Provided by: libpcre2-dev_10.39-3ubuntu0.1_amd64 bug

NAME

       PCRE2 - Perl-compatible regular expressions

PARTIAL MATCHING IN PCRE2


       In  normal  use  of PCRE2, if there is a match up to the end of a subject string, but more
       characters are needed to match the entire pattern, PCRE2_ERROR_NOMATCH is  returned,  just
       like  any  other  failing  match.  There  are  circumstances  where it might be helpful to
       distinguish this "partial match" case.

       One example is an application where the subject string is very long, and not all available
       at  once.  The  requirement  here is to be able to do the matching segment by segment, but
       special action is needed when a matched substring spans the boundary between two segments.

       Another example is checking a user input string as it is typed, to ensure that it conforms
       to a required format. Invalid characters can be immediately diagnosed and rejected, giving
       instant feedback.

       Partial matching is a PCRE2-specific feature; it is not Perl-compatible. It  is  requested
       by  setting  one  of  the  PCRE2_PARTIAL_HARD or PCRE2_PARTIAL_SOFT options when calling a
       matching function. The difference between the two options is  whether  or  not  a  partial
       match is preferred to an alternative complete match, though the details differ between the
       two types of  matching  function.  If  both  options  are  set,  PCRE2_PARTIAL_HARD  takes
       precedence.

       If you want to use partial matching with just-in-time optimized code, as well as setting a
       partial match option for the matching function, you  must  also  call  pcre2_jit_compile()
       with one or both of these options:

         PCRE2_JIT_PARTIAL_HARD
         PCRE2_JIT_PARTIAL_SOFT

       PCRE2_JIT_COMPLETE  should  also be set if you are going to run non-partial matches on the
       same pattern. Separate code is compiled for each mode. If the appropriate JIT mode has not
       been compiled, interpretive matching code is used.

       Setting  a  partial  matching  option disables two of PCRE2's standard optimization hints.
       PCRE2 remembers the last literal code unit in a pattern, and abandons matching immediately
       if  it  is  not  present  in  the  subject string.  This optimization cannot be used for a
       subject string that might match only partially. PCRE2 also remembers a minimum length of a
       matching string, and does not bother to run the matching function on shorter strings. This
       optimization is also disabled for partial matching.

REQUIREMENTS FOR A PARTIAL MATCH


       A possible partial match occurs during matching when the end  of  the  subject  string  is
       reached  successfully, but either more characters are needed to complete the match, or the
       addition of more characters might change what is matched.

       Example 1: if the pattern is /abc/ and the subject is "ab", more characters are definitely
       needed  to  complete  a  match.  In  this case both hard and soft matching options yield a
       partial match.

       Example 2: if the pattern is /ab+/ and the subject is "ab", a complete match can be found,
       but  the  addition  of  more  characters  might change what is matched. In this case, only
       PCRE2_PARTIAL_HARD returns a partial match; PCRE2_PARTIAL_SOFT returns the complete match.

       On reaching the end of the subject, when PCRE2_PARTIAL_HARD is set, if  the  next  pattern
       item  is  \z,  \Z,  \b,  \B,  or  $  there is always a partial match.  Otherwise, for both
       options, the next pattern item must be one that inspects a character, and at least one  of
       the following must be true:

       (1)  At  least  one  character has already been inspected. An inspected character need not
       form part of the final matched string; lookbehind assertions and the  \K  escape  sequence
       provide ways of inspecting characters before the start of a matched string.

       (2)  The pattern contains one or more lookbehind assertions. This condition exists in case
       there is a lookbehind that inspects characters before the start of the match.

       (3) There is a special case when the whole pattern can match an empty  string.   When  the
       starting  point is at the end of the subject, the empty string match is a possibility, and
       if PCRE2_PARTIAL_SOFT is set and neither of the above conditions is true, it is  returned.
       However,   because   adding   more   characters   might   result  in  a  non-empty  match,
       PCRE2_PARTIAL_HARD returns a partial match, which in this case means "there is going to be
       a match at this point, but until some more characters are added, we do not know if it will
       be an empty string or something longer".

