Provided by: flit_3.9.0-2_all 
NAME
flit - Flit Documentation
Flit is a simple way to put Python packages and modules on PyPI. It tries to require less
thought about packaging and help you avoid common mistakes. See Why use Flit?
<https://flit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/rationale.html> for more about how it compares to
other Python packaging tools.
INSTALL
$ python3 -m pip install flit
Flit requires Python 3 and therefore needs to be installed using the Python 3 version of
pip.
Python 2 modules can be distributed using Flit, but need to be importable on Python 3
without errors.
USAGE
Say you're writing a module foobar — either as a single file foobar.py, or as a directory
— and you want to distribute it.
1. Make sure that foobar's docstring starts with a one-line summary of what the module is,
and that it has a __version__:
"""An amazing sample package!"""
__version__ = "0.1"
2. Install flit if you don't already have it:
python3 -m pip install flit
3. Run flit init in the directory containing the module to create a pyproject.toml file.
It will look something like this:
[build-system]
requires = ["flit_core >=3.2,<4"]
build-backend = "flit_core.buildapi"
[project]
name = "foobar"
authors = [{name = "Sir Robin", email = "robin@camelot.uk"}]
dynamic = ["version", "description"]
[project.urls]
Home = "https://github.com/sirrobin/foobar"
You can edit this file to add other metadata, for example to set up command line
scripts. See the pyproject.toml page
<https://flit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/pyproject_toml.html#scripts-section> of the
documentation.
If you have already got a flit.ini file to use with older versions of Flit, convert it
to pyproject.toml by running python3 -m flit.tomlify.
4. Run this command to upload your code to PyPI:
flit publish
Once your package is published, people can install it using pip just like any other
package. In most cases, pip will download a 'wheel' package, a standard format it knows
how to install. If you specifically ask pip to install an 'sdist' package, it will install
and use Flit in a temporary environment.
To install a package locally for development, run:
flit install [--symlink] [--python path/to/python]
Flit packages a single importable module or package at a time, using the import name as
the name on PyPI. All subpackages and data files within a package are included
automatically.
DOCUMENTATION CONTENTS
The pyproject.toml config file
This file lives next to the module or package.
NOTE:
Older version of Flit (up to 0.11) used a flit.ini file for similar information. These
files no longer work with Flit 3 and above.
Run python3 -m flit.tomlify to convert a flit.ini file to pyproject.toml.
Build system section
This tells tools like pip to build your project with flit. It's a standard defined by PEP
517. For any new project using Flit, it will look like this:
[build-system]
requires = ["flit_core >=3.2,<4"]
build-backend = "flit_core.buildapi"
Version constraints:
• For now, all packages should specify <4, so they won't be impacted by changes in the
next major version.
• New style metadata requires flit_core >=3.2
• Old style metadata requires flit_core >=2,<4
• The older flit.ini file requires flit_core <3.
• TOML features new in version 1.0 require flit_core >=3.4.
• flit_core 3.3 is the last version supporting Python 3.4 & 3.5. Packages supporting these
Python versions can only use TOML v0.5 <https://toml.io/en/v0.5.0>.
• Only flit_core 2.x can build packages on Python 2, so packages still supporting Python 2
cannot use new-style metadata (the [project] table).
New style metadata
New in version 3.2.
The new standard way to specify project metadata is in a [project] table, as defined by
PEP 621 <https://peps.python.org/pep-0621/>. Flit works for now with either this or the
older [tool.flit.metadata] table (described below), but it won't allow you to mix them.
A simple [project] table might look like this:
[project]
name = "astcheck"
authors = [
{name = "Thomas Kluyver", email = "thomas@kluyver.me.uk"},
]
readme = "README.rst"
classifiers = [
"License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License",
]
requires-python = ">=3.5"
dynamic = ["version", "description"]
The allowed fields are:
name The name your package will have on PyPI. This field is required. For Flit, this
name, with any hyphens replaced by underscores, is also the default value of the
import name (see Module section if that needs to be different).
Changed in version 3.8: Hyphens in the project name are now translated to
underscores for the import name.
version
Version number as a string. If you want Flit to get this from a __version__
attribute, leave it out of the TOML config and include "version" in the dynamic
field.
description
A one-line description of your project. If you want Flit to get this from the
module docstring, leave it out of the TOML config and include "description" in the
dynamic field.
readme A path (relative to the .toml file) to a file containing a longer description of
your package to show on PyPI. This should be written in reStructuredText
<http://docutils.sourceforge.net/docs/user/rst/quickref.html>, Markdown or plain
text, and the filename should have the appropriate extension (.rst, .md or .txt).
