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NAME

       emacs - GNU project Emacs editor

SYNOPSIS

       emacs [ command-line switches ] [ files ... ]

DESCRIPTION

       GNU  Emacs  is  a  version of Emacs, written by the author of the original (PDP-10) Emacs,
       Richard Stallman.  The user  functionality  of  GNU  Emacs  encompasses  everything  other
       editors do, and it is easily extensible since its editing commands are written in Lisp.

       The  primary  documentation  of  GNU  Emacs is in the GNU Emacs Manual, which you can read
       using Info, either from Emacs or as a standalone program.  Please look there for  complete
       and up-to-date documentation.  This man page is updated only when someone volunteers to do
       so.

       Emacs has an extensive interactive help facility, but the facility assumes that  you  know
       how to manipulate Emacs windows and buffers.  CTRL-h or F1 enters the Help facility.  Help
       Tutorial (CTRL-h t)  starts  an  interactive  tutorial  to  quickly  teach  beginners  the
       fundamentals  of  Emacs.   Help  Apropos  (CTRL-h  a) helps you find a command with a name
       matching a given pattern, Help Key (CTRL-h k) describes a given  key  sequence,  and  Help
       Function (CTRL-h f) describes a given Lisp function.

       GNU  Emacs's many special packages handle mail reading (RMail) and sending (Mail), outline
       editing (Outline), compiling (Compile), running subshells within  Emacs  windows  (Shell),
       running  a  Lisp  read-eval-print  loop  (Lisp-Interaction-Mode),  automated psychotherapy
       (Doctor), and much more.

   Emacs Options
       The following options are of general interest:

              file    Edit file.

              --file=file, --find-file=file, --visit=file
                      The same as specifying file directly as an argument.

              +number Go to the line specified by number (do not insert a space between  the  "+"
                      sign and the number).  This applies only to the next file specified.

              +line:column
                      Go to the specified line and column.

              --chdir=directory
                      Change to directory.

              -q, --no-init-file
                      Do not load an init file.

              -nl, --no-shared-memory
                      Do not use shared memory.

              --no-site-file
                      Do not load the site-wide startup file.

              -nsl, --no-site-lisp
                      Do not add site-lisp directories to load-path.

              --no-desktop
                      Do not load a saved desktop.

              -Q, --quick
                      Similar  to  "-q  --no-site-file  --no-splash".   Also,  avoid processing X
                      resources.

              --no-splash
                      Do not display a splash screen during start-up.

              --debug-init
                      Enable Emacs Lisp debugger during the processing  of  the  user  init  file
                      ~/.emacs.  This is useful for debugging problems in the init file.

              -u user, --user=user
                      Load user's init file.

              --init-directory=directory
                      Start emacs with user-emacs-directory set to directory.

              -t file, --terminal=file
                      Use  specified  file  as  the terminal instead of using stdin/stdout.  This
                      must be the first argument specified in the command line.

              --daemon[=name], --bg-daemon[=name]
                      Start Emacs as a daemon, enabling the Emacs server and  disconnecting  from
                      the  terminal.   You  can  then  use  the  emacsclient (see emacsclient(1))
                      command to connect to the server (with optional name).

              --fg-daemon[=name]
                      Like "--bg-daemon", but don't disconnect from the terminal.

              --version
                      Display Emacs version information and exit.

              --help  Display this help and exit.

       The following options  are  Lisp-oriented  (these  options  are  processed  in  the  order
       encountered):

              -f function, --funcall=function
                      Execute the lisp function function.

              -l file, --load=file
                      Load the lisp code in the file file.

              --eval=expr, --execute=expr
                      Evaluate the Lisp expression expr.

       The following options are useful when running Emacs as a batch editor:

              --batch Edit in batch mode.  The editor will send messages to stderr.  You must use
                      -l and -f options to specify files to execute and functions to call.

              --script file
                      Run file as an Emacs Lisp script.

              --insert=file
                      Insert contents of file into the current buffer.

              --kill  Exit Emacs while in batch mode.