PARTIAL MATCHING USING pcre2_match()


       When a partial matching option is set, the result of calling pcre2_match() can be  one  of
       the following:

       A successful match
         A complete match has been found, starting and ending within this subject.

       PCRE2_ERROR_NOMATCH
         No match can start anywhere in this subject.

       PCRE2_ERROR_PARTIAL
         Adding  more  characters may result in a complete match that uses one or more characters
         from the end of this subject.

       When a partial match is returned, the first two elements  in  the  ovector  point  to  the
       portion  of  the  subject  that was matched, but the values in the rest of the ovector are
       undefined. The appearance of \K in the pattern has no effect for a partial match. Consider
       this pattern:

         /abc\K123/

       If  it  is  matched against "456abc123xyz" the result is a complete match, and the ovector
       defines the matched string as "123",  because  \K  resets  the  "start  of  match"  point.
       However,  if  a partial match is requested and the subject string is "456abc12", a partial
       match is found for the string "abc12", because all  these  characters  are  needed  for  a
       subsequent re-match with additional characters.

       If  there  is  more than one partial match, the first one that was found provides the data
       that is returned. Consider this pattern:

         /123\w+X|dogY/

       If this is matched against the subject  string  "abc123dog",  both  alternatives  fail  to
       match,  but  the  end of the subject is reached during matching, so PCRE2_ERROR_PARTIAL is
       returned. The offsets are set to 3 and 9, identifying "123dog" as the first partial match.
       (In  this  example,  there  are  two  partial  matches, because "dog" on its own partially
       matches the second alternative.)

   How a partial match is processed by pcre2_match()

       What happens when a partial match is identified  depends  on  which  of  the  two  partial
       matching options is set.

       If  PCRE2_PARTIAL_HARD  is set, PCRE2_ERROR_PARTIAL is returned as soon as a partial match
       is found, without continuing to search for  possible  complete  matches.  This  option  is
       "hard"  because  it prefers an earlier partial match over a later complete match. For this
       reason, the assumption is made that the end of the supplied subject string is not the true
       end of the available data, which is why \z, \Z, \b, \B, and $ always give a partial match.

       If  PCRE2_PARTIAL_SOFT  is set, the partial match is remembered, but matching continues as
       normal, and other alternatives in the pattern are tried.  If  no  complete  match  can  be
       found,  PCRE2_ERROR_PARTIAL  is  returned  instead  of PCRE2_ERROR_NOMATCH. This option is
       "soft" because it prefers a complete match over a partial match. All the various  matching
       items  in a pattern behave as if the subject string is potentially complete; \z, \Z, and $
       match at the end of the subject, as normal, and for \b and \B the end of  the  subject  is
       treated as a non-alphanumeric.

       The  difference  between  the two partial matching options can be illustrated by a pattern
       such as:

         /dog(sbody)?/

       This matches either "dog" or "dogsbody", greedily (that is, it prefers the  longer  string
       if possible). If it is matched against the string "dog" with PCRE2_PARTIAL_SOFT, it yields
       a complete match  for  "dog".  However,  if  PCRE2_PARTIAL_HARD  is  set,  the  result  is
       PCRE2_ERROR_PARTIAL.  On  the  other  hand,  if the pattern is made ungreedy the result is
       different:

         /dog(sbody)??/

       In this case the result is always a complete  match  because  that  is  found  first,  and
       matching never continues after finding a complete match. It might be easier to follow this
       explanation by thinking of the two patterns like this:

         /dog(sbody)?/    is the same as  /dogsbody|dog/
         /dog(sbody)??/   is the same as  /dog|dogsbody/

       The second pattern will never match "dogsbody", because it will always  find  the  shorter
       match first.