Alternatively, readme can be a table with either a file key (a relative path) or a
text key (literal text), and an optional content-type key (e.g. text/x-rst).
requires-python
A version specifier for the versions of Python this requires, e.g. ~=3.3 or
>=3.3,<4, which are equivalents.
license
A table with either a file key (a relative path to a license file) or a text key
(the license text).
authors
A list of tables with name and email keys (both optional) describing the authors of
the project.
maintainers
Same format as authors.
keywords
A list of words to help with searching for your package.
classifiers
A list of Trove classifiers
<https://pypi.python.org/pypi?%3Aaction=list_classifiers>. Add Private :: Do Not
Upload into the list to prevent a private package from being uploaded to PyPI by
accident.
dependencies & optional-dependencies
See Dependencies.
urls See URLs table.
scripts & gui-scripts
See Scripts section.
entry-points
See Entry points sections.
dynamic
A list of field names which aren't specified here, for which Flit should find a
value at build time. Only "version" and "description" are accepted.
Dependencies
The dependencies field is a list of other packages from PyPI that this package needs. Each
package may be followed by a version specifier like >=4.1, and/or an environment marker
<https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0508/#environment-markers> after a semicolon. For
example:
dependencies = [
"requests >=2.6",
"configparser; python_version == '2.7'",
]
The [project.optional-dependencies] table contains lists of packages needed for every
optional feature. The requirements are specified in the same format as for dependencies.
For example:
[project.optional-dependencies]
test = [
"pytest >=2.7.3",
"pytest-cov",
]
doc = ["sphinx"]
You can call these optional features anything you want, although test and doc are common
ones. You specify them for installation in square brackets after the package name or
directory, e.g. pip install '.[test]'.
URLs table
Your project's page on pypi.org <https://pypi.org/> can show a number of links. You can
point people to documentation or a bug tracker, for example.
This section is called [project.urls] in the file. You can use any names inside it. Here
it is for flit:
[project.urls]
Documentation = "https://flit.pypa.io"
Source = "https://github.com/pypa/flit"
Scripts section
This section is called [project.scripts] in the file. Each key and value describes a
shell command to be installed along with your package. These work like setuptools 'entry
points'. Here's the section for flit:
[project.scripts]
flit = "flit:main"
This will create a flit command, which will call the function main() imported from flit.
A similar table called [project.gui-scripts] defines commands which launch a GUI. This
only makes a difference on Windows, where GUI scripts are run without a console.
Entry points sections
You can declare entry points <http://entrypoints.readthedocs.io/en/latest/> using sections
named [project.entry-points.groupname]. E.g. to provide a pygments lexer from your
package:
[project.entry-points."pygments.lexers"]
dogelang = "dogelang.lexer:DogeLexer"
In each package:name value, the part before the colon should be an importable module name,
and the latter part should be the name of an object accessible within that module. The
details of what object to expose depend on the application you're extending.
If the group name contains a dot, it must be quoted ("pygments.lexers" above). Script
entry points are defined in scripts tables, so you can't use the group names
console_scripts or gui_scripts here.
Module section
If your package will have different names for installation and import, you should specify
the install (PyPI) name in the [project] table (see above), and the import name in a
[tool.flit.module] table:
[project]
name = "pynsist"
# ...
[tool.flit.module]
name = "nsist"
Flit looks for the source of the package by its import name. The source may be located
either in the directory that holds the pyproject.toml file, or in a src/ subdirectory.
Old style metadata
Flit's older way to specify metadata is in a [tool.flit.metadata] table, along with
[tool.flit.scripts] and [tool.flit.entrypoints], described below. This is still recognised
for now, but you can't mix it with New style metadata.
There are three required fields:
module The name of the module/package, as you'd use in an import statement.
author Your name
author-email
Your email address
e.g. for flit itself
[tool.flit.metadata]
module = "flit"
author = "Thomas Kluyver"
author-email = "thomas@kluyver.me.uk"
Changed in version 1.1: home-page was previously required.
The remaining fields are optional:
home-page
A URL for the project, such as its Github repository.
requires
A list of other packages from PyPI that this package needs. Each package may be
followed by a version specifier like (>=4.1) or >=4.1, and/or an environment marker
<https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0508/#environment-markers> after a semicolon.
