Ubuntu Manpage: latexmk - generate LaTeX document

NAME

       latexmk - generate LaTeX document

SYNOPSIS

       latexmk [options] [file ...]

DESCRIPTION

Latexmk completely automates the process of compiling a LaTeX document. Essentially, it
is like a specialized relative of the general make utility, but one which determines
dependencies automatically and has some other very useful features. In its basic mode of
operation latexmk is given the name of the primary source file for a document, and it
issues the appropriate sequence of commands to generate a .dvi, .ps, .pdf and/or hardcopy
version of the document.

By default latexmk will run the commands necessary to generate a .dvi file, which copies
the behavior of earlier versions when only latex was available.

Latexmk can also be set to run continuously with a suitable previewer. In that case the
latex program (or one of its relatives), etc, are rerun whenever one of the source files
is modified, and the previewer automatically updates the on-screen view of the compiled
document.

Latexmk determines which are the source files by examining the log file. (Optionally, it
also examines the list of input and output files generated by the -recorder option of
modern versions of latex (and pdflatex, xelatex, lualatex). See the documentation for the
-recorder option of latexmk below.) When latexmk is run, it examines properties of the
source files, and if any have been changed since the last document generation, latexmk
will run the various LaTeX processing programs as necessary. In particular, it will
repeat the run of latex (or a related program)) often enough to resolve all cross
references; depending on the macro packages used. With some macro packages and document
classes, four, or even more, runs may be needed. If necessary, latexmk will also run
bibtex, biber, and/or makeindex. In addition, latexmk can be configured to generate other
necessary files. For example, from an updated figure file it can automatically generate a
file in encapsulated postscript or another suitable format for reading by LaTeX.

Latexmk has two different previewing options. With the simple -pv option, a dvi,
postscript or pdf previewer is automatically run after generating the dvi, postscript or
pdf version of the document. The type of file to view is selected according to
configuration settings and command line options.

The second previewing option is the powerful -pvc option (mnemonic: "preview
continuously"). In this case, latexmk runs continuously, regularly monitoring all the
source files to see if any have changed. Every time a change is detected, latexmk runs
all the programs necessary to generate a new version of the document. A good previewer
will then automatically update its display. Thus the user can simply edit a file and,
when the changes are written to disk, latexmk completely automates the cycle of updating
the .dvi (and/or the .ps and .pdf) file, and refreshing the previewer's display. It's not
quite WYSIWYG, but usefully close.

For other previewers, the user may have to manually make the previewer update its display,
which can be (e.g., with some versions of xdvi and gsview) as simple as forcing a redraw
of its display.

Latexmk has the ability to print a banner in gray diagonally across each page when making
the postscript file. It can also, if needed, call an external program to do other
postprocessing on generated dvi and postscript files. (See the options -dF and -pF, and
the documentation for the $dvi_filter and $ps_filter configuration variables.) These
capabilities are leftover from older versions of latexmk, but are currently non-
functional. More flexibility can be obtained in current versions, since the command
strings for running *latex can now be configured to run multiple commands. This also
extends the possibility of postprocessing generated files.

Latexmk is highly configurable, both from the command line and in configuration files, so
that it can accommodate a wide variety of user needs and system configurations. Default
values are set according to the operating system, so latexmk often works without special
configuration on MS-Windows, cygwin, Linux, OS-X, and other UNIX systems. See the section
"Configuration/Initialization (rc) Files", and then the later sections "How to Set
Variables in Initialization Files", "Format of Command Specifications", "List of
Configuration Variables Usable in Initialization Files", "Custom Dependencies", and
"Advanced Configuration"

A very annoying complication handled very reliably by latexmk, is that LaTeX is a multiple
pass system. On each run, LaTeX reads in information generated on a previous run, for
things like cross referencing and indexing. In the simplest cases, a second run of LaTeX
suffices, and often the log file contains a message about the need for another pass.
However, there is a wide variety of add-on macro packages to LaTeX, with a variety of
behaviors. The result is to break simple-minded determinations of how many runs are
needed and of which programs. Latexmk has a highly general and efficient solution to
these issues. The solution involves retaining between runs information on the source
files, and a symptom is that latexmk generates an extra file (with extension .fdb_latexmk,
by default) that contains the source file information.

LATEXMK OPTIONS AND ARGUMENTS ON COMMAND LINE

In general the command line to invoke latexmk has the form

latexmk [options] [file]

All options can be introduced by single or double "-" characters, e.g., "latexmk -help" or
"latexmk --help".

Note 1: In the documentation, '*latex' means any of the supported engines, i.e., currently
latex, lualatex, pdflatex, xelatex. Mention of a specific one of these normally refers
that specific engines. Earlier versions of this documentation weren't so consistent.
Which of these is used to compile a document, depends on the configuration and the command
line arguments.

Note 2: In addition to the options in the list below, latexmk recognizes almost all the
options recognized by the *latex programs in their current TeXLive and MiKTeX
implementations. Some of the options for these programs trigger special action or
behavior by latexmk, in which case they have specific explanations in this document; in
this case they may or may not be passed to *latex as well.

Run latexmk with the -showextraoptions to get a list of the options that latexmk accepts
and that are simply passed through to *latex. See also the explanation of the
-showextraoptions option for more information.

Definitions of options and arguments

file One or more files can be specified. If no files are specified, latexmk will, by
default, run on all files in the current working directory with a ".tex" extension.
This behavior can be changed: see the description concerning the @default_files
variable in the section "List of configuration variables usable in initialization
files".

If a file is specified without an extension, then the ".tex" extension is
automatically added, just as LaTeX does. Thus, if you specify:

latexmk foo

then latexmk will operate on the file "foo.tex".

There are certain restrictions on what characters can be in a filename; certain
characters are either prohibited or problematic for the latex etc programs. These
characters are: "$", "%", "\", "~", the double quote character, and the control
characters null, tab, form feed, carriage return, line feed, and delete. In
addition "&" is prohibited when it is the first character of a filename.

Latexmk gives a fatal error when it detects any of the above characters in the TeX
filename(s) specified on the command line. However before testing for illegal
characters, latexmk removes matching pairs of double quotes from a filename. This
matches the behavior of latex etc, and deals with problems that occasionally result
from filenames that have been incorrectly quoted on the command line. In addition,
under Microsoft Windows, the forward slash character "\" is a directory separator,
so latexmk replaces it by a backward slash "/", which is also a legal directory
separator in Windows, and is accepted by latex etc.

-auxdir=FOO or -aux-directory=FOO
Sets the directory for auxiliary output files of *latex (.aux, .log etc). This
achieves its effect by the -aux-directory option of *latex, which currently is only
implemented on the MiKTeX version of *latex.

See also the -outdir/-output-directory options, and the $aux_dir, $out_dir, and
$search_path_separator configuration variables of latexmk. In particular, see the
documentation of $out_dir for some complications on what directory names are
suitable.

If you also use the -cd option, and the specified auxiliary output directory is a
relative path, then the path is interpreted relative to the document directory.

-bibtex
When the source file uses bbl files for bibliography, run bibtex or biber as needed
to regenerate the bbl files.

This property can also be configured by setting the $bibtex_use variable to 2 in a
configuration file.

-bibtex-
Never run bibtex or biber. Also, always treat .bbl files as precious, i.e., do not
delete them in a cleanup operation.

A common use for this option is when a document comes from an external source,
complete with its bbl file(s), and the user does not have the corresponding bib
files available. In this situation use of the -bibtex- option will prevent latexmk
from trying to run bibtex or biber, which would result in overwriting of the bbl
files.

This property can also be configured by setting the $bibtex_use variable to 0 in a
configuration file.

-bibtex-cond
When the source file uses bbl file(s) for the bibliography, run bibtex or biber as
needed to regenerate the bbl files, but only if the relevant bib file(s) exist.
Thus when the bib files are not available, bibtex or biber is not run, thereby
avoiding overwriting of the bbl file(s). Also, always treat .bbl files as
precious, i.e., do not delete them in a cleanup operation.

This is the default setting. It can also be configured by setting the $bibtex_use
variable to 1 in a configuration file.

The reason for using this setting is that sometimes a .bbl file is available
containing the bibliography for a document, but the .bib file is not available. An
example would be for a scientific journal where authors submit .tex and .bbl files,
but not the original .bib file. In that case, running bibtex or biber would not
work, and the .bbl file should be treated as a user source file, and not as a file
that can be regenerated on demand.

(Note that it is possible for latexmk to decide that the bib file does not exist,
even though the bib file does exist and bibtex or biber finds it. The problem is
that the bib file may not be in the current directory but in some search path; the
places latexmk and bibtex or biber cause to be searched need not be identical. On
modern installations of TeX and related programs this problem should not arise,
since latexmk uses the kpsewhich program to do the search, and kpsewhich should use
the same search path as bibtex and biber. If this problem arises, use the -bibtex
option when invoking latexmk.)

Note that this value does not work properly if the document uses biber instead of
bibtex. (There's a long story why not.)

-bibtex-cond1
The same as -bibtex-cond except that .bbl files are only treated as precious if one
or more bibfiles fails to exist.

Thus if all the bib files exist, bibtex or biber is run to generate .bbl files as
needed, and then it is appropriate to delete the bbl files in a cleanup operation
since they can be re-generated.

This property can also be configured by setting the $bibtex_use variable to 1.5 in
a configuration file.

-bibtexfudge or -bibfudge
Turn on the change-directory fudge for bibtex. See documentation of $bibtex_fudge
for details.

-bibtexfudge- or -bibfudge-
Turn off the change-directory fudge for bibtex. See documentation of $bibtex_fudge
for details.

-bm <message>
A banner message to print diagonally across each page when converting the dvi file
to postscript. The message must be a single argument on the command line so be
careful with quoting spaces and such.

Note that if the -bm option is specified, the -ps option is assumed.

-bi <intensity>
How dark to print the banner message. A decimal number between 0 and 1. 0 is
black and 1 is white. The default is 0.95, which is OK unless your toner cartridge
is getting low.

-bs <scale>
A decimal number that specifies how large the banner message will be printed.
Experimentation is necessary to get the right scale for your message, as a rule of
thumb the scale should be about equal to 1100 divided by the number of characters
in the message. The default is 220.0 which is just right for 5 character messages.

-commands
List the commands used by latexmk for processing files, and then exit.

-c Clean up (remove) all regeneratable files generated by latex and bibtex or biber
except dvi, postscript and pdf. These files are a combination of log files, aux
files, latexmk's database file of source file information, and those with
extensions specified in the @generated_exts configuration variable. In addition,
files specified by the $clean_ext and @generated_exts configuration variables are
removed.

This cleanup is instead of a regular make. See the -gg option if you want to do a
cleanup followed by a make.

Treatment of .bbl files: If $bibtex_use is set to 0 or 1, bbl files are always
treated as non-regeneratable. If $bibtex_use is set to 1.5, bbl files are counted
as non-regeneratable conditionally: If the bib file exists, then bbl files are
regeneratable, and are deleted in a clean up. But if $bibtex_use is 1.5 and a bib
file doesn't exist, then the bbl files are treated as non-regeneratable and hence
are not deleted.

In contrast, if $bibtex_use is set to 2, bbl files are always treated as
regeneratable, and are deleted in a cleanup.

Treatment of files generated by custom dependencies: If
$cleanup_includes_cusdep_generated is nonzero, regeneratable files are considered
as including those generated by custom dependencies and are also deleted.
Otherwise these files are not deleted.

-C Clean up (remove) all regeneratable files generated by latex and bibtex or biber.
This is the same as the -c option with the addition of dvi, postscript and pdf
files, and those specified in the $clean_full_ext configuration variable.

This cleanup is instead of a regular make. See the -gg option if you want to do a
cleanup followed by a make.

See the -c option for the specification of whether or not .bbl files are treated as
non-regeneratable or regeneratable.

If $cleanup_includes_cusdep_generated is nonzero, regeneratable files are
considered as including those generated by custom dependencies and are also
deleted. Otherwise these files are not deleted.

-CA (Obsolete). Now equivalent to the -C option. See that option for details.

-cd Change to the directory containing the main source file before processing it. Then
all the generated files (.aux, .log, .dvi, .pdf, etc) will be relative to the
source file.

This option is particularly useful when latexmk is invoked from a GUI configured to
invoke latexmk with a full pathname for the source file.

This option works by setting the $do_cd configuration variable to one; you can set
that variable if you want to configure latexmk to have the effect of the -cd option
without specifying it on the command line. See the documentation for that
variable.

-cd- Do NOT change to the directory containing the main source file before processing
it. Then all the generated files (.aux, .log, .dvi, .pdf, etc) will be relative to
the current directory rather than the source file.

This is the default behavior and corresponds to the behavior of the *latex
programs. However, it is not desirable behavior when latexmk is invoked by a GUI
configured to invoke latexmk with a full pathname for the source file. See the -cd
option.

This option works by setting the $do_cd configuration variable to zero. See the
documentation for that variable for more information.

-CF Remove the file containing the database of source file information, before doing
the other actions requested.

-d Set draft mode. This prints the banner message "DRAFT" across your page when
converting the dvi file to postscript. Size and intensity can be modified with the
-bs and -bi options. The -bm option will override this option as this is really
just a short way of specifying:

latexmk -bm DRAFT

Note that if the -d option is specified, the -ps option is assumed.

-deps Show a list of dependent files after processing. This is in the form of a
dependency list of the form used by the make program, and it is therefore suitable
for use in a Makefile. It gives an overall view of the files without listing
intermediate files, as well as latexmk can determine them.

By default the list of dependent files is sent to stdout (i.e., normally to the
screen unless you've redirected latexmk's output). But you can set the filename
where the list is sent by the -deps-out= option.

See the section "USING latexmk WITH make" for an example of how to use a dependency
list with make.

Users familiar with GNU automake and gcc will find that the -deps option is very
similar in its purpose and results to the -M option to gcc. (In fact, latexmk also
has options -M, -MF, and -MP options that behave like those of gcc.)

-dependents
Equivalent to -deps.

-deps- Do not show a list of dependent files after processing. (This is the default.)

-dependents-
Equivalent to -deps-.

-deps-out=FILENAME
Set the filename to which the list of dependent files is written. If the FILENAME
argument is omitted or set to "-", then the output is sent to stdout.

Use of this option also turns on the output of the list of dependent files after
processing.

-dF Dvi file filtering. The argument to this option is a filter which will generate a
filtered dvi file with the extension ".dviF". All extra processing (e.g.
conversion to postscript, preview, printing) will then be performed on this
filtered dvi file.

Example usage: To use dviselect to select only the even pages of the dvi file:

latexmk -dF "dviselect even" foo.tex

-diagnostics
Print detailed diagnostics during a run. This may help for debugging problems or
to understand latexmk's behavior in difficult situations.

-dir-report
For each .tex file processed, list the settings for aux and out directories, after
they have been normalized from the settings specified during initialization. See
the description of the variable $aux_out_dir_report for more details.

-dir-report-
Do not report the settings for aux and out directories. (Default)

-dvi Generate dvi version of document.

-dvi- Turn off generation of dvi version of document. (This may get overridden, if some
other file is made (e.g., a .ps file) that is generated from the dvi file, or if no
generated file at all is requested.)

-e <code>
Execute the specified initialization code before processing. The code is Perl code
of the same form as is used in latexmk's initialization files. For more details,
see the information on the -r option, and the section about
"Configuration/initialization (RC) files". The code is typically a sequence of
assignment statements separated by semicolons.