   Example of partial matching using pcre2test

       The   pcre2test  data  modifiers  partial_hard  (or  ph)  and  partial_soft  (or  ps)  set
       PCRE2_PARTIAL_HARD and PCRE2_PARTIAL_SOFT, respectively, when calling pcre2_match().  Here
       is  a  run  of  pcre2test  using a pattern that matches the whole subject in the form of a
       date:

           re> /^\d?\d(jan|feb|mar|apr|may|jun|jul|aug|sep|oct|nov|dec)\d\d$/
         data> 25dec3\=ph
         Partial match: 23dec3
         data> 3ju\=ph
         Partial match: 3ju
         data> 3juj\=ph
         No match

       This example gives the same results for both hard and soft partial matching options.  Here
       is an example where there is a difference:

           re> /^\d?\d(jan|feb|mar|apr|may|jun|jul|aug|sep|oct|nov|dec)\d\d$/
         data> 25jun04\=ps
          0: 25jun04
          1: jun
         data> 25jun04\=ph
         Partial match: 25jun04

       With  PCRE2_PARTIAL_SOFT,  the  subject  is  matched  completely.  For PCRE2_PARTIAL_HARD,
       however, the subject is assumed not to be complete, so there is only a partial match.

MULTI-SEGMENT MATCHING WITH pcre2_match()


       PCRE was not originally designed with multi-segment matching in mind. However, over  time,
       features  (including partial matching) that make multi-segment matching possible have been
       added. A very long string can be searched segment  by  segment  by  calling  pcre2_match()
       repeatedly,  with  the  aim  of achieving the same results that would happen if the entire
       string was available for searching all the time. Normally,  the  strings  that  are  being
       sought  are  much shorter than each individual segment, and are in the middle of very long
       strings, so the pattern is normally not anchored.

       Special logic must be implemented to handle a  matched  substring  that  spans  a  segment
       boundary. PCRE2_PARTIAL_HARD should be used, because it returns a partial match at the end
       of a segment whenever there is the possibility  of  changing  the  match  by  adding  more
       characters. The PCRE2_NOTBOL option should also be set for all but the first segment.

       When a partial match occurs, the next segment must be added to the current subject and the
       match re-run, using the startoffset argument of pcre2_match() to begin at the point  where
       the partial match started.  For example:

           re> /\d?\d(jan|feb|mar|apr|may|jun|jul|aug|sep|oct|nov|dec)\d\d/
         data> ...the date is 23ja\=ph
         Partial match: 23ja
         data> ...the date is 23jan19 and on that day...\=offset=15
          0: 23jan19
          1: jan

       Note  the  use  of  the offset modifier to start the new match where the partial match was
       found. In this example, the next segment was added to the one in which the  partial  match
       was found. This is the most straightforward approach, typically using a memory buffer that
       is twice the size of each segment. After a partial match, the first half of the buffer  is
       discarded, the second half is moved to the start of the buffer, and a new segment is added
       before repeating the match as in the example above. After a no match,  the  entire  buffer
       can be discarded.

       If  there  are  memory  constraints,  you may want to discard text that precedes a partial
       match  before  adding  the  next  segment.  Unfortunately,  this   is   not   at   present
       straightforward.  In  cases  such  as  the  above,  where the pattern does not contain any
       lookbehinds, it is sufficient to retain only the partially matched substring. However,  if
       the  pattern  contains  a  lookbehind  assertion, characters that precede the start of the
       partial match may have been inspected during the matching process. When pcre2test displays
       a  partial  match,  it  indicates these characters with '<' if the allusedtext modifier is
       set:

           re> "(?<=123)abc"
         data> xx123ab\=ph,allusedtext
         Partial match: 123ab
                        <<<

       However, the allusedtext modifier is not available for JIT matching, because JIT  matching
       does  not  record  the  first  (or  last)  consulted  characters.   For  this reason, this
       information is not available via the API. It is  therefore  not  possible  in  general  to
       obtain  the  exact  number  of  characters that must be retained in order to get the right
       match result. If you cannot retain the entire segment, you must find some heuristic way of
       choosing.