For example:
requires = [
"requests >=2.6",
"configparser; python_version == '2.7'",
]
requires-extra
Lists of packages needed for every optional feature. The requirements are specified
in the same format as for requires. The requirements of the two reserved extras
test and doc as well as the extra dev are installed by flit install. For example:
[tool.flit.metadata.requires-extra]
test = [
"pytest >=2.7.3",
"pytest-cov",
]
doc = ["sphinx"]
New in version 1.1.
description-file
A path (relative to the .toml file) to a file containing a longer description of
your package to show on PyPI. This should be written in reStructuredText
<http://docutils.sourceforge.net/docs/user/rst/quickref.html>, Markdown or plain
text, and the filename should have the appropriate extension (.rst, .md or .txt).
classifiers
A list of Trove classifiers
<https://pypi.python.org/pypi?%3Aaction=list_classifiers>. Add Private :: Do Not
Upload into the list to prevent a private package from uploading on PyPI by
accident.
requires-python
A version specifier for the versions of Python this requires, e.g. ~=3.3 or
>=3.3,<4 which are equivalents.
dist-name
If you want your package's name on PyPI to be different from the importable module
name, set this to the PyPI name.
keywords
Comma separated list of words to help with searching for your package.
license
The name of a license, if you're using one for which there isn't a Trove
classifier. It's recommended to use Trove classifiers instead of this in most
cases.
maintainer, maintainer-email
Like author, for if you've taken over a project from someone else.
Here was the metadata section from flit using the older style:
[tool.flit.metadata]
module="flit"
author="Thomas Kluyver"
author-email="thomas@kluyver.me.uk"
home-page="https://github.com/pypa/flit"
requires=[
"flit_core >=2.2.0",
"requests",
"docutils",
"tomli",
"tomli-w",
]
requires-python=">=3.6"
description-file="README.rst"
classifiers=[
"Intended Audience :: Developers",
"License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License",
"Programming Language :: Python :: 3",
"Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules",
]
URLs subsection
Your project's page on pypi.org <https://pypi.org/> can show a number of links, in
addition to the home-page URL described above. You can point people to documentation or a
bug tracker, for example.
This section is called [tool.flit.metadata.urls] in the file. You can use any names inside
it. Here it is for flit:
[tool.flit.metadata.urls]
Documentation = "https://flit.pypa.io"
New in version 1.0.
Scripts section
A [tool.flit.scripts] table can be used along with [tool.flit.metadata]. It is in the
same format as the newer [project.scripts] table described above.
Entry points sections
[tool.flit.entrypoints] tables can be used along with [tool.flit.metadata]. They are in
the same format as the newer [project.entry-points] tables described above.
Sdist section
New in version 2.0.
With no configuration, Flit can make an sdist with everything it needs to build and
install your module: the package contents (including non-Python data files, but not .pyc
bytecode files), your pyproject.toml file, the readme & license files given in the
metadata, and the external data folder if you specified that.
If you want more control, you can give lists of paths or glob patterns as include and
exclude in this section. For example:
[tool.flit.sdist]
include = ["doc/"]
exclude = ["doc/*.html"]
These paths:
• Always use / as a separator (POSIX style)
• Must be relative paths from the directory containing pyproject.toml
• Cannot go outside that directory (no ../ paths)
• Cannot contain control characters or <>:"\\
• Can refer to directories, in which case they include everything under the directory,
including subdirectories
• Should match the case of the files they refer to, as case-insensitive matching is
platform dependent
Changed in version 3.8: Include and exclude patterns can now use recursive glob patterns
(**).
Exclusions have priority over inclusions. Bytecode is excluded by default and cannot be
included.
Including files committed in git/hg
If you use flit build or flit publish, you can also make sdists with the files which are
committed in version control (git or hg). This is a shortcut to e.g. include documentation
source files, but not built HTML or PDF documentation. The include and exclude patterns
are then applied on top of this list.
For now, including files from version control is the default for flit build and flit
publish, and can be disabled with --no-use-vcs. The default will switch in a future
version.
Using flit_core as a backend to other tools such as build <https://pypa-
build.readthedocs.io/en/latest/> never gets the list of files for the sdist from version
control.
External data section
New in version 3.7.
Data files which your code will use should go inside the Python package folder. Flit will
package these with no special configuration.