The code is executed when the -e option is encountered during latexmk's parsing of
its command line. See the -r option for a way of executing initialization code
from a file. An error results in latexmk stopping. Multiple instances of the -r
and -e options can be used, and they are executed in the order they appear on the
command line.

Some care is needed to deal with proper quoting of special characters in the code
on the command line. For example, suppose you want to set the latex command to use
its -shell-escape option, then under UNIX/Linux you could use the line

latexmk -e '$latex=q/latex %O -shell-escape %S/' file.tex

Note that the single quotes block normal UNIX/Linux command shells from treating
the characters inside the quotes as special. (In this example, the q/.../
construct is a Perl idiom equivalent to using single quotes. This avoids the
complications of getting a quote character inside an already quoted string in a way
that is independent of both the shell and the operating-system.)

The above command line will NOT work under MS-Windows with cmd.exe or command.com
or 4nt.exe. For MS-Windows with these command shells you could use

latexmk -e "$latex=q/latex %O -shell-escape %S/" file.tex

latexmk -e "$latex='latex %O -shell-escape %S'" file.tex

The last two examples will NOT work with UNIX/Linux command shells.

(Note: the above examples show are to show how to use the -e to specify
initialization code to be executed. But the particular effect can be achieved also
by the use of the -latex option with less problems in dealing with quoting.)

-emulate-aux-dir
Emulate -aux-directory instead of leaving it to the *latex programs to do it.
(MiKTeX supports -aux-directory, but TeXLive doesn't.)

For more details see the explanation for the configuration variable $emulate_aux.

-emulate-aux-dir-
Turn off emulatation -aux-directory and leave it to the *latex program to handle
the case that aux_dir is not equal to out_dir. Note that if you use TeXLive, which
doesn't support -aux-directory, latexmk will automatically switch aux_dir emulation
on after the first run of *latex, because it will find the .log file in the wrong
place.

-f Force latexmk to continue document processing despite errors. Normally, when
latexmk detects that LaTeX or another program has found an error which will not be
resolved by further processing, no further processing is carried out.

Note: "Further processing" means the running of other programs or the rerunning of
latex (etc) that would be done if no errors had occurred. If instead, or
additionally, you want the latex (etc) program not to pause for user input after an
error, you should arrange this by an option that is passed to the program, e.g., by
latexmk's option -interaction=nonstopmode (which latexmk passes to *latex).

-f- Turn off the forced processing-past-errors such as is set by the -f option. This
could be used to override a setting in a configuration file.

-g Force latexmk to process document fully, even under situations where latexmk would
normally decide that no changes in the source files have occurred since the
previous run. This option is useful, for example, if you change some options and
wish to reprocess the files.

-g- Turn off -g.

-gg "Super go mode" or "clean make": clean out generated files as if -C had been given,
and then do a regular make.

-h or-non-help
Print help information.

-jobname=STRING
Set the basename of output files(s) to STRING, instead of the default, which is the
basename of the specified TeX file. (At present, STRING should not contain
spaces.)

This is like the same option for current implementations of the *latex, and the
passing of this option to these programs is part of latexmk's implementation of
-jobname.

There is one enhancement, that the STRING may contain the placeholder '%A'. This
will be substituted by the basename of the TeX file. The primary purpose is when
multiple files are specified on the command line to latexmk, and you wish to use a
jobname with a different file-dependent value for each file. For example, suppose
you had .tex files test1.tex and test2.tex, and you wished to compare the results
of compilation by *latex and those with xelatex. Then under a unix-type operating
system you could use the command line

latexmk -pdf -jobname=%A-pdflatex *.tex
latexmk -pdfxe -jobname=%A-xelatex *.tex

Then the .aux, .log, and .pdf files from the use of pdflatex would have basenames
test1-pdflatex and test2-pdflatex, while from xelatex, the basenames would be
test1-xelatex and test2-xelatex.

Under MS-Windows with cmd.exe, you would need to double the percent sign, so that
the percent character is passed to latexmk rather than being used to substitute an
environment variable:

latexmk -pdf -jobname=%%A-pdflatex *.tex
latexmk -pdfxe -jobname=%%A-xelatex *.tex

-l Run in landscape mode, using the landscape mode for the previewers and the dvi to
postscript converters. This option is not normally needed nowadays, since current
previewers normally determine this information automatically.

-l- Turn off -l.

-latex This sets the generation of dvi files by latex, and turns off the generation of pdf
and ps files.

Note: to set the command used when latex is specified, see the -latex="COMMAND"
option.

-latex="COMMAND"
This sets the string specifying the command to run latex, and is typically used to
add desired options. Since the string normally contains spaces, it should be
quoted, e.g.,

latexmk -latex="latex --shell-escape %O %S" foo.tex

The specification of the contents of the string are the same as for the $latex
configuration variable. Depending on your operating system and the command-line
shell you are using, you may need to change the single quotes to double quotes (or
something else).

Note: This option when provided with the COMMAND argument only sets the command for
invoking latex; it does not turn on the use of latex. That is done by other options
or in an initialization file.

To set the command for running pdflatex (rather than the command for latex) see the
-pdflatex option.

-logfilewarninglist
-logfilewarnings After a run of *latex, give a list of warnings about undefined
citations and references (unless silent mode is on).

See also the $silence_logfile_warnings configuration variable.

-logfilewarninglist-
-logfilewarnings- After a run of *latex, do not give a list of warnings about
undefined citations and references. (Default)

See also the $silence_logfile_warnings configuration variable.

-lualatex
Use lualatex. That is, use lualatex to process the source file(s) to pdf. The
generation of dvi and postscript files is turned off.

This option is equivalent to using the following set of options

-pdflua -dvi- -ps-
(Note: Note that the method of implementation of this option, but not its intended
effect, differ from some earlier versions of latexmk.)

-lualatex="COMMAND"
This sets the string specifying the command to run lualatex. It behaves like the
-pdflatex option, but sets the variable $lualatex.

Note: This option when provided with the COMMAND argument only sets the command for
invoking lualatex; it does not turn on the use of lualatex. That is done by other
options or in an initialization file.

-M Show list of dependent files after processing. This is equivalent to the -deps
option.

-MF file
If a list of dependents is made, the -MF specifies the file to write it to.

-MP If a list of dependents is made, include a phony target for each source file. If
you use the dependents list in a Makefile, the dummy rules work around errors the
program make gives if you remove header files without updating the Makefile to
match.

-makeindexfudge
Turn on the change-directory fudge for makeindex. See documentation of
$makeindex_fudge for details.

-makeindexfudge-
Turn off the change-directory fudge for makeindex. See documentation of
$makeindex_fudge for details.

-MSWinBackSlash
This option only has an effect when latexmk is running under MS-Windows. This is
that when latexmk runs a command under MS-Windows, the Windows standard directory
separator "\" is used to separate directory components in a file name. Internally,
latexmk uses "/" for the directory separator character, which is the character used
by Unix-like systems.

This is the default behavior. However the default may have been overridden by a
configuration file (latexmkrc file) which sets $MSWin_back_slash=0.

-MSWinBackSlash-
This option only has an effect when latexmk is running under MS-Windows. This is
that when latexmk runs a command under MS-Windows, the substitution of "\" for the
separator character between directory components of a file name is not done.
Instead the forward slash "/" is used, the same as on Unix-like systems. This is
acceptable in most situations under MS-Windows, provided that filenames are
properly quoted, as latexmk does by default.

See the documentation for the configuration variable $MSWin_back_slash for more
details.

-new-viewer
When in continuous-preview mode, always start a new viewer to view the generated
file. By default, latexmk will, in continuous-preview mode, test for a previously
running previewer for the same file and not start a new one if a previous previewer
is running. However, its test sometimes fails (notably if there is an already-
running previewer that is viewing a file of the same name as the current file, but
in a different directory). This option turns off the default behavior.

-new-viewer-
The inverse of the -new-viewer option. It puts latexmk in its normal behavior that
in preview-continuous mode it checks for an already-running previewer.

-nobibtex
Never run bibtex or biber. Equivalent to the -bibtex- option.

-nobibtexfudge or -nobibfudge
Turn off the change-directory fudge for bibtex. See documentation of $bibtex_fudge
for details.

-noemulate-aux-dir
Turn aux_dir emulation off. Same as -emulate-aux-dir-.

-nomakeindexfudge
Turn off the change-directory fudge for makeindex. See documentation of
$makeindex_fudge for details.

-norc Turn off the automatic reading of initialization (rc) files.

N.B. Normally the initialization files are read and obeyed, and then command line
options are obeyed in the order they are encountered. But -norc is an exception to
this rule: it is acted on first, no matter where it occurs on the command line.

-outdir=FOO or -output-directory=FOO

Sets the directory for the output files of *latex. This achieves its effect by the
-output-directory option of *latex, which currently (Dec. 2011 and later) is
implemented on the common versions of *latex, i.e., MiKTeX and TeXLive. It may not
be present in other versions.

See also the -auxdir/-aux-directory options, and the $aux_dir, $out_dir, and
$search_path_separator configuration variables of latexmk. In particular, see the
documentation of $out_dir for some complications on what directory names are
suitable.

If you also use the -cd option, and the specified output directory is a relative
path, then the path is interpreted relative to the document directory.

-output-format=FORMAT
This option is one that is allowed for latex, lualatex, and pdflatex. But it is not
passed to these programs. Instead latexmk emulates it in a way suitable for the
context of latexmk and its workflows.

If FORMAT is dvi, then dvi output is turned on, and postscript and pdf output are
turned off. This is equivalent to using the options -dvi -ps- -pdf-.

If FORMAT is pdf, then pdf output is turned on, and dvi and postscript output are
turned off. This is equivalent to using the options -pdf -ps- -dvi-.

If FORMAT is anything else, latexmk gives an error.

-p Print out the document. By default the file to be printed is the first in the list
postscript, pdf, dvi that is being made. But you can use the -print=... option to
change the type of file to be printed, and you can configure this in a start up
file (by setting the $print_type variable).

However, printing is enabled by default only under UNIX/Linux systems, where the
default is to use the lpr command and only on postscript files. In general, the
correct behavior for printing very much depends on your system's software. In
particular, under MS-Windows you must have suitable program(s) available, and you
must have configured the print commands used by latexmk. This can be non-trivial.
See the documentation on the $lpr, $lpr_dvi, and $lpr_pdf configuration variables
to see how to set the commands for printing.

This option is incompatible with the -pv and -pvc options, so it turns them off.

-pdf Generate pdf version of document using pdflatex. (If you wish to use lualatex or
xelatex, you can use whichever of the options -pdflua, -pdfxe, -lualatex or
-xelatex applies.) To configure latexmk to have such behavior by default, see the
section on "Configuration/initialization (rc) files".

-pdfdvi
Generate pdf version of document from the dvi file, by default using dvipdf.

-pdflua
Generate pdf version of document using lualatex.

-pdfps Generate pdf version of document from the .ps file, by default using ps2pdf.

-pdfxe Generate pdf version of document using xelatex. Note that to optimize processing
time, latexmk uses xelatex to generate an .xdv file rather than a pdf file
directly. Only after possibly multiple runs to generate a fully up-to-date .xdv
file does latexmk then call xdvipdfmx to generate the final .pdf file.

(Note: The reason why latexmk arranges for xelatex to make an .xdv file instead of
the xelatex's default of a .pdf file is as follows: When the document includes
large graphics files, especially .png files, the production of a .pdf file can be
quite time consuming, even when the creation of the .xdv file by xelatex is fast.
So the use of the intermediate .xdv file can result in substantial gains in
procesing time, since the .pdf file is produced once rather than on every run of
xelatex.)

-pdf- Turn off generation of pdf version of document. (This can be used to override a
setting in a configuration file. It may get overridden if some other option
requires the generation of a pdf file.)

If after all options have been processed, pdf generation is still turned off, then
generation of a dvi file will be turned on, and then the program used to compiled a
document will be latex (or, more precisely, whatever program is configured to be
used in the $latex configuration variable).

-pdflatex
This sets the generation of pdf files by pdflatex, and turns off the generation of
dvi and ps files.

Note: to set the command used when pdflatex is specified, see the
-pdflatex="COMMAND" option.

-pdflatex="COMMAND"
This sets the string specifying the command to run pdflatex, and is typically used
to add desired options. Since the string normally contains spaces, it should be
quoted, e.g.,

latexmk -pdf -pdflatex="pdflatex --shell-escape %O %S" foo.tex

The specification of the contents of the string are the same as for the $pdflatex
configuration variable. (The option -pdflatex in fact sets the variable
$pdflatex.) Depending on your operating system and the command-line shell you are
using, you may need to change the single quotes to double quotes (or something
else).

Note: This option when provided with the COMMAND argument only sets the command for
invoking pdflatex; it does not turn on the use of pdflatex. That is done by other
options or in an initialization file.

To set the command for running latex (rather than the command for pdflatex) see the
-latex option.

-pdflualatex="COMMAND"
Equivalent to -lualatex="COMMAND".

-pdfxelatex="COMMAND"
Equivalent to -xelatex="COMMAND".

-pretex=CODE

Given that CODE is some TeX code, this options sets that code to be executed before
inputting source file. This only works if the command for invoking the relevant
*latex is suitably configured. See the documentation of the variable
$pre_tex_code, and the substitution strings %P and %U for more details. This
option works by setting the variable $pre_tex_code.

EXAMPLES

       % latexmk thesis    # run latex enough times to resolve
                           cross-references

       % latexmk -pvc -ps thesis# run latex enough times to resolve
                           cross-references, make a postscript
                           file, start a previewer.  Then
                           watch for changes in the source
                           file thesis.tex and any files it
                           uses.  After any changes rerun latex
                           the appropriate number of times and
                           remake the postscript file.  If latex
                           encounters an error, latexmk will
                           keep running, watching for
                           source file changes.

       % latexmk -c        # remove .aux, .log, .bbl, .blg, .dvi,
                           .pdf, .ps & .bbl files

DEALING WITH ERRORS, PROBLEMS, ETC

Some possibilities:

a. If you get a strange error, do look carefully at the output that is on the screen and
in log files. While there is much that is notoriously verbose in the output of latex (and
that is added to by latexmk), the verbosity is there for a reason: to enable the user to
diagnose problems. Latexmk does repeat some messages at the end of a run that it thinks
would otherwise be easy to miss in the middle of other output.

b. Generally, remember that latexmk does its work by running other programs. Your first
priority in dealing with errors should be to examine what went wrong with the individual
programs. Then you need to correct the causes of errors in the runs of these programs.
(Often these come from errors in the source document, but they could also be about missing
LaTeX packages, etc.)

c. If latexmk doesn't run the programs the way you would like, then you need to look in
this documentation at the list of command line options and then at the sections on
configuration/initialization files. A lot of latexmk's behavior is configurable to deal
with particular situations. (But there is a lot of reading!)