       If  you know the approximate length of the matching substrings, you can use that to decide
       how much text to retain. The only lookbehind information that is currently  available  via
       the  API  is the length of the longest individual lookbehind in a pattern, but this can be
       misleading  if  there  are   nested   lookbehinds.   The   value   returned   by   calling
       pcre2_pattern_info()  with  the  PCRE2_INFO_MAXLOOKBEHIND  option is the maximum number of
       characters (not code  units)  that  any  individual  lookbehind  moves  back  when  it  is
       processed.  A  pattern  such  as "(?<=(?<!b)a)" has a maximum lookbehind value of one, but
       inspects two characters before its starting point.

       In a non-UTF or a 32-bit case, moving back is just a subtraction, but in UTF-8  or  UTF-16
       you have to count characters while moving back through the code units.

PARTIAL MATCHING USING pcre2_dfa_match()


       The  DFA  function  moves  along  the  subject  string  character  by  character,  without
       backtracking, searching for all possible matches simultaneously. If the end of the subject
       is reached before the end of the pattern, there is the possibility of a partial match.

       When PCRE2_PARTIAL_SOFT is set, PCRE2_ERROR_PARTIAL is returned only if there have been no
       complete matches. Otherwise, the complete matches are returned.  If PCRE2_PARTIAL_HARD  is
       set, a partial match takes precedence over any complete matches. The portion of the string
       that was matched when the longest partial match was found is set  as  the  first  matching
       string.

       Because  the  DFA  function  always  searches  for  all  possible matches, and there is no
       difference between greedy and ungreedy repetition, its behaviour  is  different  from  the
       pcre2_match(). Consider the string "dog" matched against this ungreedy pattern:

         /dog(sbody)??/

       Whereas  the standard function stops as soon as it finds the complete match for "dog", the
       DFA function also finds the partial  match  for  "dogsbody",  and  so  returns  that  when
       PCRE2_PARTIAL_HARD is set.

MULTI-SEGMENT MATCHING WITH pcre2_dfa_match()


       When  a  partial  match  has been found using the DFA matching function, it is possible to
       continue the match by providing additional subject data and  calling  the  function  again
       with the same compiled regular expression, this time setting the PCRE2_DFA_RESTART option.
       You must pass the same working space as before, because  this  is  where  details  of  the
       previous   partial   match   are   stored.   You   can   set   the  PCRE2_PARTIAL_SOFT  or
       PCRE2_PARTIAL_HARD options  with  PCRE2_DFA_RESTART  to  continue  partial  matching  over
       multiple segments. Here is an example using pcre2test:

           re> /^\d?\d(jan|feb|mar|apr|may|jun|jul|aug|sep|oct|nov|dec)\d\d$/
         data> 23ja\=dfa,ps
         Partial match: 23ja
         data> n05\=dfa,dfa_restart
          0: n05

       The  first  call has "23ja" as the subject, and requests partial matching; the second call
       has "n05" as the subject for the continued (restarted) match.  Notice that when the  match
       is  complete, only the last part is shown; PCRE2 does not retain the previously partially-
       matched string. It is up to the calling program to do that if  it  needs  to.  This  means
       that,  for  an  unanchored  pattern, if a continued match fails, it is not possible to try
       again at a new starting point. All this facility is capable of doing  is  continuing  with
       the previous match attempt. For example, consider this pattern:

         1234|3789

       If  the first part of the subject is "ABC123", a partial match of the first alternative is
       found at offset 3. There is no partial match for the second alternative,  because  such  a
       match  does not start at the same point in the subject string. Attempting to continue with
       the string "7890" does not yield a match because only those alternatives that match at one
       point  in the subject are remembered. Depending on the application, this may or may not be
       what you want.

       If you do want to allow for starting again at the next character, one way of doing  it  is
       to  retain  some  or  all  of  the  segment and try a new complete match, as described for
       pcre2_match() above. Another possibility is to work with two buffers. If a  partial  match
       at  offset  n in the first buffer is followed by "no match" when PCRE2_DFA_RESTART is used
       on the second buffer, you can then try a new match starting at offset  n+1  in  the  first
       buffer.

AUTHOR


       Philip Hazel
       University Computing Service
       Cambridge, England.

REVISION


       Last updated: 04 September 2019
       Copyright (c) 1997-2019 University of Cambridge.