However, sometimes it's useful to package external files for system integration, such as
man pages or files defining a Jupyter extension. To do this, arrange the files within a
directory such as data, next to your pyproject.toml file, and add a section like this:
[tool.flit.external-data]
directory = "data"
Paths within this directory are typically installed to corresponding paths under a prefix
(such as a virtualenv directory). E.g. you might save a man page for a script as
(data)/share/man/man1/foo.1.
Whether these files are detected by the systems they're meant to integrate with depends on
how your package is installed and how those systems are configured. For instance,
installing in a virtualenv usually doesn't affect anything outside that environment. Don't
rely on these files being picked up unless you have close control of how the package will
be installed.
If you install a package with flit install --symlink, a symlink is made for each file in
the external data directory. Otherwise (including development installs with pip install
-e), these files are copied to their destination, so changes here won't take effect until
you reinstall the package.
NOTE:
For users coming from setuptools: external data corresponds to setuptools' data_files
parameter, although setuptools offers more flexibility.
Flit command line interface
All operations use the flit command, followed by one of a number of subcommands.
Common options
-f <path>, --ini-file <path>
Path to a config file specifying the module to build. The default is
pyproject.toml.
--version
Show the version of Flit in use.
--help Show help on the command-line interface.
--debug
Show more detailed logs about what flit is doing.
flit build
Build a wheel and an sdist (tarball) from the package.
--format <format>
Limit to building either wheel or sdist.
--setup-py
Generate a setup.py file in the sdist, so it can be installed by older versions of
pip.
--no-setup-py
Don't generate a setup.py file in the sdist. This is the default. An sdist built
without this will only work with tools that support PEP 517, but the wheel will
still be usable by any compatible tool.
Changed in version 3.5: Generating setup.py disabled by default.
--use-vcs
Use the files checked in to git or mercurial as the starting list to include in an
sdist, and then apply inclusions and exclusions from pyproject.toml.
This is the default for now, but we're planning to switch to --no-use-vcs as the
default in a future version.
--no-use-vcs
Create the sdist starting with only the files inside the installed module or
package, along with any inclusions and exclusions defined in pyproject.toml.
With this option, sdists from flit build are equivalent to those built by tools
calling Flit as a backend, such as build <https://pypa-
build.readthedocs.io/en/stable/>.
flit publish
Build a wheel and an sdist (tarball) from the package, and upload them to PyPI or another
repository.
--format <format>
Limit to publishing either wheel or sdist. You should normally publish the two
formats together.
--setup-py
--no-setup-py
--use-vcs
--no-use-vcs
These options affecting what goes in the sdist are described for flit build above.
--repository <repository>
Name of a repository to upload packages to. Should match a section in ~/.pypirc.
The default is pypi.
--pypirc <pypirc>
The .pypirc config file to be used. The default is ~/.pypirc.
SEE ALSO:
Controlling package uploads
flit install
Install the package on your system.
By default, the package is installed to the same Python environment that Flit itself is
installed in; use --python or FLIT_INSTALL_PYTHON to override this.
If you don't have permission to modify the environment (e.g. the system Python on Linux),
Flit may do a user install instead. Use the --user or --env flags to force this one way or
the other, rather than letting Flit guess.
-s, --symlink
Symlink the module into site-packages rather than copying it, so that you can test
changes without reinstalling the module.
--pth-file
Create a .pth file in site-packages rather than copying the module, so you can test
changes without reinstalling. This is a less elegant alternative to --symlink, but
it works on Windows, which typically doesn't allow symlinks.
--deps <dependency option>
Which dependencies to install. One of all, production, develop, or none. all and
develop install the extras test, doc, and dev. Default all.
--extras <extra[,extra,...]>
Which named extra features to install dependencies for. Specify all to install all
optional dependencies, or a comma-separated list of extras. Default depends on
--deps.
--only-deps
Install the dependencies of this package, but not the package itself.
This can be useful for e.g. building a container image, where your own code is
copied or mounted into the container at a later stage.
New in version 3.8.
--user Do a user-local installation. This is the default if flit is not in a virtualenv or
conda env (if the environment's library directory is read-only and
site.ENABLE_USER_SITE is true).
--env Install into the environment - the opposite of --user. This is the default in a
virtualenv or conda env (if the environment's library directory is writable or
site.ENABLE_USER_SITE is false).
--python <path to python>
Install for another Python, identified by the path of the python executable. Using
this option, you can install a module for Python 2, for instance. See
FLIT_INSTALL_PYTHON if this option is not given.