The remainder of these notes consists of ideas for dealing with more difficult situations.

d. Further tricks can involve replacing the standard commands that latexmk runs by other
commands or scripts.

e. For possible examples of code for use in an RC file, see the directory example_rcfiles
in the distribution of latexmk (e.g., at
http://mirror.ctan.org/support/latexmk/example_rcfiles). Even if these examples don't do
what you want, they may provide suitable inspiration.

f. There's a useful trick that can be used when you use lualatex instead of pdflatex (and
in some related situations). The problem is that latexmk won't notice a dependency on a
file, bar.baz say, that is input by the lua code in your document instead of by the LaTeX
part. (Thus if you change bar.baz and rerun latexmk, then latexmk will think no files
have changed and not rerun lualatex, whereas if you had '\input{bar.baz}' in the LaTeX
part of the document, latexmk would notice the change.) One solution is just to put the
following somewhere in the LaTeX part of the document:

\typeout{(bar.baz)}

This puts a line in the log file that latexmk will treat as implying that the file bar.baz
was read. (At present I don't know a way of doing this automatically.) Of course, if the
file has a different name, change bar.baz to the name of your file.

g. See also the section "Advanced Configuration: Some extra resources".

h. Look on tex.stackexchange, i.e., at
http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/latexmk Someone may have already solved
your problem.

i. Ask a question at tex.stackexchange.com.

j. Or ask me (the author of latexmk). My e-mail is at the end of this documentation.

ALLOWING FOR CHANGE OF OUTPUT FILE TYPE

When one of the latex engines is run, the usual situation is that latex produces a .dvi
file, while pdflatex and lualatex produce a .pdf file. For xelatex the default is to
produce a .pdf file, but to optimize processing time latexmk runs xelatex its -no-pdf
option so that it produces an .xdv file. Further processing by latexmk takes this as a
starting point.

However, the actual output file may differ from the normal expectation; and then latexmk
can adjust its processing to accommodate this situation. The difference in output file
type can happen for two reasons: One is that for latex, pdflatex and lualatex the document
itself can override the defaults. The other is that there may be a configuration, or
misconfiguration, such that the program that latexmk invokes to compile the document is
not the expected one, or is given options incompatible with what latexmk initially
expects.

Under latex and pdflatex, control of the output format by the document is done by setting
the \pdfoutput macro. Under lualatex, the \outputmode macro is used instead.

One example of an important use-case for document control of the output format is a
document that uses the psfrag package to insert graphical elements in the output file. The
psfrag package achieves its effects by inserting postscript code in the output of the
compilation of the document. This entails the use of compilation to a .dvi file, followed
by the use of conversion to a postscript file (either directly, as by dvips or implicitly,
as an intermediate step by dvipdf). Then it is useful to force output to be of the .dvi
format by inserting \pdfoutput=0 in the preamble of the document.

Another example is where the document uses graphics file of the .pdf, .jpg, and png types.
With the default setting for the graphicx package, these can be processed in compilation
to .pdf but not with compilation to .dvi. In this case, it is useful to insert
\pdfoutput=1 in the preamble of the document to force compilation to .pdf output format.

In all of these cases, it is needed that latexmk has to adjust its processing to deal with
a mismatch between the actual output format (out of .pdf, .dvi, .xdv) and the initially
expected output, if possible. Latexmk does this provided the following conditions are
met.

The first is that latexmk's $allow_switch configuration variable is set to a non-zero
value as it is by default. If this variable is zero, a mismatch of filetypes in the
compilation results in an error.

The second condition for latexmk to be able to handle a change of output type is that no
explicit requests for .dvi or .ps output files are made. Explicit requests are by the
-dvi and -ps, -print=dvi, -print=ps, -view=dvi, and -view=ps options, and by corresponding
settings of the $dvi_mode, $postscript_mode, $print_type, and $view configuration
variables. The print-type and view-type restrictions only apply when printing and viewing
are explicitly requested, respectively. For this purpose, the use of the -pdfdvi and
-pdfps options (and the corresponding setting of the $pdf_mode variable) does not count as
an explicit request for the .dvi and .ps files; they are merely regarded as a request for
making a .pdf file together with an initial proposal for the processing route to make it.

Note that when accommodating a change in output file type, there is involved a substantial
change in the network of rules that latexmk uses in its actions. The second condition
applied to accommodate a change is to avoid situations where the change in the rule
network is too radical to be readily handled automatically.

CONFIGURATION/INITIALIZATION (RC) FILES

In this section is explained which configuration files are read by latexmk. Subsequent
sections "How to Set Variables in Initialization Files", "Format of Command
Specifications", "List of Configuration Variables Usable in Initialization Files", "Custom
Dependencies", and "Advanced Configuration" give details on what can be configured and
how.

Latexmk can be customized using initialization files, which are read at startup in the
following order:

1) The system RC file, if it exists.
On a UNIX system, latexmk searches the following directories for a
system RC file, which may be named either "LatexMk" or "latexmkrc". The
directories are searched in the following order, and latexmk uses
the first such file it finds (if any):
"/etc",
"/opt/local/share/latexmk",
"/usr/local/share/latexmk",
"/usr/local/lib/latexmk".
On a MS-Windows system it looks just in "C:\latexmk".
On a cygwin system (i.e., a MS-Windows system in which Perl is that of cygwin), latexmk
looks in the directories
"/cygdrive/c/latexmk",
"/etc",
"/opt/local/share/latexmk",
"/usr/local/share/latexmk",
"/usr/local/lib/latexmk".

If the environment variable LATEXMKRCSYS is set, its value is used as the name of the
system RC file, instead of any of the above.

2) The user's RC file, if it exists. This can be in one of two places. The traditional
one is ".latexmkrc" in the user's home directory. The other possibility is
"latexmk/latexmkrc" in the user's XDG configuration home directory. The actual file read
is the first of "$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/latexmk/latexmkrc" or "$HOME/.latexmkrc" which exists.
(See https://specifications.freedesktop.org/basedir-spec/basedir-spec-latest.html for
details on the XDG Base Directory Specification.)

Here $HOME is the user's home directory. [Latexmk determines the user's home directory as
follows: It is the value of the environment variable HOME, if this variable exists, which
normally is the case on UNIX-like systems (including Linux and OS-X). Otherwise the
environment variable USERPROFILE is used, if it exists, which normally is the case on MS-
Windows systems. Otherwise a blank string is used instead of $HOME, in which case latexmk
does not look for an RC file in it.]

$XDG_CONFIG_HOME is the value of the environment variable XDG_CONFIG_HOME if it exists.
If this environment variable does not exist, but $HOME is non-blank, then $XDG_CONFIG_HOME
is set to the default value of $HOME/.config. Otherwise $XDG_CONFIG_HOME is blank, and
latexmk does not look for an RC file under it.

3) The RC file in the current working directory. This file can be named either
"latexmkrc" or ".latexmkrc", and the first of these to be found is used, if any.

4) Any RC file(s) specified on the command line with the -r option.

Each RC file is a sequence of Perl commands. Naturally, a user can use this in creative
ways. But for most purposes, one simply uses a sequence of assignment statements that
override some of the built-in settings of Latexmk. Straightforward cases can be handled
without knowledge of the Perl language by using the examples in this document as
templates. Comment lines are introduced by the "#" character.

Note that command line options are obeyed in the order in which they are written; thus any
RC file specified on the command line with the -r option can override previous options but
can be itself overridden by later options on the command line. There is also the -e
option, which allows initialization code to be specified in latexmk's command line.

For possible examples of code for in an RC file, see the directory example_rcfiles in the
distribution of latexmk (e.g., at http://mirror.ctan.org/support/latexmk/example_rcfiles).

HOW TO SET VARIABLES IN INITIALIZATION FILES

       The important variables that can be configured are  described  in  the  section  "List  of
       configuration  variables  usable  in  initialization  files".   (See  the  earlier section
       "Configuration/Initialization (rc) Files" for  the  files  where  the  configurations  are
       done.)  Syntax for setting these variables is of the following forms:

                           $bibtex = 'bibtex %O %S';

       for the setting of a string variable,

                           $preview_mode = 1;

       for the setting of a numeric variable, and

                           @default_files = ('paper', 'paper1');

       for  the  setting  of  an  array of strings.  It is possible to append an item to an array
       variable as follows:

                           push @default_files, 'paper2';

       Note that simple "scalar" variables have names that begin with a  $  character  and  array
       variables have names that begin with a @ character. Each statement ends with a semicolon.

       Strings  should  be  enclosed  in single quotes.  (You could use double quotes, as in many
       programming languages.  But then the Perl  programming  language  brings  into  play  some
       special  rules  for  interpolating variables into strings.  People not fluent in Perl will
       want to avoid these complications.)

       You can do much more complicated things, but for this you will need to  consult  a  manual
       for the Perl programming language.

FORMAT OF COMMAND SPECIFICATIONS

Some of the variables set the commands that latexmk uses for carrying out its work, for
example to generate a .dvi file from a .tex file or to view a postscript file. This
section describes some important features of how the commands are specified. (Note that
some of the possibilities listed here do not apply to the $kpsewhich variable; see its
documentation.)

Placeholders: Supposed you wanted latexmk to use the command elatex in place of the
regular latex command, and suppose moreover that you wanted to give it the option
"--shell-escape". You could do this by the following setting:

$latex = 'elatex --shell-escape %O %S';

The two items starting with the % character are placeholders. These are substituted by
appropriate values before the command is run. Thus %S will be replaced by the source file
that elatex will be applied to, and %O will be replaced by any options that latexmk has
decided to use for this command. (E.g., if you used the -silent option in the invocation
of latexmk, it results in the replacement of %O by "-interaction=batchmode".)

The available placeholders are:

%A basename of the main tex file. Unlike %R, this is unaffected by the setting of a
jobname by the -jobname option or the $jobname configuration value.

%B base of filename for current command. E.g., if a postscript file document.ps is
being made from the dvi file document.dvi, then the basename is document.

%D destination file (e.g., the name of the postscript file when converting a dvi file
to postscript).

%O options

%P If the variable $pre_tex_code is non-empty, then %P is substituted by the contents
of $pre_tex_code followed by \input{SOURCE}, where SOURCE stands for the name of
the source file. Appropriate quoting is done. This enables TeX code to be passed
to one of the *latex engines to be executed before the source file is read.

If the variable $pre_tex_code is the empty string, then %P is equivalent to %S.

%R root filename. This is the base name for the main tex file.

By default this is the basename of the main tex file. However the value can be
changed by the use of the -jobname option or the $jobname configuration variable.

%S source file (e.g., the name of the dvi file when converting a .dvi file to ps).

%T The name of the primary tex file.

%U If the variable $pre_tex_code is non-empty, then its value is substituted for %U
(appropriately quoted). Otherwise it is replaced by a null string.

%Y Name of directory for auxiliary output files (see the configuration variable
$aux_dir). A directory separation character ('/') is appended if $aux_dir is non-
empty and does not end in a suitable character, with suitable characters being
those appropriate to UNIX and MS-Windows, i.e., ':', '/' and '\'. Note that if
after initialization, $out_dir is set, but $aux_dir is not set (i.e., it is
blank), then latexmk sets $aux_dir to the same value $out_dir.

%Z Name of directory for output files (see the configuration variable $out_dir). A
directory separation character ('/') is appended if $out_dir is non-empty and does
not end in a suitable character, with suitable characters being those appropriate
to UNIX and MS-Windows, i.e., ':', '/' and '\'

If for some reason you need a literal % character in your string not subject to the above
rules, use "%%".

Appropriate quoting will be applied to the filename substitutions, so you mustn't supply
them yourself even if the names of your files have spaces in them. (But if your TeX
filenames have spaces in them, beware that some older versions of the TeX program cannot
correctly handle filenames containing spaces.) In case latexmk's quoting does not work
correctly on your system, you can turn it off -- see the documentation for the variable
$quote_filenames.

See the default values in the section "List of configuration variables usable in
initialization files" for what is normally the most appropriate usage.

If you omit to supply any placeholders whatever in the specification of a command, latexmk
will supply what its author thinks are appropriate defaults. This gives compatibility
with configuration files for previous versions of latexmk, which didn't use placeholders.

"Detaching" a command: Normally when latexmk runs a command, it waits for the command to
run to completion. This is appropriate for commands like latex, of course. But for
previewers, the command should normally run detached, so that latexmk gets the previewer
running and then returns to its next task (or exits if there is nothing else to do). To
achieve this effect of detaching a command, you need to precede the command name with
"start ", as in

$dvi_previewer = 'start xdvi %O %S';

This will be translated to whatever is appropriate for your operating system.

Notes: (1) In some circumstances, latexmk will always run a command detached. This is the
case for a previewer in preview continuous mode, since otherwise previewing continuously
makes no sense. (2) This precludes the possibility of running a command named start. (3)
If the word start occurs more than once at the beginning of the command string, that is
equivalent to having just one. (4) Under cygwin, some complications happen, since cygwin
amounts to a complicated merging of UNIX and MS-Windows. See the source code for how I've
handled the problem.

Command names containing spaces: Under MS-Windows it is common that the name of a command
includes spaces, since software is often installed in a subdirectory of "C:\Program
Files". Such command names should be enclosed in double quotes, as in

$lpr_pdf = '"c:/Program Files/Ghostgum/gsview/gsview32.exe" /p %S';
$pdf_previewer = 'start "c:/Program Files/SumatraPDF/SumatraPDF.exe" %O %S';
$pdf_previewer = 'start "c:/Program Files/SumatraPDF (x86)/SumatraPDF.exe" %O %S';

(Note about the above example: Under MS-Windows forward slashes are equivalent to
backslashes in a filename under almost all circumstances, provided that the filename is
inside double quotes. It is easier to use forward slashes in examples like the one above,
since then one does not have to worry about the rules for dealing with forward slashes in
strings in the Perl language.)

Command names under Cygwin: If latexmk is executed by Cygwin's Perl, be particularly
certain that pathnames in commands have forward slashes not the usual backslashes for the
separator of pathname components. See the above examples. Backslashes often get
misinterpreted by the Unix shell used by Cygwin's Perl to execute external commands.
Forward slashes don't suffer from this problem, and (when quoted, as above) are equally
acceptable to MS-Windows.

Using MS-Windows file associations: A useful trick under modern versions of MS-Windows
(e.g., WinXP) is to use just the command 'start' by itself:

$dvi_previewer = 'start %S';

Under MS-Windows, this will cause to be run whatever program the system has associated
with dvi files. (The same applies for a postscript viewer and a pdf viewer.) But note
that this trick is not always suitable for the pdf previwer, if your system has acroread
for the default pdf viewer. As explained elsewhere, acroread under MS-Windows does not
work well with latex and latexmk, because acroread locks the pdf file.

Not using a certain command: If a command is not to be run, the command name NONE is used,
as in

$lpr = 'NONE lpr';

This typically is used when an appropriate command does not exist on your system. The
string after the "NONE" is effectively a comment.

Options to commands: Setting the name of a command can be used not only for changing the
name of the command called, but also to add options to command. Suppose you want latexmk
to use latex with source specials enabled. Then you might use the following line in an
initialization file:

$latex = 'latex --src-specials %O %S';

Running a subroutine instead of an external command: Use a specification starting with
"internal", as in

$latex = 'internal mylatex %O %S';
sub mylatex {
my @args = @_;
# Possible preprocessing here
return system 'latex', @args;
}

For some of the more exotic possibilities that then become available, see the section
"ADVANCED CONFIGURATION: Some extra resources and advanced tricks". Also see some of the
examples in the directory example_rcfiles in the latexmk distribution.

Advanced tricks: Normally one specifies a single command for the commands invoked by
latexmk. Naturally, if there is some complicated additional processing you need to do in
your special situation, you can write a script (or batch file) to do the processing, and
then configure latexmk to use your script in place of the standard program.

You can also use a Perl subroutine instead of a script -- see above. This is generally
the most flexible and portable solution.