              -L dir, --directory=dir
                      Add dir to the list of directories Emacs searches for Lisp files.

   Using Emacs with X
       Emacs has been tailored to work well with the X Window System.   If  you  run  Emacs  from
       under X windows, it will create its own X window to display in.  You will probably want to
       start the editor as a background process so that you  can  continue  using  your  original
       window.

       Emacs can be started with the following X switches:

              --name=name
                      Specify  the  name  which  should  be assigned to the initial Emacs window.
                      This controls looking up X resources as well as the window title.

              --no-x-resources
                      Do not load X resources.

              -T name, --title=name
                      Specify the title for the initial X window.

              -r, -rv, --reverse-video
                      Display the Emacs window in reverse video.

              -fn font, --font=font
                      Set the Emacs window's font to that specified by font.  You will  find  the
                      various  X fonts in the /usr/lib/X11/fonts directory.  Note that Emacs will
                      only accept fixed  width  fonts.   Under  the  X11  Release  4  font-naming
                      conventions,  any  font  with the value "m" or "c" in the eleventh field of
                      the font name is a fixed width font.  Furthermore, fonts whose name are  of
                      the form widthxheight are generally fixed width, as is the font fixed.  See
                      xlsfonts(1) for more information.

                      When you specify a font, be sure to put a space between the switch and  the
                      font name.

              --xrm=resources
                      Set additional X resources.

              --color, --color=mode
                      Override  color  mode for character terminals; mode defaults to "auto", and
                      can also be "never", "auto", "always", or a mode name like "ansi8".

              -bw pixels, --border-width=pixels
                      Set the Emacs window's border width to the number of  pixels  specified  by
                      pixels.  Defaults to one pixel on each side of the window.

              -ib pixels, --internal-border=pixels
                      Set the window's internal border width to the number of pixels specified by
                      pixels.  Defaults to one pixel of padding on each side of the window.

              -g geometry, --geometry=geometry
                      Set the Emacs window's width,  height,  and  position  as  specified.   The
                      geometry  specification  is  in  the  standard  X format; see X(7) for more
                      information.  The width and height are specified in characters; the default
                      for  GUI  frames is a width of 80 and a height between 35 and 40, depending
                      on the OS and the window manager.  See the Emacs manual,  section  "Options
                      for Window Size and Position", for information on how window sizes interact
                      with selecting or deselecting the tool bar, tab bar and menu bar.

              -lsp pixels, --line-spacing=pixels
                      Additional space to put between lines.

              -vb, --vertical-scroll-bars
                      Enable vertical scrollbars.

              -fh, --fullheight
                      Make the first frame as high as the screen.

              -fs, --fullscreen
                      Make the first frame fullscreen.

              -fw, --fullwidth
                      Make the first frame as wide as the screen.

              -mm, --maximized
                      Maximize the first frame, like "-fw -fh".

              -fg color, --foreground-color=color
                      On color displays, set the color of the text.

                      Use the command M-x list-colors-display for a list of valid color names.

              -bg color, --background-color=color
                      On color displays, set the color of the window's background.

              -bd color, --border-color=color
                      On color displays, set the color of the window's border.

              -cr color, --cursor-color=color
                      On color displays, set the color of the window's text cursor.

              -ms color, --mouse-color=color
                      On color displays, set the color of the window's mouse cursor.

              -d displayname, --display=displayname
                      Create the Emacs window on the display specified by displayname.   Must  be
                      the first option specified in the command line.

              -nbi, --no-bitmap-icon
                      Do not use picture of gnu for Emacs icon.

              --iconic
                      Start Emacs in iconified state.

              -nbc, --no-blinking-cursor
                      Disable blinking cursor.

              --parent-id=xid
                      Set parent window.

              -nw, --no-window-system
                      Tell  Emacs  not  to create a graphical frame.  If you use this switch when
                      invoking Emacs from an xterm(1) window, display is done in that window.

              -D, --basic-display
                      This option disables many display features; use it for debugging Emacs.