Changed in version 2.1: Added FLIT_INSTALL_PYTHON and use its value over the Python
running Flit when an explicit --python option is not given.
NOTE:
Flit calls pip to do the installation. You can set any of pip's options using its
environment variables <https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/topics/configuration/#environment-
variables>.
When you use the --symlink or --pth-file options, pip is used to install dependencies.
Otherwise, Flit builds a wheel and then calls pip to install that.
flit init
Create a new pyproject.toml config file by prompting for information about the module in
the current directory.
Environment variables
FLIT_NO_NETWORK
New in version 0.10.
Setting this to any non-empty value will stop flit from making network connections
(unless you explicitly ask to upload a package). This is intended for downstream
packagers, so if you use this, it's up to you to ensure any necessary dependencies
are installed.
FLIT_ROOT_INSTALL
By default, flit install will fail when run as root on POSIX systems, because
installing Python modules systemwide is not recommended. Setting this to any
non-empty value allows installation as root. It has no effect on Windows.
FLIT_USERNAME
FLIT_PASSWORD
FLIT_INDEX_URL
New in version 0.11.
Set a username, password, and index URL for uploading packages. See uploading
packages with environment variables for more information.
Token-based upload to PyPI is supported. To upload using a PyPI token, set
FLIT_USERNAME to __token__, and FLIT_PASSWORD to the token value.
FLIT_ALLOW_INVALID
New in version 0.13.
Setting this to any non-empty value tells Flit to continue if it detects invalid
metadata, instead of failing with an error. Problems will still be reported in the
logs, but won't cause Flit to stop.
If the metadata is invalid, uploading the package to PyPI may fail. This
environment variable provides an escape hatch in case Flit incorrectly rejects your
valid metadata. If you need to use it and you believe your metadata is valid,
please open an issue <https://github.com/pypa/flit/issues>.
FLIT_INSTALL_PYTHON
New in version 2.1.
Set a default Python interpreter for flit install to use when --python is not
specified. The value can be either an absolute path, or a command name (which will
be found in PATH). If this is unset or empty, the module is installed for the copy
of Python that is running Flit.
SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH
To make reproducible builds, set this to a timestamp as a number of seconds since
the start of the year 1970 in UTC, and document the value you used. On Unix
systems, you can get a value for the current time by running:
date +%s
SEE ALSO:
The SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH specification <https://reproducible-
builds.org/specs/source-date-epoch/>
Controlling package uploads
The command flit publish will upload your package to a package index server. The default
settings let you upload to PyPI <https://pypi.org/>, the default Python Package Index,
with a single user account.
If you want to upload to other servers, or with more than one user account, or upload
packages from a continuous integration job, you can configure Flit in two main ways:
Using .pypirc
You can create or edit a config file in your home directory, ~/.pypirc that will be used
by default or you can specify a custom location. This is also used by other Python tools
such as twine <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/twine>.
For instance, to upload a package to the Test PyPI server <https://test.pypi.org/> instead
of the normal PyPI, use a config file looking like this:
[distutils]
index-servers =
pypi
testpypi
[pypi]
repository = https://upload.pypi.org/legacy/
username = sirrobin # Replace with your PyPI username
[testpypi]
repository = https://test.pypi.org/legacy/
username = sirrobin # Replace with your TestPyPI username
You can select an index server from this config file with the --repository option:
flit publish --repository testpypi
If you don't use this option, Flit will use the server called pypi in the config file. If
that doesn't exist, it uploads to PyPI at https://upload.pypi.org/legacy/ by default.
If you publish a package and you don't have a .pypirc file, Flit will create it to store
your username.
Flit tries to store your password securely using the keyring
<https://pypi.python.org/pypi/keyring> library. If keyring is not installed, Flit will
ask for your password for each upload. Alternatively, you can also manually add your
password to the .pypirc file (password = ...)
Using environment variables
You can specify a server to upload to with FLIT_INDEX_URL, and pass credentials with
FLIT_USERNAME and FLIT_PASSWORD. Environment variables take precedence over the config
file, except if you use the --repository option to explicitly pick a server from the
config file.
This can make it easier to automate uploads, for example to release packages from a
continuous integration job.
WARNING:
Storing a password in an environment variable is convenient, but it's easy to
accidentally leak it <https://www.diogomonica.com/2017/03/27/why-you-shouldnt-use-env-
variables-for-secret-data/>. Look out for scripts that helpfully print all environment
variables for debugging, and remember that other scripts and libraries you run in that
environment have access to your password.