It is also possible to configure latexmk to run multiple commands. For example, if when
running pdflatex to generate a pdf file from a tex file you need to run another program
after pdflatex to perform some extra processing, you could do something like:

$pdflatex = 'pdflatex --shell-escape %O %S; pst2pdf_for_latexmk %B';

This definition assumes you are using a UNIX-like system (which includes Linux and OS-X),
so that the two commands to be run are separated by the semicolon in the middle of the
string.

If you are using MS-Windows, you would replace the above line by

$pdflatex = 'cmd /c pdflatex --shell-escape %O %S'
. '&& pst2pdf_for_latexmk %B';

Here, the UNIX command separator ; is replaced by &&. In addition, there is a problem
that some versions of Perl on MS-Windows do not obey the command separator; this problem
is overcome by explicitly invoking the MS-Windows command-line processor cmd.exe.

LIST OF CONFIGURATION VARIABLES USABLE IN INITIALIZATION FILES

In this section are specified the variables whose values can be adjusted to configure
latexmk. (See the earlier section "Configuration/Initialization (rc) Files" for the files
where the configurations are done.)

Default values are indicated in brackets. Note that for variables that are boolean in
character, concerning whether latexmk does or does not behave in a certain way, a non-zero
value, normally 1, indicates true, i.e., the behavior occurs, while a zero value indicates
a false value, i.e., the behavior does not occur.

$allow_switch [1]

This controls what happens when the output extension of latex, pdflatex, lualatex
or xelatex differs from what is expected. (The possible extensions are .dvi, .pdf,
.xdv.) This can happen with the use of the \pdfoutput macro in a document compiled
under latex or pdflatex, or with the use of the \outputmode macro under lualatex.
It can also happen with certain kinds of incorrect configuration.

In such a case, latexmk can appropriately adjust its network of rules. The
adjustment is made if $allow_switch is on, and if no request for a dvi or ps file
has been made.

See the section ALLOWING FOR CHANGE OF OUTPUT EXTENSION.

$always_view_file_via_temporary [0]
Whether .ps and .pdf files are initially to be made in a temporary directory and
then moved to the final location. (This applies to dvips, dvipdf, and ps2pdf
operations, and the filtering operators on .dvi and .ps files. It does not apply
to pdflatex, unfortunately, since pdflatex provides no way of specifying a chosen
name for the output file.)

This use of a temporary file solves a problem that the making of these files can
occupy a substantial time. If a viewer (notably gv) sees that the file has
changed, it may read the new file before the program writing the file has not yet
finished its work, which can cause havoc.

See the $pvc_view_file_via_temporary variable for a setting that applies only if
preview-continuous mode (-pvc option) is used. See $tmpdir for the setting of the
directory where the temporary file is created.

$analyze_input_log_always [1]

After a run of latex (etc), always analyze .log for input files in the <...> and
(...) constructions. Otherwise, only do the analysis when fls file doesn't exist
or is out of date.

Under normal circumstances, the data in the fls file is reliable, and the test of
the log file gets lots of false positives; usually $analyze_input_log_always is
best set to zero. But the test of the log file is needed at least in the following
situation: When a user needs to persuade latexmk that a certain file is a source
file, and latexmk doesn't otherwise find it. Then the user can write code that
causes a line with (...) to be written to log file. One important case is for
lualatex, which doesn't always generate lines in the .fls file for input lua files.
(The situation with lualatex is HIGHLY version dependent, e.g., there was a big
change between TeXLive 2016 and TeXLive 2017.)

To keep backward compatibility with older versions of latexmk, the default is to
set $analyze_input_log_always to 1.

$auto_rc_use [1]
Whether to automatically read the standard initialization (rc) files, which are the
system RC file, the user's RC file, and the RC file in the current directory. The
command line option -norc can be used to turn this setting off. Each RC file could
also turn this setting off, i.e., it could set $auto_rc_use to zero to prevent
automatic reading of the later RC files.

This variable does not affect the reading of RC files specified on the command line
by the -r option.

$aux_dir [""]
The directory in which auxiliary files (aux, log, etc) are to be written by a run
of *latex. If this variable is not set, but $out_dir is set, then $aux_dir is set
to $out_dir, which is the directory to which general output files are to be
written.

Important note: The effect of $aux_dir, if different from $out_dir, is achieved by
giving *latex the -aux-directory. Currently (Dec. 2011 and later) this only works
on the MiKTeX version of *latex.

See also the documentation of $out_dir for some complications on what directory
names are suitable.

If you also use the -cd option, and $out_dir (or $aux_dir) contains a relative
path, then the path is interpreted relative to the document directory.

$aux_out_dir_report [0]
For each .tex file processed, list the settings for aux and out directories, after
they have been normalized from the settings specified during initialization.

This report gives a reminder of where to look for output.

The report has to be done per file, because of possible directory changes for each
file. In the simplest cases, the result is the same as originally specified. In
general, e.g., with an absolute directory specified, the normalization helps
performance and cleans up output to the screen. It also avoids situations where a
file in the current directory is referred to by different names, e.g., "file.aux"
and "./file.aux", which can be annoying.

$banner [0]
If nonzero, the banner message is printed across each page when converting the dvi
file to postscript. Without modifying the variable $banner_message, this is
equivalent to specifying the -d option.

Note that if $banner is nonzero, the $postscript_mode is assumed and the postscript
file is always generated, even if it is newer than the dvi file.

$banner_intensity [0.95]
Equivalent to the -bi option, this is a decimal number between 0 and 1 that
specifies how dark to print the banner message. 0 is black, 1 is white. The
default is just right if your toner cartridge isn't running too low.

$banner_message ["DRAFT"]
The banner message to print across each page when converting the dvi file to
postscript. This is equivalent to the -bm option.

$banner_scale [220.0]
A decimal number that specifies how large the banner message will be printed.
Experimentation is necessary to get the right scale for your message, as a rule of
thumb the scale should be about equal to 1100 divided by the number of characters
in the message. The Default is just right for 5 character messages. This is
equivalent to the -bs option.

@BIBINPUTS
This is an array variable, now mostly obsolete, that specifies directories where
latexmk should look for .bib files. By default it is set from the BIBINPUTS
environment variable of the operating system. If that environment variable is not
set, a single element list consisting of the current directory is set. The format
of the directory names depends on your operating system, of course. Examples for
setting this variable are:

@BIBINPUTS = ( ".", "C:\\bibfiles" );
@BIBINPUTS = ( ".", "\\server\bibfiles" );
@BIBINPUTS = ( ".", "C:/bibfiles" );
@BIBINPUTS = ( ".", "//server/bibfiles" );
@BIBINPUTS = ( ".", "/usr/local/texmf/bibtex/bib" );

Note that under MS Windows, either a forward slash "/" or a backward slash "\" can
be used to separate pathname components, so the first two and the second two
examples are equivalent. Each backward slash should be doubled to avoid running
afoul of Perl's rules for writing strings.

Important note: This variable is now mostly obsolete in the current version of
latexmk, since it has a better method of searching for files using the kpsewhich
command. However, if your system is an unusual one without the kpsewhich command,
you may need to set the variable @BIBINPUTS.

$biber ["biber %O %S"]
The biber processing program.

$biber_silent_switch ["--onlylog"]
Switch(es) for the biber processing program when silent mode is on.

$bibtex ["bibtex %O %S"]
The BibTeX processing program.

$bibtex_fudge [1]
When using bibtex, whether to change directory to $aux_dir before running bibtex.

The need arises as follows:

a. With bibtex before about 2019, if the filename given to it contains a path
component, there was a bug that bibtex would not find extra aux files, as produced
by the \include command in TeX.

b. With all moderately recent versions of bibtex, bibtex may refuse to write its
bbl and blg files, for security reasons, for certain cases of the path component of
the filename given to it.

However, there are also rare cases where the change-directory method prevents
bibtex from finding certain bib or bst files. Then $bibtex_fudge needs to be set to
0.

$bibtex_silent_switch ["-terse"]
Switch(es) for the BibTeX processing program when silent mode is on.

$bibtex_use [1]
Under what conditions to run bibtex or biber. When latexmk discovers from the log
file that one (or more) bibtex/biber-generated bibliographies are used, it can run
bibtex or biber whenever it appears necessary to regenerate the bbl file(s) from
their source bib database file(s). But sometimes, the bib file(s) are not
available (e.g., for a document obtained from an external archive), but the bbl
files are provided. In that case use of bibtex or biber will result in incorrect
overwriting of the precious bbl files. The variable $bibtex_use controls whether
this happens, and also controls whether or not .bbl files are deleted in a cleanup
operation.

The possible values of $bibtex_use are:
0: never use BibTeX or biber; never delete .bbl files in a cleanup.
1: only use bibtex or biber if the bib files exist; never delete .bbl files in a
cleanup.
1.5: only use bibtex or biber if the bib files exist; conditionally delete .bbl
files in a cleanup (i.e., delete them only when the bib files all exist).
2: run bibtex or biber whenever it appears necessary to update the bbl files,
without testing for the existence of the bib files; always delete .bbl files in a
cleanup.

Note that the value 1.5 does not work properly if the document uses biber instead
of bibtex. (There's a long story why not.)

$cleanup_includes_cusdep_generated [0]
If nonzero, specifies that cleanup also deletes files that are generated by custom
dependencies. (When doing a clean up, e.g., by use of the -C option, custom
dependencies are those listed in the .fdb_latexmk file from a previous run.)

$cleanup_includes_generated [0]
If nonzero, specifies that cleanup also deletes files that are detected in the fls
file (or failing that, in log file) as being generated. It will also include files
made from these first generation generated files.

This operation is somewhat dangerous, and can have unintended consequences, since
the files to be deleted are determined from a file created by *latex, which can
contain erroneous information. Therefore this variable is turned off by default,
and then files to be deleted are restricted to those explicitly specified by
patterns configured in the variables clean_ext, clean_full_ext, and
@generated_exts, together with those very standard cases that are hardwired into
latexmk (e.g., .log files).

$cleanup_mode [0]
If nonzero, specifies cleanup mode: 1 for full cleanup, 2 for cleanup except for
.dvi, .ps and .pdf files, 3 for cleanup except for dep and aux files. (There is
also extra cleaning as specified by the $clean_ext, $clean_full_ext and
@generated_exts variables.)

This variable is equivalent to specifying one of the -c or -C options. But there
should be no need to set this variable from an RC file.

$clean_ext [""]
Extra extensions of files for latexmk to remove when any of the clean-up options
(-c or -C) is selected. The value of this variable is a string containing the
extensions separated by spaces.

It is also possible to specify a more general pattern of file to be deleted, by
using the place holder %R, as in commands, and it is also possible to use
wildcards. Thus setting

$clean_ext = "out %R-blx.bib %R-figures*.log pythontex-files-%R/*";

in an initialization file will imply that when a clean-up operation is specified,
not only is the standard set of files deleted, but also files of the form FOO.out,
FOO-blx.bib, FOO-figures*.log, and pythontex-files-FOO/*, where FOO stands for the
basename of the file being processed (as in FOO.tex).

The files to be deleted are relative to the directory specified by $aux_dir. (Note
that if $out_dir but not $aux_dir is set, then in its initialization, latexmk sets
$aux_dir equal to $out_dir. A normal situation is therefore that $aux_dir equals
$out_dir, which is the only case supported by TeXLive, unlike MiKTeX.)

The filenames specified for a clean-up operation can refer not only to regular
files but also to directories. Directories are only deleted if they are empty. An
example of an application is to pythontex, which creates files in a particular
directory. You can arrange to remove both the files and the directory by setting

$clean_ext = "pythontex-files-%R pythontex-files-%R";

See also the variable @generated_exts.

$clean_full_ext [""]
Extra extensions of files for latexmk to remove when the -C option is selected,
i.e., extensions of files to remove when the .dvi, etc files are to be cleaned-up.

More general patterns are allowed, as for $clean_ext.

The files specified by $clean_full_ext to be deleted are relative to the directory
specified by $out_dir.

$compiling_cmd [""], $failure_cmd [""], $warning_cmd [""], $success_cmd [""]

These variables specify commands that are executed at certain points of
compilations. One motivation for their existence is to allow very useful
convenient visual indications of compilation status even when the window receiving
the screen output of the compilation is hidden. This is particularly useful in
preview-continuous mode.

The commands are executed at the following points: $compiling_cmd at the start of
compilation, $success_cmd at the end of a completely successful compilation,
$failure_cmd at the end of an unsuccessful compilation, $warning_cmd at the of an
otherwise successful compilation that gives warnings about undefined citations or
references or about multiply defined references. If any of above variables is
undefined or blank (the default situation), then the corresponding command is not
executed.

However, when $warning_cmd is not set, then in the case of a compilation with
warnings about references or citations, but with no other error, one or other of
$success_cmd or $failure_cmd is used (if it is set) according to the setting of
$warnings_as_errors.

An example of a simple setting of these variables is as follows

$compiling_cmd = "xdotool search --name \"%D\" set_window --name \"%D
compiling\"";
$success_cmd = "xdotool search --name \"%D\" set_window --name \"%D OK\"";
$warning_cmd = "xdotool search --name \"%D\" ".
"set_window --name \"%D CITE/REF ISSUE\"";
$failure_cmd = "xdotool search --name \"%D\" set_window --name \"%D
FAILURE\"";

These assume that the program xdotool is installed, that the previewer is using an
X-Window system for display, and that the title of the window contains the name of
the displayed file, as it normally does. When the commands are executed, the
placeholder string %D is replaced by the name of the destination file, which is the
previewed file. The above commands result in an appropriate string being appended
to the filename in the window title: " compiling", " OK", or " FAILURE".

Other placeholders that can be used are %S, %T, and %R, with %S and %T normally
being identical. These can be useful for a command changing the title of the edit
window. The visual indication in a window title can useful, since the user does not
have to keep shifting attention to the (possibly hidden) compilation window to know
the status of the compilation.

More complicated situations can best be handled by defining a Perl subroutine to
invoke the necessary commands, and using the "internal" keyword in the definitions
to get the subroutine to be invoked. (See the section "Format of Command
Specifications" for how to do this.)

Naturally, the above settings that invoke the xdotool program are only applicable
when the X-Window system is used for the relevant window(s). For other cases, you
will have to find what software solutions are available.

@cus_dep_list [()]
Custom dependency list -- see section on "Custom Dependencies".

@default_excluded_files [()]
When latexmk is invoked with no files specified on the command line, then, by
default, it will process all files in the current directory with the extension
.tex. (In general, it will process the files specified in the @default_files
variable.)

But sometimes you want to exclude particular files from this default list. In that
case you can specify the excluded files in the array @default_excluded_files. For
example if you wanted to process all .tex files with the exception of common.tex,
which is a not a standard alone LaTeX file but a file input by some or all of the
others, you could do

@default_files = ("*.tex");

@default_excluded_files = ("common.tex");

If you have a variable or large number of files to be processed, this method saves
you from having to list them in detail in @default_files and having to update the
list every time you change the set of files to be processed.

Notes: 1. This variable has no effect except when no files are specified on the
latexmk command line. 2. Wildcards are allowed in @default_excluded_files.

@default_files [("*.tex")]
Default list of files to be processed.

If no filenames are specified on the command line, latexmk processes all tex files
specified in the @default_files variable, which by default is set to all tex files
("*.tex") in the current directory. This is a convenience: just run latexmk and it
will process an appropriate set of files. But sometimes you want only some of
these files to be processed. In this case you can list the files to be processed
by setting @default_files in an initialization file (e.g., the file "latexmkrc" in
the current directory). Then if no files are specified on the command line then
the files you specify by setting @default_files are processed.