       You can set X default values  for  your  Emacs  windows  in  your  .Xresources  file  (see
       xrdb(1)).  Use the following format:

              emacs.keyword:value

       where value specifies the default value of keyword.  Emacs lets you set default values for
       the following keywords:

              background (class Background)
                      For color displays, sets the window's background color.

              bitmapIcon (class BitmapIcon)
                      If bitmapIcon's value is set to  on,  the  window  will  iconify  into  the
                      "kitchen sink."

              borderColor (class BorderColor)
                      For color displays, sets the color of the window's border.

              borderWidth (class BorderWidth)
                      Sets the window's border width in pixels.

              cursorColor (class Foreground)
                      For color displays, sets the color of the window's text cursor.

              cursorBlink (class CursorBlink)
                      Specifies whether to make the cursor blink.  The default is on.  Use off or
                      false to turn cursor blinking off.

              font (class Font)
                      Sets the window's text font.

              foreground (class Foreground)
                      For color displays, sets the window's text color.

              fullscreen (class Fullscreen)
                      The desired fullscreen size.  The value can be one of fullboth,  maximized,
                      fullwidth,  or  fullheight,  which  correspond  to the command-line options
                      "-fs", "-mm", "-fw", and "-fh", respectively.  Note that  this  applies  to
                      the initial frame only.

              geometry (class Geometry)
                      Sets the geometry of the Emacs window (as described above).

              iconName (class Title)
                      Sets the icon name for the Emacs window icon.

              internalBorder (class BorderWidth)
                      Sets the window's internal border width in pixels.

              lineSpacing (class LineSpacing)
                      Additional space ("leading") between lines, in pixels.

              menuBar (class MenuBar)
                      Gives  frames  menu bars if on; don't have menu bars if off.  See the Emacs
                      manual, sections "Lucid  Resources"  and  "Motif  Resources",  for  how  to
                      control the appearance of the menu bar if you have one.

              minibuffer (class Minibuffer)
                      If  none,  don't  make  a minibuffer in this frame.  It will use a separate
                      minibuffer frame instead.

              paneFont (class Font)
                      Font name for menu pane titles, in non-toolkit versions of Emacs.

              pointerColor (class Foreground)
                      For color displays, sets the color of the window's mouse cursor.

              privateColormap (class PrivateColormap)
                      If on, use a private color map, in the case where the "default  visual"  of
                      class PseudoColor and Emacs is using it.

              reverseVideo (class ReverseVideo)
                      If  reverseVideo's  value  is  set  to  on, the window will be displayed in
                      reverse video.

              screenGamma (class ScreenGamma)
                      Gamma  correction  for  colors,   equivalent   to   the   frame   parameter
                      "screen-gamma".

              scrollBarWidth (class ScrollBarWidth)
                      The  scroll  bar  width  in  pixels,  equivalent  to  the  frame  parameter
                      "scroll-bar-width".

              selectionFont (class SelectionFont)
                      Font name for pop-up menu items, in non-toolkit versions  of  Emacs.   (For
                      toolkit  versions,  see  the  Emacs  manual, sections "Lucid Resources" and
                      "Motif Resources".)

              selectionTimeout (class SelectionTimeout)
                      Number of milliseconds to wait for a selection reply.  A value of  0  means
                      wait as long as necessary.

              synchronous (class Synchronous)
                      Run  Emacs  in  synchronous  mode  if  on.   Synchronous mode is useful for
                      debugging X problems.

              title (class Title)
                      Sets the title of the Emacs window.

              toolBar (class ToolBar)
                      Number of lines to reserve for the tool bar.

              tabBar (class TabBar)
                      Number of lines to reserve for the tab bar.

              useXIM (class UseXIM)
                      Turns off use of X input methods (XIM) if false or off.

              verticalScrollBars (class ScrollBars)
                      Gives frames scroll bars if on; suppresses scroll bars if off.

              visualClass (class VisualClass)
                      Specify the "visual" that X should use.  This tells X how to handle colors.
                      The  value  should  start  with one of TrueColor, PseudoColor, DirectColor,
                      StaticColor, GrayScale, and StaticGray, followed by -depth, where depth  is
                      the number of color planes.