Reproducible builds
New in version 0.8.
Wheels built by flit are reproducible: if you build from the same source code, you should
be able to make wheels that are exactly identical, byte for byte. This is useful for
verifying software. For more details, see reproducible-builds.org <https://reproducible-
builds.org/>.
There is a caveat, however: wheels (which are zip files) include the modification
timestamp from each file. This will probably be different on each computer, because it
indicates when your local copy of the file was written, not when it was changed in version
control. These timestamps can be overridden by the environment variable
SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH.
SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH=$(date +%s)
flit publish
# Record the value of SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH in release notes for reproduction
Changed in version 0.12: Normalising permission bits
Flit normalises the permission bits of files copied into a wheel to either 755
(executable) or 644. This means that a file is readable by all users and writable only by
the user who owns it.
The most popular version control systems only track the executable bit, so checking out
the same repository on systems with different umasks (e.g. Debian and Fedora) produces
files with different permissions. With Flit 0.11 and earlier, this difference would
produce non-identical wheels.
Why use Flit?
Make the easy things easy and the hard things possible is an old motto from the Perl
community. Flit is entirely focused on the easy things part of that, and leaves the hard
things up to other tools.
Specifically, the easy things are pure Python packages with no build steps (neither
compiling C code, nor bundling Javascript, etc.). The vast majority of packages on PyPI
are like this: plain Python code, with maybe some static data files like icons included.
It's easy to underestimate the challenges involved in distributing and installing code,
because it seems like you just need to copy some files into the right place. There's a
whole lot of metadata and tooling that has to work together around that fundamental step.
But with the right tooling, a developer who wants to release their code doesn't need to
know about most of that.
What, specifically, does Flit make easy?
• flit init helps you set up the information Flit needs about your package.
• Subpackages are automatically included: you only need to specify the top-level package.
• Data files within a package directory are automatically included. Missing data files
has been a common packaging mistake with other tools.
• The version number is taken from your package's __version__ attribute, so that always
matches the version that tools like pip see.
• flit publish uploads a package to PyPI, so you don't need a separate tool to do this.
Setuptools, the most common tool for Python packaging, now has shortcuts for many of the
same things. But it has to stay compatible with projects published many years ago, which
limits what it can do by default.
Flit also has some support for reproducible builds, a feature which some people care
about.
There have been many other efforts to improve the user experience of Python packaging,
such as pbr <https://pypi.org/project/pbr/>, but before Flit, these tended to build on
setuptools and distutils. That was a pragmatic decision, but it's hard to build something
radically different on top of those libraries. The existence of Flit spurred the
development of new standards, like PEP 518 <https://peps.python.org/pep-0518/> and PEP 517
<https://peps.python.org/pep-0517/>, which are now used by other packaging tools such as
Poetry <https://python-poetry.org/> and Enscons <https://pypi.org/project/enscons/>.
Other options
If your package needs a build step, you won't be able to use Flit. Setuptools
<https://setuptools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/> is the de-facto standard, but newer tools
such as Enscons <https://pypi.org/project/enscons/> also cover this case.
Flit also doesn't help you manage dependencies: you have to add them to pyproject.toml by
hand. Tools like Poetry <https://python-poetry.org/> and Pipenv
<https://pypi.org/project/pipenv/> have features which help add and update dependencies on
other packages.
Bootstrapping
Flit is itself packaged using Flit, as are some foundational packaging tools such as
pep517. So where can you start if you need to install everything from source?
NOTE:
For most users, pip handles all this automatically. You should only need to deal with
this if you're building things entirely from scratch, such as putting Python packages
into another package format.
The key piece is flit_core. This is a package which can build itself using nothing except
Python and the standard library. From an unpacked source archive, you can make a wheel by
running:
python -m flit_core.wheel
And then you can install this wheel with the bootstrap_install.py script included in the
sdist (or by unzipping it to the correct directory):
# Install to site-packages for this Python:
python bootstrap_install.py dist/flit_core-*.whl
# Install somewhere else:
python bootstrap_install.py --installdir /path/to/site-packages dist/flit_core-*.whl
As of version 3.6, flit_core bundles the tomli TOML parser, to avoid a dependency cycle.
If you need to unbundle it, you will need to special-case installing flit_core and/or
tomli to get around that cycle.