Three examples:

@default_files = ("paper_current");

@default_files = ("paper1", "paper2.tex");

@default_files = ("*.tex", "*.dtx");

Note that more than file may be given, and that the default extension is ".tex".
Wild cards are allowed. The parentheses are because @default_files is an array
variable, i.e., a sequence of filename specifications is possible.

If you want latexmk to process all .tex files with a few exceptions, see the
@default_excluded_files array variable.

$dependents_phony [0]
If a list of dependencies is output, this variable determines whether to include a
phony target for each source file. If you use the dependents list in a Makefile,
the dummy rules work around errors make gives if you remove header files without
updating the Makefile to match.

$dependents_list [0]
Whether to display a list(s) of dependencies at the end of a run.

$deps_file ["-"]
Name of file to receive list(s) of dependencies at the end of a run, to be used if
$dependesnt_list is set. If the filename is "-", then the dependency list is set
to stdout (i.e., normally the screen).

$do_cd [0]
Whether to change working directory to the directory specified for the main source
file before processing it. The default behavior is not to do this, which is the
same as the behavior of *latex programs. This variable is set by the -cd and -cd-
options on latexmk's command line.

$dvi_filter [empty]
The dvi file filter to be run on the newly produced dvi file before other
processing. Equivalent to specifying the -dF option.

$dvi_mode [See below for default]
If nonzero, generate a dvi version of the document. Equivalent to the -dvi option.

The variable $dvi_mode defaults to 0, but if no explicit requests are made for
other types of file (postscript, pdf), then $dvi_mode will be set to 1. In
addition, if a request for a file for which a .dvi file is a prerequisite, then
$dvi_mode will be set to 1.

$dvi_previewer ["start xdvi %O %S" under UNIX]
The command to invoke a dvi-previewer. [Under MS-Windows the default is "start";
then latexmk arranges to use the MS-Windows start program, which will cause to be
run whatever command the system has associated with .dvi files.]

Important note: Normally you will want to have a previewer run detached, so that
latexmk doesn't wait for the previewer to terminate before continuing its work. So
normally you should prefix the command by "start ", which flags to latexmk that it
should do the detaching of the previewer itself (by whatever method is appropriate
to the operating system). But sometimes letting latexmk do the detaching is not
appropriate (for a variety of non-trivial reasons), so you should put the "start "
bit in yourself, whenever it is needed.

$dvi_previewer_landscape ["start xdvi %O %S"]
The command to invoke a dvi-previewer in landscape mode. [Under MS-Windows the
default is "start"; then latexmk arranges to use the MS-Windows start program,
which will cause to be run whatever command the system has associated with .dvi
files.]

$dvipdf ["dvipdf -dALLOWPSTRANSPARENCY %O %S %D"]
Command to convert .dvi to .pdf file. A common reconfiguration is to use the
dvipdfm command, which needs its arguments in a different order:

$dvipdf = "dvipdfm %O -o %D %S";

WARNING: The default dvipdf script generates pdf files with bitmapped fonts, which
do not look good when viewed by acroread. That script should be modified to give
dvips the options "-P pdf" to ensure that type 1 fonts are used in the pdf file.

$dvipdf_silent_switch ["-q"]
Switch(es) for dvipdf program when silent mode is on.

N.B. The standard dvipdf program runs silently, so adding the silent switch has no
effect, but is actually innocuous. But if an alternative program is used, e.g.,
dvipdfmx, then the silent switch has an effect. The default setting is correct for
dvipdfm and dvipdfmx.

$dvips ["dvips %O -o %D %S"]
The program to used as a filter to convert a .dvi file to a .ps file. If pdf is
going to be generated from pdf, then the value of the $dvips_pdf_switch variable --
see below -- will be included in the options substituted for "%O".

$dvips_landscape ["dvips -tlandscape %O -o %D %S"]
The program to used as a filter to convert a .dvi file to a .ps file in landscape
mode.

$dvips_pdf_switch ["-P pdf"]
Switch(es) for dvips program when pdf file is to be generated from .ps file.

$dvips_silent_switch ["-q"]
Switch(es) for dvips program when silent mode is on.

$dvi_update_command [""]
When the dvi previewer is set to be updated by running a command, this is the
command that is run. See the information for the variable $dvi_update_method for
further information, and see information on the variable $pdf_update_method for an
example for the analogous case of a pdf previewer.

$dvi_update_method [2 under UNIX, 1 under MS-Windows]
How the dvi viewer updates its display when the dvi file has changed. The values
here apply equally to the $pdf_update_method and to the $ps_update_method
variables.
0 => update is automatic,
1=> manual update by user, which may only mean a mouse click on the viewer's
window or may mean a more serious action.
2 => Send the signal, whose number is in the variable $dvi_update_signal. The
default value under UNIX is suitable for xdvi.
3 => Viewer cannot do an update, because it locks the file. (As with acroread
under MS-Windows.)
4 => run a command to do the update. The command is specified by the variable
$dvi_update_command.

See information on the variable $pdf_update_method for an example of updating by
command.

$dvi_update_signal [Under UNIX: SIGUSR1, which is a system-dependent value]
The number of the signal that is sent to the dvi viewer when it is updated by
sending a signal -- see the information on the variable $dvi_update_method. The
default value is the one appropriate for xdvi on a UNIX system.

$emulate_aux [0]
Whether to emulate the use of aux_dir when $aux_dir and $out_dir are different,
rather than using the -aux-directory option for the *latex programs. (MiKTeX
supports -aux-directory, but TeXLive doesn't.)

If you use a version of *latex that doesn't support -aux-directory, e.g., TeXLive,
latexmk will automatically switch aux_dir emulation on after the first run of
*latex, because it will find the .log file in the wrong place.

Aux_directory emulation means that when *latex is invoked, the output directory
provided to *latex is set to be the aux_dir. After that, any files that need to be
in the output directory will be moved there. (These are the files with extensions
.dvi, .ps, .pdf, .fls, .synctex, .synctex.gz.)

$failure_cmd [undefined]
See the documentation for $compiling_cmd.

$fdb_ext ["fdb_latexmk"]
The extension of the file which latexmk generates to contain a database of
information on source files. You will not normally need to change this.

$filetime_causality_threshold [5]; $filetime_offset_report_threshold [30]. (Units of
seconds.)

These variables control how latexmk deals with the following issue, which can
affect the use of files that are on a remote filesystem (network share) instead of
being on a file system local to the computer running latexmk. Almost users will
not have to worry about these settings, and can ignore the following explanation.

In almost all situations, latexmk does not need to use the time stamps of the files
it works with. However, there are a couple of situations when it needs to know
whether a certain file was created in the current run of a program (e.g., *latex)
or is a leftover file from a previous run. It does this by comparing the
modification time of the file with the system time just before the program was
started. If the modification time is earlier than when the program was started, the
file is a leftover file, which latexmk treats as if it were not created. If the
filetime is at least the program start time, then it can be assumed that the file
was created in the current run.

Unfortunately, this test can fail if the file is on a remote system, since its
system time is not necessarily synchronized with that of the local system; the
timestamps on the remote files are set by the remote system, not the local system.
Generally, modern operating systems regularly synchronize their time with a server,
so the non-synchronization is mostly small (a second or so, or a few seconds). But
even a small difference can mess up latexmk's test.

Latexmk measures the time difference between the time on the two systems and
compensates for this. But the measurement (in a system-independent way) is only
accurate to a second or two. So latexmk allows for a threshold on the difference
between file and system time before it concludes that a file is a leftover file
from a previous run. The configuration variable $filetime_causality_theshhold,
which in units of seconds, specifies this threshold. Luckily high precision is not
needed. The previous run is normally the previous run in a human run-edit-run
cycle, and is at least many seconds back. A few seconds is therefore appropriate
for the threshold, $filetime_causality_theshhold; it should be non-negative always,
and should be bigger than 2 if a remote filesystem or network share is used.

If the difference in system times on the two systems is large, it normally
indicates that at least one of the systems is misconfigured. The variable
$filetime_offset_report_threshold specifies the smallest size of the difference (or
offset) in seconds between the times of the local and remote system beyond which
the offset is reported. This is reported at the point in the latexmk's progress
that it measures the offset. The report is made if silent mode is used and
diagnostic mode is not on.

$force_mode [0]
If nonzero, continue processing past minor latex errors including unrecognized
cross references. Equivalent to specifying the -f option.

@generated_exts [( aux , bbl , idx , ind , lof , lot , out , toc , $fdb_ext )]
This contains a list of extensions for files that are generated during a LaTeX run
and that are read in by LaTeX in later runs, either directly or indirectly.

This list specifies files known to be generated by *latex. It is used in two ways:
(a) The specified files are deleted in a cleanup operation (with the -c, -C, -CA,
-g and -gg options), and (b) It affects the determination of whether a rerun of
*latex is needed after a run that gives an error.

(Concerning item (b): Normally, a change of a source file during a run should
provoke a rerun. This includes a file generated by LaTeX, e.g., an aux file, that
is read in on subsequent runs. But after a run that results in an error, a new run
should not occur until the user has made a change in the files. But the user may
have corrected an error in a source .tex file during the run. So latexmk needs to
distinguish user-generated and automatically generated files; it determines the
automatically generated files as those with extensions in the list in
@generated_exts.)

A convenient way to add an extra extension to the list, without losing the already
defined ones is to use a push command in the line in an RC file. E.g.,

push @generated_exts, "end";

adds the extension "end" to the list of predefined generated extensions. (This
extension is used by the RevTeX package, for example.)

$go_mode [0]
If nonzero, process files regardless of timestamps, and is then equivalent to the
-g option.

%hash_calc_ignore_pattern
!!!This variable is for experts only!!!

The general rule latexmk uses for determining when an extra run of some program is
needed is that one of the source files has changed. But consider for example a
latex package that causes an encapsulated postscript file (an "eps" file) to be
made that is to be read in on the next run. The file contains a comment line
giving its creation date and time. On the next run the time changes, latex sees
that the eps file has changed, and therefore reruns latex. This causes an infinite
loop, that is only terminated because latexmk has a limit on the number of runs to
guard against pathological situations.

But the changing line has no real effect, since it is a comment. You can instruct
latex to ignore the offending line as follows:

$hash_calc_ignore_pattern{'eps'} = '^%%CreationDate: ';

This creates a rule for files with extension .eps about lines to ignore. The left-
hand side is a Perl idiom for setting an item in a hash. Note that the file
extension is specified without a period. The value, on the right-hand side, is a
string containing a regular expression. (See documentation on Perl for how they
are to be specified in general.) This particular regular expression specifies that
lines beginning with "%%CreationDate: " are to be ignored in deciding whether a
file of the given extension .eps has changed.

There is only one regular expression available for each extension. If you need
more one pattern to specify lines to ignore, then you need to combine the patterns
into a single regular expression. The simplest method is separate the different
simple patterns by a vertical bar character (indicating "alternation" in the jargon
of regular expressions). For example,

$hash_calc_ignore_pattern{'eps'} = '^%%CreationDate: |^%%Title: ';

causes lines starting with either "^%%CreationDate: " or "^%%Title: " to be
ignored.

It may happen that a pattern to be ignored is specified in, for example, in a
system or user initialization file, and you wish to remove this in a file that is
read later. To do this, you use Perl's delete function, e.g.,

delete $hash_calc_ignore_pattern{'eps'};

$jobname [""]

This specifies the jobname, i.e., the basename that is used for generated files
(.aux, .log, .dvi, .ps, .pdf, etc). If this variable is a null string, then the
basename is the basename of the main tex file. (At present, the string in $jobname
should not contain spaces.)

The placeholder '%A' is permitted. This will be substituted by the basename of the
TeX file. The primary purpose is when a variety of tex files are to be processed,
and you want to use a different jobname for each but one that is distinct for each.
Thus if you wanted to compare compilations of a set of files on different operating
systems, with distinct filenames for all the cases, you could set

$jobname = "%A-$^O";

in an initialization file. (Here $^O is a variable provided by perl that contains
perl's name for the operating system.)

Suppose you had .tex files test1.tex and test2.tex. Then when you run

latexmk -pdf *.tex

both files will be compiled. The .aux, .log, and .pdf files will have basenames
test1-MSWin32 ante test2-MSWin32 on a MS-Windows system, test1-darwin and
test2-darwin on an OS-X system, and a variety of similar cases on linux systems.

$kpsewhich ["kpsewhich %S"]
The program called to locate a source file when the name alone is not sufficient.
Most filenames used by latexmk have sufficient path information to be found
directly. But sometimes, notably when a .bib or a .bst file is found from the log
file of a bibtex or biber run, only the base name of the file is known, but not its
path. The program specified by $kpsewhich is used to find it.

(For advanced users: Because of the different way in which latexmk uses the command
specified in $kpsewhich, some of the possibilities listed in the FORMAT OF COMMAND
SPECIFICATIONS do not apply. The internal and start keywords are not available. A
simple command specification with possible options and then "%S" is all that is
guaranteed to work. Note that for other commands, "%S" is substituted by a single
source file. In contrast, for $kpsewhich, "%S" may be substituted by a long list of
space-separated filenames, each of which is quoted. The result on STDOUT of
running the command is then piped to latexmk.)

See also the @BIBINPUTS variable for another way that latexmk also uses to try to
locate files; it applies only in the case of .bib files.

$kpsewhich_show [0]
Whether to show diagnostics about invocations of kpsewhich: the command line use to
invoke it and the results. These diagnostics are shown if $kpsewhich_show is non-
zero or if diagnostics mode is on. (But in the second case, lots of other
diagnostics are also shown.) Without these diagnostics there is nothing visible in
latexmk's screen output about invocations of kpsewhich.

$landscape_mode [0]
If nonzero, run in landscape mode, using the landscape mode previewers and dvi to
postscript converters. Equivalent to the -l option. Normally not needed with
current previewers.

$latex ["latex %O %S"]
Specifies the command line for the LaTeX processing program. Note that as with
other programs, you can use this variable not just to change the name of the
program used, but also specify options to the program. E.g.,

$latex = "latex --src-specials %O %S";

To do a coordinated setting of all of $latex, $pdflatex, $lualatex, and $xelatex,
see the section "Advanced Configuration".

%latex_input_extensions
This variable specifies the extensions tried by latexmk when it finds that a LaTeX
run resulted in an error that a file has not been found, and the file is given
without an extension. This typically happens when LaTeX commands of the form
\input{file} or \includegraphics{figure}, when the relevant source file does not
exist.

In this situation, latexmk searches for custom dependencies to make the missing
file(s), but restricts it to the extensions specified by the variable
%latex_input_extensions. The default extensions are 'tex' and 'eps'.

(For Perl experts: %latex_input_extensions is a hash whose keys are the extensions.
The values are irrelevant.) Two subroutines are provided for manipulating this and
the related variable %pdflatex_input_extensions, add_input_ext and
remove_input_ext. They are used as in the following examples are possible lines in
an initialization file:

remove_input_ext( 'latex', 'tex' );

removes the extension 'tex' from latex_input_extensions

add_input_ext( 'latex', 'asdf' );

add the extension 'asdf to latex_input_extensions. (Naturally with such an
extension, you should have made an appropriate custom dependency for latexmk, and
should also have done the appropriate programming in the LaTeX source file to
enable the file to be read. The standard extensions are handled by LaTeX and its
graphics/graphicx packages.)