MANUALS

       You  can  order  printed copies of the GNU Emacs Manual from the Free Software Foundation,
       which develops GNU software.  See the online store at <https://shop.fsf.org/>.
       Your local administrator might also have copies  available.   As  with  all  software  and
       publications  from  FSF,  everyone is permitted to make and distribute copies of the Emacs
       manual.  The  Texinfo  source  to  the  manual  is  also  included  in  the  Emacs  source
       distribution.

FILES

       /usr/local/share/info  —  files  for the Info documentation browser.  The complete text of
       the Emacs reference manual is  included  in  a  convenient  tree  structured  form.   This
       includes  the  Emacs  Lisp Reference Manual, useful to anyone wishing to write programs in
       the Emacs Lisp extension language, and the Introduction to Programming in Emacs Lisp.

       /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/lisp — Lisp source files and compiled  files  that  define
       most editing commands.  Some are preloaded; others are autoloaded from this directory when
       used.

       /usr/local/libexec/emacs/$VERSION/$ARCH — various programs that are used with GNU Emacs.

       /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/etc — various files of information.

       /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/etc/DOC.* — contains the  documentation  strings  for  the
       Lisp primitives and preloaded Lisp functions of GNU Emacs.  They are stored here to reduce
       the size of Emacs proper.

BUGS

       There is a mailing list, bug-gnu-emacs@gnu.org, for reporting Emacs bugs and  fixes.   But
       before  reporting something as a bug, please try to be sure that it really is a bug, not a
       misunderstanding or a deliberate feature.  We ask you to read the section "Reporting Bugs"
       in  the  Emacs manual for hints on how and when to report bugs.  Also, include the version
       number of the Emacs you are running in every bug report  that  you  send  in.   Bugs  tend
       actually  to be fixed if they can be isolated, so it is in your interest to report them in
       such a way that they can be easily reproduced.

       Do not expect a personal answer to a bug report.  The purpose of reporting bugs is to  get
       them  fixed  for  everyone  in  the  next  release, if possible.  For personal assistance,
       consult the service directory at <https://www.fsf.org/resources/service/> for  a  list  of
       people who offer it.

       Please  do not send anything but bug reports to this mailing list.  For other Emacs lists,
       see <https://savannah.gnu.org/mail/?group=emacs>.

UNRESTRICTIONS

       Emacs is free; anyone may redistribute copies of Emacs to anyone under the terms stated in
       the  GNU  General Public License, a copy of which accompanies each copy of Emacs and which
       also appears in the reference manual.

       Copies of Emacs may sometimes be received packaged with distributions of Unix systems, but
       it  is  never included in the scope of any license covering those systems.  Such inclusion
       violates the terms on which distribution is permitted.  In fact, the  primary  purpose  of
       the GNU General Public License is to prohibit anyone from attaching any other restrictions
       to redistribution of Emacs.

       Richard Stallman encourages you to improve and extend Emacs, and urges that you contribute
       your  extensions  to  the GNU library.  Eventually GNU (Gnu's Not Unix) will be a complete
       replacement for Unix.  Everyone will be free to  use,  copy,  study  and  change  the  GNU
       system.

SEE ALSO

       emacsclient(1), etags(1), X(7), xlsfonts(1), xterm(1), xrdb(1)

AUTHORS

       Emacs  was  written  by  Richard  Stallman and the Free Software Foundation.  For detailed
       credits and acknowledgments, see the GNU Emacs manual.

COPYING

       Copyright 1995, 1999-2023 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

       Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this document provided the
       copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies.

       Permission  is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this document under the
       conditions for verbatim copying, provided  that  the  entire  resulting  derived  work  is
       distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one.

       Permission  is  granted  to copy and distribute translations of this document into another
       language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except  that  this  permission
       notice may be stated in a translation approved by the Free Software Foundation.