After flit_core, I recommend that you get installer <https://pypi.org/project/installer/>
set up. You can use python -m flit_core.wheel again to make a wheel, and then use
installer itself (from the source directory) to install it.
After that, you probably want to get build <https://pypi.org/project/build/> and its
dependencies installed as the goal of the bootstrapping phase. You can then use build to
create wheels of any other Python packages, and installer to install them.
Developing Flit
To get a development installation of Flit itself:
git clone https://github.com/pypa/flit.git
cd flit
python3 -m pip install docutils requests
python3 bootstrap_dev.py
This links Flit into the current Python environment, so you can make changes and try them
without having to reinstall each time.
Testing
To run the tests in separate environments for each available Python version:
tox
tox <https://tox.readthedocs.io/en/latest/> has many options.
To run the tests in your current environment, run:
pytest
Release history
Version 3.9
• New options flit build --use-vcs and flit build --no-use-vcs to enable & disable
including all committed files in the sdist. For now --use-vcs is the default, but this
is likely to change in a future version, to bring flit build in line with standard build
frontends like python -m build (
:ghpull:`625`
).
• Sdist file names, and the name of the top-level folder in an sdist, are now normalised,
in accordance with PEP 625 <https://peps.python.org/pep-0625/> (
:ghpull:`628`
).
• A statically defined version number can now be parsed from files called version.py,
_version.py or __version__.py inside a packge, as well as from __init__.py, so executing
code is required in fewer cases (
:ghpull:`630`
).
• Fix setting the flag for regular files in zip metadata (
:ghpull:`639`
).
• The timestamp embedded in the gzip wrapper for sdists now defaults to a fixed date, so
building an sdist twice on the same machine should produce identical results, even
without any special steps (
:ghpull:`635`
). Setting SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH is still recommended for properly reproducible builds.
Version 3.8
• A project name containing hyphens is now automatically translated to use underscores for
the import name (
:ghpull:`566`
).
• New option flit install --only-deps to install the dependencies of the package, but not
the package itself.
• Add support for recursive globbing (**) in sdist includes and excludes (
:ghpull:`550`
).
• Python's bytecode cache files (__pycache__ folders and .pyc files) are now always
excluded from sdists (
:ghpull:`581`
).
• Use tomllib in Python 3.11, rather than tomli (
:ghpull:`573`
,
:ghpull:`604`
).
• Fix crash when unable to get a password from keyring (
:ghpull:`567`
).
• Fix including modified files in sdist when using Mercurial (
:ghpull:`541`
).
• Fix for some cases of determining whether a package supports Python 2 or not (
:ghpull:`593`
).
• Fix parsing version number from code using multiple assignments (
:ghpull:`474`
).
• Document how to use a PyPI token with FLIT_PASSWORD (
:ghpull:`602`
).
• Fix link to information about environment variables for pip (
:ghpull:`576`
).
• Link to the docs for the latest stable version in package metadata (
:ghpull:`589`
).
• Remove a mention of the toml package, which is no longer needed, from the Developing
Flit page (
:ghpull:`601`
).
• The bootstrap install script for flit_core accepts a new --install-root option.
• Ensure the license file is included in packages on PyPI (
:ghpull:`603`
).
Version 3.7.1
• Fix building packages which need execution to get the version number, and have a
relative import in __init__.py (
:ghpull:`531`
).
Version 3.7
• Support for external data files such as man pages or Jupyter extension support files (
:ghpull:`510`
).
• Project names are now lowercase in wheel filenames and .dist-info folder names, in line
with the specifications (
:ghpull:`498`
).
• Improved support for bootstrapping a Python environment, e.g. for downstream packagers (
:ghpull:`511`
). flit_core.wheel is usable with python -m to create wheels before the build
<https://pypi.org/project/build/> tool is available, and flit_core sdists also include a
script to install itself from a wheel before installer
<https://pypi.org/project/installer/> is available.
• Use newer importlib APIs, fixing some deprecation warnings (
:ghpull:`499`
).
Version 3.6
• flit_core now bundles the tomli <https://pypi.org/project/tomli/> TOML parser library
(version 1.2.3) to avoid a circular dependency between flit_core and tomli (
:ghpull:`492`
). This means flit_core now has no dependencies except Python itself, both at build time
and at runtime, simplifying bootstrapping.