$latex_silent_switch ["-interaction=batchmode"]
Switch(es) for the LaTeX processing program when silent mode is on.

If you use MikTeX, you may prefer the results if you configure the options to
include -c-style-errors, e.g., by the following line in an initialization file

$latex_silent_switch = "-interaction=batchmode -c-style-errors";

$lpr ["lpr %O %S" under UNIX/Linux, "NONE lpr" under MS-Windows]
The command to print postscript files.

Under MS-Windows (unlike UNIX/Linux), there is no standard program for printing
files. But there are ways you can do it. For example, if you have gsview
installed, you could use it with the option "/p":

$lpr = '"c:/Program Files/Ghostgum/gsview/gsview32.exe" /p';

If gsview is installed in a different directory, you will need to make the
appropriate change. Note the combination of single and double quotes around the
name. The single quotes specify that this is a string to be assigned to the
configuration variable $lpr. The double quotes are part of the string passed to
the operating system to get the command obeyed; this is necessary because one part
of the command name ("Program Files") contains a space which would otherwise be
misinterpreted.

$lpr_dvi ["NONE lpr_dvi"]
The printing program to print dvi files.

$lpr_pdf ["NONE lpr_pdf"]
The printing program to print pdf files.

Under MS-Windows you could set this to use gsview, if it is installed, e.g.,

$lpr = '"c:/Program Files/Ghostgum/gsview/gsview32.exe" /p';

If gsview is installed in a different directory, you will need to make the
appropriate change. Note the double quotes around the name: this is necessary
because one part of the command name ("Program Files") contains a space which would
otherwise be misinterpreted.

$lualatex ["lualatex %O %S"]
Specifies the command line for the LaTeX processing program that is to be used when
the lualatex program is called for (e.g., by the option -lualatex.

To do a coordinated setting of all of $latex, $pdflatex, $lualatex, and $xelatex,
see the section "Advanced Configuration".

%lualatex_input_extensions
This variable specifies the extensions tried by latexmk when it finds that a
lualatex run resulted in an error that a file has not been found, and the file is
given without an extension. This typically happens when LaTeX commands of the form
\input{file} or \includegraphics{figure}, when the relevant source file does not
exist.

In this situation, latexmk searches for custom dependencies to make the missing
file(s), but restricts it to the extensions specified by the variable
%pdflatex_input_extensions. The default extensions are 'tex', 'pdf', 'jpg, and
'png'.

See details of the %latex_input_extensions for other information that equally
applies to %lualatex_input_extensions.

$lualatex_silent_switch ["-interaction=batchmode"]
Switch(es) for the lualatex program (specified in the variable $lualatex) when
silent mode is on.

See details of the $latex_silent_switch for other information that equally applies
to $lualatex_silent_switch.

$make ["make"]
The make processing program.

$makeindex ["makeindex %O -o %D %S"]
The index processing program.

$makeindex_fudge [0]
When using makeindex, whether to change directory to $aux_dir before running
makeindex. Set to 1 if $aux_dir is not an explicit subdirectory of current
directory, otherwise makeindex will refuse to write its output and log files, for
security reasons.

$makeindex_silent_switch ["-q"]
Switch(es) for the index processing program when silent mode is on.

$max_repeat [5]
The maximum number of times latexmk will run *latex before deciding that there may
be an infinite loop and that it needs to bail out, rather than rerunning *latex
again to resolve cross-references, etc. The default value covers all normal cases.

(Note that the "etc" covers a lot of cases where one run of *latex generates files
to be read in on a later run.)

$MSWin_back_slash [1]
This configuration variable only has an effect when latexmk is running under MS-
Windows. With the default value of 1 for this variable, when a command is executed
under MS-Windows, latexmk substitutes "\" for the separator character between
components of a directory name. Internally, latexmk uses "/" for the directory
separator character, which is the character used by Unix-like systems.

For almost all programs and for almost all filenames under MS-Windows, both "\" and
"/" are acceptable as the directory separator character, provided at least that
filenames are properly quoted. But it is possible that programs exist that only
accept "\" on the command line, since that is the standard directory separator for
MS-Windows. So for safety latexmk makes the substitution from "/" to "\", by
default.

However there are also programs on MS-Windows for which a back slash "\" is
interpreted differently than as a directory separator; for these the directory
separator should be "/". Programs with this behavior include all the *latex
programs in the TeXLive implementation (but not the MiKTeX implementation). Hence
if you use TeXLive on MS-Windows, then $MSWin_back_slash should be set to zero.

$new_viewer_always [0]
This variable applies to latexmk only in continuous-preview mode. If
$new_viewer_always is 0, latexmk will check for a previously running previewer on
the same file, and if one is running will not start a new one. If
$new_viewer_always is non-zero, this check will be skipped, and latexmk will behave
as if no viewer is running.

$out_dir [""]
If non-blank, this variable specifies the directory in which output files are to be
written by a run of *latex. See also the variable $aux_dir.

The effect of this variable (when non-blank) is achieved by using the -output-
directory option of *latex. This exists in the usual current (Dec. 2011 and later)
implementations of TeX, i.e., MiKTeX and TeXLive. But it may not be present in
other versions.

If you also use the -cd option, and $out_dir (or $aux_dir) contains a relative
path, then the path is interpreted relative to the document directory.

Commonly, the directory specified for output files is a subdirectory of the current
working directory. However, if you specify some other directory, e.g., "/tmp/foo"
or "../output", be aware that this could cause problems, e.g., with makeindex or
bibtex. This is because modern versions of these programs, by default, will refuse
to work when they find that they are asked to write to a file in a directory that
appears not to be the current working directory or one of its subdirectories. This
is part of security measures by the whole TeX system that try to prevent malicious
or errant TeX documents from incorrectly messing with a user's files. If for
$out_dir or $aux_dir you really do need to specify an absolute pathname (e.g.,
"/tmp/foo") or a path (e.g., "../output") that includes a higher-level directory,
and you need to use makeindex or bibtex, then you need to disable the security
measures (and assume any risks). One way of doing this is to temporarily set an
operating system environment variable openout_any to "a" (as in "all"), to override
the default "paranoid" setting.

$pdf_mode [0]
If zero, do NOT generate a pdf version of the document. If equal to 1, generate a
pdf version of the document using pdflatex, using the command specified by the
$pdflatex variable. If equal to 2, generate a pdf version of the document from the
ps file, by using the command specified by the $ps2pdf variable. If equal to 3,
generate a pdf version of the document from the dvi file, by using the command
specified by the $dvipdf variable. If equal to 4, generate a pdf version of the
document using lualatex, using the command specified by the $lualatex variable. If
equal to 5, generate a pdf version (and an xdv version) of the document using
xelatex, using the commands specified by the $xelatex and xdvipdfmx variables.

In $pdf_mode=2, it is ensured that .dvi and .ps files are also made. In
$pdf_mode=3, it is ensured that a .dvi file is also made. But this may be
overridden by the document.

$pdflatex ["pdflatex %O %S"]
Specifies the command line for the LaTeX processing program in a version that makes
a pdf file instead of a dvi file.

An example use of this variable is to add certain options to the command line for
the program, e.g.,

$pdflatex = "pdflatex --shell-escape %O %S";

(In some earlier versions of latexmk, you needed to use an assignment to $pdflatex
to allow the use of lualatex or xelatex instead of pdflatex. There are now
separate configuration variables for the use of lualatex or xelatex. See $lualatex
and $xelatex.)

To do a coordinated setting of all of $latex, $pdflatex, $lualatex, and $xelatex,
see the section "Advanced Configuration".

%pdflatex_input_extensions
This variable specifies the extensions tried by latexmk when it finds that a
pdflatex run resulted in an error that a file has not been found, and the file is
given without an extension. This typically happens when LaTeX commands of the form
\input{file} or \includegraphics{figure}, when the relevant source file does not
exist.

See details of the %latex_input_extensions for other information that equally
applies to %pdflatex_input_extensions.

$pdflatex_silent_switch ["-interaction=batchmode"]
Switch(es) for the pdflatex program (specified in the variable $pdflatex) when
silent mode is on.

See details of the $latex_silent_switch for other information that equally applies
to $pdflatex_silent_switch.

$pdf_previewer ["start acroread %O %S"]
The command to invoke a pdf-previewer.

On MS-Windows, the default is changed to "cmd /c start """; under more recent
versions of Windows, this will cause to be run whatever command the system has
associated with .pdf files. But this may be undesirable if this association is to
acroread -- see the notes in the explanation of the -pvc option.]

On OS-X the default is changed to "open %S", which results in OS-X starting up (and
detaching) the viewer associated with the file. By default, for pdf files this
association is to OS-X's preview, which is quite satisfactory.

WARNING: Problem under MS-Windows: if acroread is used as the pdf previewer, and
it is actually viewing a pdf file, the pdf file cannot be updated. Thus makes
acroread a bad choice of previewer if you use latexmk's previous-continuous mode
(option -pvc) under MS-windows. This problem does not occur if, for example,
SumatraPDF or gsview is used to view pdf files.

$pdf_update_command [""]
When the pdf previewer is set to be updated by running a command, this is the
command that is run. See the information for the variable $pdf_update_method.

$pdf_update_method [1 under UNIX, 3 under MS-Windows]
How the pdf viewer updates its display when the pdf file has changed. See the
information on the variable $dvi_update_method for the codes. (Note that
information needs be changed slightly so that for the value 4, to run a command to
do the update, the command is specified by the variable $pdf_update_command, and
for the value 2, to specify update by signal, the signal is specified by
$pdf_update_signal.)

Note that acroread under MS-Windows (but not UNIX) locks the pdf file, so the
default value is then 3.

Arranging to use a command to get a previewer explicitly updated requires three
variables to be set. For example:

$pdf_previewer = "start xpdf -remote %R %O %S";
$pdf_update_method = 4;
$pdf_update_command = "xpdf -remote %R -reload";

The first setting arranges for the xpdf program to be used in its "remote server
mode", with the server name specified as the rootname of the TeX file. The second
setting arranges for updating to be done in response to a command, and the third
setting sets the update command.

$pdf_update_signal [Under UNIX: SIGHUP, which is a system-dependent value]
The number of the signal that is sent to the pdf viewer when it is updated by
sending a signal -- see the information on the variable $pdf_update_method. The
default value is the one appropriate for gv on a UNIX system.

$pid_position[1 under UNIX, -1 under MS-Windows]
The variable $pid_position is used to specify which word in lines of the output
from $pscmd corresponds to the process ID. The first word in the line is numbered
0. The default value of 1 (2nd word in line) is correct for Solaris 2.6, Linux,
and OS-X with their default settings of $pscmd.

Setting the variable to -1 is used to indicate that $pscmd is not to be used.

$postscript_mode [0]
If nonzero, generate a postscript version of the document. Equivalent to the -ps
option.

If some other request is made for which a postscript file is needed, then
$postscript_mode will be set to 1.

$pre_tex_code ['']

Sets TeX code to be executed before inputting the source file. This works if the
relevant one of $latex, etc contains a suitable command line with a %P or %U
substitution. For example you could do

$latex = 'latex %O %P';
$pre_tex_code = '\AtBeginDocument{An initial message\par}';

To set all of $latex, $pdflatex, $lualatex, and $xelatex you could use the
subroutine alt_tex_cmds:

&alt_tex_cmds;
$pre_tex_code = '\AtBeginDocument{An initial message\par}';

$preview_continuous_mode [0]
If nonzero, run a previewer to view the document, and continue running latexmk to
keep .dvi up-to-date. Equivalent to the -pvc option. Which previewer is run
depends on the other settings, see the command line options -view=, and the
variable $view.

$preview_mode [0]
If nonzero, run a previewer to preview the document. Equivalent to the -pv option.
Which previewer is run depends on the other settings, see the command line options
-view=, and the variable $view.

$printout_mode [0]
If nonzero, print the document using the command specified in the $lpr variable.
Equivalent to the -p option. This is recommended not to be set from an RC file,
otherwise you could waste lots of paper.

$print_type = ["auto"]
Type of file to printout: possibilities are "auto", "dvi", "none", "pdf", or "ps".
See the option -print= for the meaning of the "auto" value.

$pscmd Command used to get all the processes currently run by the user. The -pvc option
uses the command specified by the variable $pscmd to determine if there is an
already running previewer, and to find the process ID (needed if latexmk needs to
signal the previewer about file changes).

Each line of the output of this command is assumed to correspond to one process.
See the $pid_position variable for how the process number is determined.

The default for pscmd is "NONE" under MS-Windows and cygwin (i.e., the command is
not used), "ps -ww -u $ENV{USER}" under OS-X, and "ps -f -u $ENV{USER}" under other
operating systems (including Linux). In these specifications "$ENV{USER}" is
substituted by the username.

$ps2pdf ["ps2pdf -dALLOWPSTRANSPARENCY %O %S %D"]
Command to convert .ps to .pdf file.

$ps_filter [empty]
The postscript file filter to be run on the newly produced postscript file before
other processing. Equivalent to specifying the -pF option.

$ps_previewer ["start gv %O %S", but start %O %S under MS-Windows]
The command to invoke a ps-previewer. (The default under MS-Windows will cause to
be run whatever command the system has associated with .ps files.)

Note that gv could be used with the -watch option updates its display whenever the
postscript file changes, whereas ghostview does not. However, different versions
of gv have slightly different ways of writing this option. You can configure this
variable appropriately.

WARNING: Linux systems may have installed one (or more) versions of gv under
different names, e.g., ggv, kghostview, etc, but perhaps not one actually called
gv.

$ps_previewer_landscape ["start gv -swap %O %S", but start %O %S under MS-Windows]
The command to invoke a ps-previewer in landscape mode.

$ps_update_command [""]
When the postscript previewer is set to be updated by running a command, this is
the command that is run. See the information for the variable $ps_update_method.

$ps_update_method [0 under UNIX, 1 under MS-Windows]
How the postscript viewer updates its display when the .ps file has changed. See
the information on the variable $dvi_update_method for the codes. (Note that
information needs be changed slightly so that for the value 4, to run a command to
do the update, the command is specified by the variable $ps_update_command, and for
the value 2, to specify update by signal, the signal is specified by
$ps_update_signal.)

$ps_update_signal [Under UNIX: SIGHUP, which is a system-dependent value]
The number of the signal that is sent to the pdf viewer when it is updated by
sending a signal -- see $ps_update_method. The default value is the one
appropriate for gv on a UNIX system.

$pvc_timeout [0]
If this variable is nonzero, there will be a timeout in pvc mode after a period of
inactivity. Inactivity means a period when latexmk has detected no file changes
and hence has not taken any actions like compiling the document. The period of
inactivity is in the variable $pvc_timeout_mins.

$pvc_timeout_mins [30]
The period of inactivity, in minutes, after which pvc mode times out. This is used
if $pvc_timeout is nonzero.

$pvc_view_file_via_temporary [1]
The same as $always_view_file_via_temporary, except that it only applies in
preview-continuous mode (-pvc option).

$quote_filenames [1]
This specifies whether substitutions for placeholders in command specifications (as
in $pdflatex) are surrounded by double quotes. If this variable is 1 (or any other
value Perl regards as true), then quoting is done. Otherwise quoting is omitted.

The quoting method used by latexmk is tested to work correctly under UNIX systems
(including Linux and Mac OS-X) and under MS-Windows. It allows the use of
filenames containing special characters, notably spaces. (But note that many
versions of *latex cannot correctly deal with TeX files whose names contain spaces.
Latexmk's quoting only ensures that such filenames are correctly treated by the
operating system in passing arguments to programs.)

