rectify                                                    Rectifies  a vector by computing a coordinate transformation
                                                                    for each object in the vector based on the control points.

       v.report                                                     Reports geometry statistics for vector maps.

       v.sample                                                     Samples a raster map at vector point locations.

       v.segment                                                    Creates  points/segments  from  input   vector   lines   and
                                                                    positions.

       v.select                                                     Selects  features from vector map (A) by features from other
                                                                    vector map (B).

       v.split                                                      Splits vector lines to shorter segments.

       v.support                                                    Updates vector map metadata.

       v.surf.bspline                                               Performs  bicubic  or  bilinear  spline  interpolation  with
                                                                    Tykhonov regularization.

       v.surf.idw                                                   Provides  surface  interpolation  from  vector point data by
                                                                    Inverse Distance Squared Weighting.

       v.surf.rst                                                   Performs surface interpolation from  vector  points  map  by
                                                                    splines.

       v.timestamp                                                  Modifies a timestamp for a vector map.

       v.to.3d                                                      Performs transformation of 2D vector features to 3D.

       v.to.db                                                      Populates attribute values from vector features.

       v.to.lines                                                   Converts vector polygons or points to lines.

       v.to.points                                                  Creates  points  along  input lines in new vector map with 2
                                                                    layers.

       v.to.rast                                                    Converts (rasterize) a vector map into a raster map.

       v.to.rast3                                                   Converts a vector map (only points) into a 3D raster map.

       v.transform                                                  Performs an affine transformation (shift, scale and  rotate)
                                                                    on vector map.

       v.type                                                       Changes type of vector features.

       v.univar                                                     Calculates univariate statistics of vector map features.

       v.unpack                                                     Imports  a  GRASS  GIS  specific vector archive file (packed
                                                                    with v.pack) as a vector map

       v.vect.stats                                                 Count points  in  areas,  calculate  statistics  from  point
                                                                    attributes.

       v.vol.rst                                                    Interpolates point data to a 3D raster map using regularized
                                                                    spline with tension (RST) algorithm.

       v.voronoi                                                    Creates a Voronoi diagram constrained to the extents of  the
                                                                    current region from an input vector map containing points or
                                                                    centroids.

       v.what                                                       Queries a vector map at given locations.

       v.what.rast                                                  Uploads raster values at positions of vector points  to  the
                                                                    table.

       v.what.rast3                                                 Uploads  3D  raster  values at positions of vector points to
                                                                    the table.

       v.what.strds                                                 Uploads space time raster dataset  values  at  positions  of
                                                                    vector points to the table.

       v.what.vect                                                  Uploads  vector  values at positions of vector points to the
                                                                    table.

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       © 2003-2022 GRASS Development Team, GRASS GIS 7.8.7 Reference Manual