$rc_report [1]
After initialization, whether to give a list of the RC files read.

$recorder [1]
Whether to use the -recorder option to (latex Use of this option results in a file
of extension .fls containing a list of the files that these programs have read and
written. Latexmk will then use this file to improve its detection of source files
and generated files after a run of *latex.

It is generally recommended to use this option (or to configure the $recorder
variable to be on.) But it only works if *latex supports the -recorder option,
which is true for most current implementations

Note about the name of the .fls file: Most implementations of *latex produce an
.fls file with the same basename as the main document's LaTeX, e.g., for
Document.tex, the .fls file is Document.fls. However, some implementations instead
produce files named for the program, i.e., latex.fls or pdflatex.fls. In this
second case, latexmk copies the latex.fls or pdflatex.fls to a file with the
basename of the main LaTeX document, e.g., Document.fls.

$search_path_separator [See below for default]
The character separating paths in the environment variables TEXINPUTS, BIBINPUTS,
and BSTINPUTS. This variable is mainly used by latexmk when the -outdir, -output-
directory, -auxdir, and/or -aux-directory options are used. In that case latexmk
needs to communicate appropriately modified search paths to bibtex, dvipdf, dvips,
and *latex.

[Comment to technically savvy readers: *latex doesn't actually need the modified
search path. But, surprisingly, dvipdf and dvips do, because sometimes graphics
files get generated in the output or aux directories.]

The default under MSWin and Cygwin is ';' and under UNIX-like operating systems
(including Linux and OS-X) is ':'. Normally the defaults give correct behavior.
But there can be difficulties if your operating system is of one kind, but some of
your software is running under an emulator for the other kind of operating system;
in that case you'll need to find out what is needed, and set $search_path_separator
explicitly. (The same goes, of course, for unusual operating systems that are not
in the MSWin, Linux, OS-X, Unix collection.)

$show_time [0]
Whether to show CPU time used.

$silence_logfile_warnings [0]
Whether after a run of *latex to summarize warnings in the log file about undefined
citations and references. Setting $silence_logfile_warnings=0 gives the summary of
warnings (provided silent mode isn't also set), and this is useful to locate
undefined citations and references without searching through the much more verbose
log file or the screen output of *latex. But the summary can also be excessively
annoying. The default is not to give these warnings. The command line options
-silence_logfile_warning_list and -silence_logfile_warning_list- also set this
variable.

Note that multiple occurrences for the same undefined object on the same page and
same line will be compressed to a single warning.

$silent [0]
Whether to run silently. Setting $silent to 1 has the same effect as the -quiet of
-silent options on the command line.

$sleep_time [2]
The time to sleep (in seconds) between checking for source file changes when
running with the -pvc option. This is subject to a minimum of one second delay,
except that zero delay is also allowed.

A value of exactly 0 gives no delay, and typically results in 100% CPU usage, which
may not be desirable.

$texfile_search [""]
This is an obsolete variable, replaced by the @default_files variable.

For backward compatibility, if you choose to set $texfile_search, it is a string of
space-separated filenames, and then latexmk replaces @default_files with the
filenames in $texfile_search to which is added "*.tex".

$success_cmd [undefined]
See the documentation for $compiling_cmd.

$tmpdir [See below for default]
Directory to store temporary files that latexmk may generate while running.

The default under MSWindows (including cygwin), is to set $tmpdir to the value of
the first of whichever of the system environment variables TMPDIR or TEMP exists,
otherwise to the current directory. Under other operating systems (expected to be
UNIX/Linux, including OS-X), the default is the value of the system environment
variable TMPDIR if it exists, otherwise "/tmp".

$use_make_for_missing_files [0]
Whether to use make to try and make files that are missing after a run of *latex,
and for which a custom dependency has not been found. This is generally useful
only when latexmk is used as part of a bigger project which is built by using the
make program.

Note that once a missing file has been made, no further calls to make will be made
on a subsequent run of latexmk to update the file. Handling this problem is the
job of a suitably defined Makefile. See the section "USING latexmk WITH make" for
how to do this. The intent of calling make from latexmk is merely to detect
dependencies.

$view ["default"]
Which kind of file is to be previewed if a previewer is used. The possible values
are "default", "dvi", "ps", "pdf". The value of "default" means that the "highest"
of the kinds of file generated is to be used (among .dvi, .ps and .pdf).

$warnings_as_errors [0]
Normally latexmk copies the behavior of latex in treating undefined references and
citations and multiply defined references as conditions that give a warning but not
an error. The variable $warnings_as_errors controls whether this behavior is
modified.

When the variable is non-zero, latexmk at the end of its run will return a non-zero
status code to the operating system if any of the files processed gives a warning
about problems with citations or references (i.e., undefined citations or
references or multiply defined references). This is after latexmk has completed
all the runs it needs to try and resolve references and citations. Thus
$warnings_as_errors being nonzero causes latexmk to treat such warnings as errors,
but only when they occur on the last run of *latex and only after processing is
complete. A non-zero value $warnings_as_errors can be set by the command-line
option -Werror.

The default behavior is normally satisfactory in the usual edit-compile-edit cycle.
But, for example, latexmk can also be used as part of a build process for some
bigger project, e.g., for creating documentation in the build of a software
application. Then it is often sensible to treat citation and reference warnings as
errors that require the overall build process to be aborted. Of course, since
multiple runs of *latex are generally needed to resolve references and citations,
what matters is not the warnings on the first run, but the warnings on the last
run; latexmk takes this into account appropriately.

In addition, when preview-continuous mode is used, a non-zero value for
$warnings_as_errors changes the use of the commands $failure_cmd, $warning_cmd, and
$success_cmd after a compliation. If there are citation or reference warnings, but
no other errors, the behavior is as follows. If $warning_cmd is set, it is used.
If it is not set, then then if $warnings_as_errors is non-zero and $failure_cmd is
set, then $failure_cmd. Otherwise $success_cmd is used, if it is set. (The
foregoing explanation is rather complicated, because latexmk has to deal with the
case that one or more of the commands isn't set.)

$xdvipdfmx ["xdvipdfmx -E -o %D %O %S"]

The program to make a pdf file from an xdv file (used in conjunction with xelatex
when $pdf_mode=5).

$xdvipdfmx_silent_switch ["-q"]
Switch(es) for the xdvipdfmx program when silent mode is on.

$xelatex ["xelatex %O %S"]
Specifies the command line for the LaTeX processing program of when the xelatex
program is called for. See the documentation of the -xelatex option for some
special properties of latexmk's use of xelatex.

Note about xelatex: latexmk uses xelatex to make an .xdv rather than .pdf file,
with the .pdf file being created in a separate step. This is enforced by the use
of the -no-pdf option. If %O is part of the command for invoking xelatex, then
latexmk will insert the -no-pdf option automatically, otherwise you must provide
the option yourself. See the documentation for the -pdfxe option for why latexmk
makes a .xdv file rather than a .pdf file when xelatex is used.

To do a coordinated setting of all of $latex, $pdflatex, $lualatex, and $xelatex,
see the section "Advanced Configuration".

%xelatex_input_extensions
This variable specifies the extensions tried by latexmk when it finds that an
xelatex run resulted in an error that a file has not been found, and the file is
given without an extension. This typically happens when LaTeX commands of the form
\input{file} or \includegraphics{figure}, when the relevant source file does not
exist.

In this situation, latexmk searches for custom dependencies to make the missing
file(s), but restricts it to the extensions specified by the variable
%xelatex_input_extensions. The default extensions are 'tex', 'pdf', 'jpg, and
'png'.

See details of the %latex_input_extensions for other information that equally
applies to %xelatex_input_extensions.

$xelatex_silent_switch ["-interaction=batchmode"]
Switch(es) for the xelatex program (specified in the variable $xelatex) when silent
mode is on.

See details of the $latex_silent_switch for other information that equally applies
to $xelatex_silent_switch.

CUSTOM DEPENDENCIES

In any RC file a set of custom dependencies can be set up to convert a file with one
extension to a file with another. An example use of this would be to allow latexmk to
convert a .fig file to .eps to be included in the .tex file.

Defining a custom dependency:
The old method of configuring latexmk to use a custom dependency was to directly
manipulate the @cus_dep_list array that contains information defining the custom
dependencies. (See the section "Old Method of Defining Custom Dependencies" for details.)
This method still works, but is no longer preferred.

A better method is to use the subroutines that allow convenient manipulations of the
custom dependency list. These are

add_cus_dep( fromextension, toextension, must, subroutine )
remove_cus_dep( fromextension, toextension )
show_cus_dep()

The arguments are as follows:

from extension:
The extension of the file we are converting from (e.g. "fig"). It is specified
without a period.

to extension:
The extension of the file we are converting to (e.g. "eps"). It is specified
without a period.

must: If non-zero, the file from which we are converting must exist, if it doesn't exist
latexmk will give an error message and exit unless the -f option is specified. If
must is zero and the file we are converting from doesn't exist, then no action is
taken. Generally, the appropriate value of must is zero.

function:
The name of the subroutine that latexmk should call to perform the file conversion.
The first argument to the subroutine is the base name of the file to be converted
without any extension. The subroutines are declared in the syntax of Perl. The
function should return 0 if it was successful and a nonzero number if it failed.

Naturally add_cus_dep adds a custom dependency with the specified from and to extensions.
If a custom dependency has been previously defined (e.g., in an rcfile that was read
earlier), then it is replaced by the new one.

The subroutine remove_cus_dep removes the specified custom dependency. The subroutine
show_cus_dep causes a list of the currently defined custom dependencies to be sent to the
screen output.

How custom dependencies are used:
An instance of a custom dependency rule is created whenever latexmk detects that a run of
*latex needs to read a file, like a graphics file, whose extension is the to-extension of
a custom dependency. Then latexmk examines whether a file exists with the same name, but
with the corresponding from-extension, as specified in the custom-dependency. If it does,
then a corresponding instance of the custom dependency is created, after which the rule is
invoked whenever the destination file (the one with the to-extension) is out-of-date with
respect to the corresponding source file.

To make the new destination file, the Perl subroutine specified in the rule is invoked,
with an argument that is the base name of the files in question. Simple cases just
involve a subroutine invoking an external program; this can be done by following the
templates below, even by those without knowledge of the Perl programming language. Of
course, experts could do something much more elaborate.

One item in the specification of each custom-dependency rule, labeled "must" above,
specifies how the rule should be applied when the source file fails to exist.

When latex reports that an input file (e.g., a graphics file) does not exist, latexmk
tries to find a source file and a custom dependency that can be used to make it. If it
succeeds, then it creates an instance of the custom dependency and invokes it to make the
missing file, after which the next pass of latex etc will be able to read the newly
created file.

Note for advanced usage: The operating system's environment variable TEXINPUTS can be used
to specify a search path for finding files by latex etc. Correspondingly, when a missing
file is reported, latexmk looks in the directories specified in TEXINPUTS as well as in
the current directory, to find a source file from which an instance of a custom dependency
can be used to make the missing file.

Function to implement custom dependency, traditional method:
The function that implements a custom dependency gets the information on the files to be
processed in two ways. The first is through its one argument; the argument contains the
base name of the source and destination files. The second way is described later.

A simple and typical example of code in an initialization rcfile using the first method
is:

add_cus_dep( 'fig', 'eps', 0, 'fig2eps' );
sub fig2eps {
system( "fig2dev -Leps \"$_[0].fig\" \"$_[0].eps\"" );
}

The first line adds a custom dependency that converts a file with extension "fig", as
created by the xfig program, to an encapsulated postscript file, with extension "eps".
The remaining lines define a subroutine that carries out the conversion. If a rule for
converting "fig" to "eps" files already exists (e.g., from a previously read-in
initialization file), the latexmk will delete this rule before making the new one.

Suppose latexmk is using this rule to convert a file "figure.fig" to "figure.eps". Then
it will invoke the fig2eps subroutine defined in the above code with a single argument
"figure", which is the basename of each of the files (possibly with a path component).
This argument is referred to by Perl as $_[0]. In the example above, the subroutine uses
the Perl command system to invoke the program fig2dev. The double quotes around the
string are a Perl idiom that signify that each string of the form of a variable name,
$_[0] in this case, is to be substituted by its value.

If the return value of the subroutine is non-zero, then latexmk will assume an error
occurred during the execution of the subroutine. In the above example, no explicit return
value is given, and instead the return value is the value returned by the last (and only)
statement, i.e., the invocation of system, which returns the value 0 on success.

If you use pdflatex, lualatex or xelatex instead of latex, then you will probably prefer
to convert your graphics files to pdf format, in which case you would replace the above
code in an initialization file by

add_cus_dep( 'fig', 'pdf, 0, 'fig2pdf' );
sub fig2pdf {
system( "fig2dev -Lpdf \"$_[0].fig\" \"$_[0].pdf\"" );
}

Note 1: In the command lines given in the system commands in the above examples, double
quotes have been inserted around the file names (implemented by '\"' in the Perl
language). They immunize the running of the program against special characters in
filenames. Very often these quotes are not necessary, i.e., they can be omitted. But it
is normally safer to keep them in. Even though the rules for quoting vary between
operating systems, command shells and individual pieces of software, the quotes in the
above examples do not cause problems in the cases I have tested.

Note 2: One case in which the quotes are important is when the files are in a subdirectory
and your operating system is Microsoft Windows. Then the separator character for
directory components can be either a forward slash '/' or Microsoft's more usual backward
slash '\'. Forward slashes are generated by latexmk, to maintain its sanity from software
like MiKTeX that mixes both directory separators; but their correct use normally requires
quoted filenames. (See a log file from a run of MiKTeX (at least in v. 2.9) for an
example of the use of both directory separators.)

Note 3: The subroutines implementing custom dependencies in the examples given just have a
single line invoking an external program. That's the usual situation. But since the
subroutines are in the Perl language, you can implement much more complicated processing
if you need it.

Removing custom dependencies, and when you might need to do this:
If you have some general custom dependencies defined in the system or user initialization
file, you may find that for a particular project they are undesirable. So you might want
to delete the unneeded ones. A situation where this would be desirable is where there are
multiple custom dependencies with the same from-extension or the same to-extension. In
that case, latexmk might choose a different one from the one you want for a specific
project. As an example, to remove any "fig" to "eps" rule you would use:

remove_cus_dep( 'fig', 'eps' );

If you have complicated sets of custom dependencies, you may want to get a listing of the
custom dependencies. This is done by using the line

show_cus_dep();

in an initialization file.

Function implementing custom dependency, alternative methods:
So far the examples for functions to implement custom dependencies have used the argument
of the function to specify the base name of converted file. This method has been
available since very old versions of latexmk, and many examples can be found, e.g., on the
web.

However in later versions of latexmk the internal structure of the implementation of its
"rules" for the steps of processing, including custom dependencies, became much more
powerful. The function implementing a custom dependency is executed within a special
context where a number of extra variables and subroutines are defined. Publicly
documented ones, intended to be long-term stable, are listed below, under the heading
"Variables and subroutines for processing a rule".

Examples of their use is given in the following examples, concerning multiple index files
and glossaries.

The only index-file conversion built-in to latexmk is from an ".idx" file written on one
run of *latex to an ".ind" file to be read in on a subsequent run. But with the index.sty
package, for example, you can create extra indexes with extensions that you configure.
Latexmk does not know how to deduce the extensions from the information it has. But you
can easily write a custom dependency. For example if your latex file uses the command
"\newindex{special}{ndx}{nnd}{Special index}" you will need to get latexmk to convert
files with the extension .ndx to .nnd. The most elementary method is to define a custom
dependency as follows:

add_cus_dep( 'ndx', 'nnd', 0, 'ndx2nnd' );
sub ndx2nnd {
return system( "makeindex -o \"$_[0].nnd\" \"$_[0].ndx\"" );
}
push @generated_exts, 'ndx', 'nnd';

Notice the added line compared with earlier examples. The extra line gets the extensions
"ndx" and "nnd" added to the list of extensions for generated files; then the extra index
files will be deleted by clean-up operations

But if you have yet more indexes with yet different extensions, e.g., "adx" and "and",
then you will need a separate function for each pair of extensions. This is quite
annoying. You can use the Run_subst function to simplify the definitions to use a single
function:

add_cus_dep( 'ndx', 'nnd', 0, 'dx2nd' );
add_cus_dep( 'adx', 'and', 0, 'dx2nd' );
sub dx2nd {
return Run_subst( "makeindex -o %D %S" );
}
push @generated_exts, 'ndx', 'nnd', 'adx', 'and';

You could also instead use

add_cus_dep( 'ndx', 'nnd', 0, 'dx2nd' );
add_cus_dep( 'adx', 'and', 0, 'dx2nd' );
sub dx2nd {
return Run_subst( $makeindex );
}
push @generated_exts, 'ndx', 'nnd', 'adx', 'and';

This last example uses the command specification in $makeindex, and so any customization
you have made for the standard index also applies to your extra indexes.

Similar techniques can be applied for glossaries.

Those of you with experience with Makefiles, may get concerned that the .ndx file is
written during a run of *latex and is always later than the .nnd last read in. Thus the
.nnd appears to be perpetually out-of-date. This situation, of circular dependencies, is
endemic to latex, and is one of the issues that latexmk is programmed to overcome. It
examines the contents of the files (by use of a checksum), and only does a remake when the
file contents have actually changed.

Of course if you choose to write random data to the .nnd (or the .aux file, etc) that
changes on each new run, then you will have a problem. For real experts: See the
%hash_calc_ignore_pattern if you have to deal with such problems.

Old Method of Defining Custom Dependencies:
In much older versions of latexmk, the only method of defining custom dependencies was to
directly manipulate the table of custom dependencies. This is contained in the
@cus_dep_list array. It is an array of strings, and each string in the array has four
items in it, each separated by a space, the from-extension, the to-extension, the "must"
item, and the name of the subroutine for the custom dependency. These were all defined
above.

An example of the old method of defining custom dependencies is as follows. It is the code
in an RC file to ensure automatic conversion of .fig files to .eps files:

push @cus_dep_list, "fig eps 0 fig2eps";
sub fig2eps {
return system( "fig2dev -Lps \"$_[0].fig\" \"$_[0].eps\"" );
}

This method still works, and is almost equivalent to the code given earlier that used the
add_cus_dep subroutine. However, the old method doesn't delete any previous custom-
dependency for the same conversion. So the new method is preferable.

ADVANCED CONFIGURATION: Some extra resources and advanced tricks

For most purposes, simple configuration for latexmk along the lines of the examples given
is sufficient. But sometimes you need something harder. In this section, I indicate some
extra possibilities. Generally to use these, you need to be fluent in the Perl language,
since this is what is used in the rc files.

See also the section DEALING WITH ERRORS, PROBLEMS, ETC. See also the examples in the
directory example_rcfiles in the latexmk distributions. Even if none of the examples
apply to your case, they may give you useful ideas

Utility subroutines
ensure_path( var, values ...)

The first parameter is the name of one of the system's environment variables for
search paths. The remaining parameters are values that should be in the variable.
For each of the value parameters, if it isn't already in the variable, then it is
prepended to the variable; in that case the environment variable is created if it
doesn't already exist. For separating values, the character appropriate the the
operating system is used -- see the configuration variable $search_path_separator.

Example:

ensure_path( 'TEXINPUTS', './custom_cls_sty_files//' );

(In this example, the trailing '//' is documented by TeX systems to mean that
*latex search for files in the specified directory and in all subdirectories.)

Technically ensure_path works by setting Perl's variable $ENV{var}, where var is
the name of the target variable. The changed value is then passed as an
environment variable to any invoked programs.

Variables and subroutines for processing a rule
A step in the processing is called a rule. One possibility to implement the processing of
a rule is by a Perl subroutine. This is always the case for custom dependencies. Also,
for any other rule, you can use a subroutine by prefixing the command specification by the
word "internal" -- see the section FORMAT OF COMMAND SPECIFICATIONS.

When you use a subroutine for processing a rule, all the possibilities of Perl programming
are available, of course. In addition, some of latexmk's internal variables and
subroutines are available. The ones listed below are intended to be available to
(advanced) users, and their specifications will generally have stability under upgrades.
Generally, the variables should be treated as read-only: Changing their values can have
bad consequences, since it is liable to mess up the consistency of what latexmk is doing.

$rule This variable has the name of the rule, as known to latexmk. Note that the exact
contents of this variable for a given rule may be dependent on the version of
latexmk

$$Psource
This gives the name of the primary source file. Note the double dollar signs.

$$Pdest
This gives the name of the main output file if any. Note the double dollar signs.

rdb_ensure_file( $rule, file )
This a subroutine that ensures that the given file is among the source files for
the specified rule. It is typically used when, during the processing of a rule, it
is known that a particular extra file is among the dependencies that latexmk should
know, but its default methods don't find the dependency. Almost always the first
argument is the name of the rule currently being processed, so it is then
appropriate to specify it by $rule.

For examples of its use, see some of the files in the directory example_rcfiles of
latexmk's distribution. Currently the cases that use this subroutine are bib2gls-
latexmkrc, exceltex_latexmkrc and texinfo-latexmkrc. These illustrate typical
cases where latexmk's normal processing fails to detect certain extra source files.

rdb_remove_files( $rule, file, ... )
This subroutine removes one or more files from the dependency list for the given
rule.

rdb_list_source( $rule )
This subroutine returns the list of source files (i.e., the dependency list) for
the given rule.

rdb_set_source( $rule, file, ... )

rdb_set_source( $rule, @files )
This subroutine sets the dependency list for the given rule to be the specified
files. Files that are already in the list have unchanged information. Files that
were not in the list are added to it. Files in the previous dependency list that
are not in the newly specified list of files are removed from the dependency list.

Run_subst( command_spec )
This subroutine runs the command specified by command_spec. The specification is a
string in the format listed in the section "Format of Command Specifications". An
important action of the Run_subst is to make substitutions of placeholders, e.g.,
%S and %D for source and destination files; these get substituted before the
command is run. In addition, the command after substitution is printed to the
screen unless latexmk is running in silent mode.

Coordinated Setting of Commands for *latex
To set all of $latex, $pdflatex, $lualatex, and $xelatex to a common pattern, you can use
one of the following subroutines, std_tex_cmds, alt_tex_cmds, and set_tex_cmds.

They work as follows

&std_tex_cmds;

This results in $latex = 'latex %O %S', and similarly for $pdflatex, $lualatex, and
$xelatex. Note the ampersand in the invocation; this indicates to Perl that a subroutine
is being called.

&alt_tex_cmds;

This results in $latex = 'latex %O %P', and similarly for $pdflatex, $lualatex, and
$xelatex. Note the ampersand in the invocation; this indicates to Perl that a subroutine
is being called.

set_tex_cmds( CMD_SPEC );

Here CMD_SPEC is the command line without the program name. This results in $latex =
'CMD_SPEC', and similarly for $pdflatex, $lualatex, and $xelatex. An example would be

set_tex_cmds( '--interaction=batchmode %O %S' );

Advanced configuration: Using latexmk with make
This section is targeted only at advanced users who use the make program for complex
projects, as for software development, with the dependencies specified by a Makefile.

Now the basic task of latexmk is to run the appropriate programs to make a viewable
version of a LaTeX document. However, the usual make program is not suited to this
purpose for at least two reasons. First is that the use of LaTeX involves circular
dependencies (e.g., via .aux files), and these cannot be handled by the standard make
program. Second is that in a large document the set of source files can change quite
frequently, particularly with included graphics files; in this situation keeping a
Makefile manually updated is inappropriate and error-prone, especially when the
dependencies can be determined automatically. Latexmk solves both of these problems
robustly.

Thus for many standard LaTeX documents latexmk can be used by itself without the make
program. In a complex project it simply needs to be suitably configured. A standard
configuration would be to define custom dependencies to make graphics files from their
source files (e.g., as created by the xfig program). Custom dependencies are latexmk's
equivalent of pattern rules in Makefiles.

Nevertheless there are projects for which a Makefile is appropriate, and it is useful to
know how to use latexmk from a Makefile. A typical example would be to generate
documentation for a software project. Potentially the interaction with the rest of the
rules in the Makefile could be quite complicated, for example if some of the source files
for a LaTeX document are generated by the project's software.

In this section, I give a couple of examples of how latexmk can be usefully invoked from a
Makefile. The examples use specific features of current versions of GNU make, which is
the default on both linux and OS-X systems. They may need modifications for other
versions of make.

The simplest method is simply to delegate all the relevant tasks to latexmk, as is
suitable for a straightforward LaTeX document. For this a suitable Makefile is like

.PHONY : FORCE_MAKE
all : try.pdf
%.pdf : %.tex FORCE_MAKE
latexmk -pdf -dvi- -ps- $<

(Note: the last line must be introduced by a tab for the Makefile to function correctly!)
Naturally, if making try.pdf from its associated LaTeX file try.tex were the only task to
be performed, a direct use of latexmk without a Makefile would normally be better. The
benefit of using a Makefile for a LaTeX document would be in a larger project, where lines
such as the above would be only be a small part of a larger Makefile.

The above example has a pattern rule for making a .pdf file from a .tex file, and it is
defined to use latexmk in the obvious way. There is a conventional default target named
"all", with a prerequisite of try.pdf. So when make is invoked, by default it makes
try.pdf. The only complication is that there may be many source files beyond try.tex, but
these aren't specified in the Makefile, so changes in them will not by themselves cause
latexmk to be invoked. Instead, the pattern rule is equipped with a "phony" prerequisite
FORCE_MAKE; this has the effect of causing the rule to be always out-of-date, so that
latexmk is always run. It is latexmk that decides whether any action is needed, e.g., a
rerun of pdflatex. Effectively the Makefile delegates all decisions to latexmk, while
make has no knowledge of the list of source files except for primary LaTeX file for the
document. If there are, for example, graphics files to be made, these must be made by
custom dependencies configured in latexmk.

But something better is needed in more complicated situations, for example, when the
making of graphics files needs to be specified by rules in the Makefile. To do this, one
can use a Makefile like the following:

TARGETS = document1.pdf document2.pdf
DEPS_DIR = .deps
LATEXMK = latexmk -recorder -use-make -deps \
-e 'warn qq(In Makefile, turn off custom dependencies\n);' \
-e '@cus_dep_list = ();' \
-e 'show_cus_dep();'
all : $(TARGETS)
$(foreach file,$(TARGETS),$(eval -include $(DEPS_DIR)/$(file)P))
$(DEPS_DIR) :
mkdir $@
%.pdf : %.tex
if [ ! -e $(DEPS_DIR) ]; then mkdir $(DEPS_DIR); fi
$(LATEXMK) -pdf -dvi- -ps- -deps-out=$(DEPS_DIR)/$@P $<
%.pdf : %.fig
fig2dev -Lpdf $< $@

(Again, the lines containing the commands for the rules should be started with tabs.)
This example was inspired by how GNU automake handles automatic dependency tracking of C
source files.

After each run of latexmk, dependency information is put in a file in the .deps
subdirectory. The Makefile causes these dependency files to be read by make, which now
has the full dependency information for each target .pdf file. To make things less
trivial it is specificed that two files document1.pdf and document2.pdf are the targets.
The dependency files are .deps/document1.pdfP and .deps/document2.pdfP.

There is now no need for the phony prerequisite for the rule to make .pdf files from .tex
files. But I have added a rule to make .pdf files from .fig files produced by the xfig
program; these are commonly used for graphics insertions in LaTeX documents. Latexmk is
arranged to output a dependency file after each run. It is given the -recorder option,
which improves its detection of files generated during a run of pdflatex; such files
should not be in the dependency list. The -e options are used to turn off all custom
dependencies, and to document this. Instead the -use-make is used to delegate the making
of missing files to make itself.

Suppose in the LaTeX file there is a command \includegraphics{graph}, and an xfig file
"graph.fig" exists. On a first run, pdflatex reports a missing file, named "graph".
Latexmk succeeds in making "graph.pdf" by calling "make graph.pdf", and after completion
of its work, it lists "fig.pdf" among the dependents of the file latexmk is making. Then
let "fig.fig" be updated, and then let make be run. Make first remakes "fig.pdf", and
only then reruns latexmk.

Thus we now have a method by which all the subsidiary processing is delegated to make.

BUGS

       Sometimes  a  viewer  (gv) tries to read an updated .ps or .pdf file after its creation is
       started but before the file is  complete.   Work  around:  manually  refresh  (or  reopen)
       display.  Or use one of the other previewers and update methods.

       (The  following  isn't  really  a  bug,  but  concerns  features  of previewers.)  Preview
       continuous mode only works perfectly with certain previewers: Xdvi on UNIX/Linux works for
       dvi  files.   Gv on UNIX/Linux works for both postscript and pdf.  Ghostview on UNIX/Linux
       needs a manual update (reopen); it views postscript  and  pdf.   Gsview  under  MS-Windows
       works  for  both  postscript  and  pdf, but only reads the updated file when its screen is
       refreshed.  Acroread under UNIX/Linux views pdf, but the  file  needs  to  be  closed  and
       reopened  to view an updated version.  Under MS-Windows, acroread locks its input file and
       so the pdf file cannot be updated.  (Remedy: configure latexmk to use sumatrapdf instead.)

THANKS TO

       Authors of previous versions.  Many users with their feedback, and especially David Coppit
       (username  david  at node coppit.org) who made many useful suggestions that contributed to
       version 3, and Herbert Schulz.  (Please note that the e-mail addresses are not written  in
       their standard form to avoid being harvested too easily.)

AUTHOR

       Current  version,  by John Collins (Version 4.76).  Report bugs etc to his e-mail (jcc8 at
       psu.edu).

       Released version can be obtained from CTAN: <http://www.ctan.org/pkg/latexmk/>,  and  from
       the author's website <http://www.personal.psu.edu/jcc8/latexmk/>.
       Modifications and enhancements by Evan McLean (Version 2.0)
       Original script called "go" by David J. Musliner (RCS Version 3.2)

                                         20 November 2021                              LATEXMK(1)

NAME

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

LATEXMK OPTIONS AND ARGUMENTS ON COMMAND LINE

EXAMPLES

DEALING WITH ERRORS, PROBLEMS, ETC

ALLOWING FOR CHANGE OF OUTPUT FILE TYPE

CONFIGURATION/INITIALIZATION (RC) FILES

HOW TO SET VARIABLES IN INITIALIZATION FILES

FORMAT OF COMMAND SPECIFICATIONS

LIST OF CONFIGURATION VARIABLES USABLE IN INITIALIZATION FILES

CUSTOM DEPENDENCIES

ADVANCED CONFIGURATION: Some extra resources and advanced tricks

SEE ALSO

BUGS

THANKS TO

AUTHOR