Version 3.5.1
• Fix development installs with flit install --symlink and --pth-file, which were broken
in 3.5.0, especially for packages using a src folder (
:ghpull:`472`
).
Version 3.5
• You can now use Flit to distribute a module or package inside a namespace package (as
defined by PEP 420 <https://peps.python.org/pep-0420/>). To do this, specify the import
name of the concrete, inner module you are packaging - e.g. name = "sphinxcontrib.foo" -
either in the [project] table, or under [tool.flit.module] if you want to use a
different name on PyPI (
:ghpull:`468`
).
• Flit no longer generates a setup.py file in sdists (.tar.gz packages) by default (
:ghpull:`462`
). Modern packaging tools don't need this. You can use the --setup-py flag to keep
adding it for now, but this will probably be removed at some point in the future.
• Fixed how flit init handles authors' names with non-ASCII characters (
:ghpull:`460`
).
• When flit init generates a LICENSE file, the new pyproject.toml now references it (
:ghpull:`467`
).
Version 3.4
• Python 3.6 or above is now required, both for flit and flit_core.
• Add a --setup-py option to flit build and flit publish, and a warning when neither this
nor --no-setup-py are specified (
:ghpull:`431`
). A future version will stop generating setup.py files in sdists by default.
• Add support for standardised editable installs - pip install -e - according to PEP 660
<https://peps.python.org/pep-0660/> (
:ghpull:`400`
).
• Add a --pypirc option for flit publish to specify an alternative path to a .pypirc
config file describing package indexes (
:ghpull:`434`
).
• Fix installing dependencies specified in a [project] table (
:ghpull:`433`
).
• Fix building wheels when SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH (see Reproducible builds) is set to a date
before 1980 (
:ghpull:`448`
).
• Switch to using the tomli <https://pypi.org/project/tomli/> TOML parser, in common with
other packaging projects (
:ghpull:`438`
). This supports TOML version 1.0.
• Add a document on Bootstrapping (
:ghpull:`441`
).
Version 3.3
• PKG-INFO files in sdists are now generated the same way as METADATA in wheels, fixing
some issues with sdists (
:ghpull:`410`
).
• flit publish now sends SHA-256 hashes, fixing uploads to GitLab package repositories (
:ghpull:`416`
).
• The [project] metadata table from PEP 621 <https://peps.python.org/pep-0621/> is now
fully supported and documented. Projects using this can now specify requires =
["flit_core >=3.2,<4"] in the [build-system] table.
Version 3.2
• Experimental support for specifying metadata in a [project] table in pyproject.toml as
specified by PEP 621 <https://peps.python.org/pep-0621/> (
:ghpull:`393`
). If you try using this, please specify requires = ["flit_core >=3.2.0,<3.3"] in the
[build-system] table for now, in case it needs to change for the next release.
• Fix writing METADATA file with multi-line information in certain fields such as Author (
:ghpull:`402`
).
• Fix building wheel when a directory such as LICENSES appears in the project root
directory (
:ghpull:`401`
).
Version 3.1
• Update handling of names & version numbers in wheel filenames and .dist-info folders in
line with changes in the specs (
:ghpull:`395`
).
• Switch from the deprecated pytoml package to toml (
:ghpull:`378`
).
• Fix specifying backend-path in pyproject.toml for flit-core (as a list instead of a
string).
Version 3.0
Breaking changes:
• Projects must now provide Flit with information in pyproject.toml files, not the older
flit.ini format (
:ghpull:`338`
).
• flit_core once again requires Python 3 (>=3.4). Packages that support Python 2 can still
be built by flit_core 2.x, but can't rely on new features (
:ghpull:`342`
).
• The deprecated flit installfrom command was removed (
:ghpull:`334`
). You can use pip install git+https://github.com/... instead.
Features and fixes:
• Fix building sdists from a git repository with non-ASCII characters in filenames (
:ghpull:`346`
).
• Fix identifying the version number when the code contains a subscript assignment before
__version__ = (
:ghpull:`348`
).
• Script entry points can now use a class method (
:ghpull:`359`
).
• Set suitable permission bits on metadata files in wheels (
:ghpull:`256`
).
• Fixed line endings in the RECORD file when installing on Windows (
:ghpull:`368`
).
• Support for recording the source of local installations, as in PEP 610
<https://peps.python.org/pep-0610/> (
:ghpull:`335`
).
• flit init will check for a README in the root of the project and automatically set it as
description-file (
:ghpull:`337`
).
• Pygments is not required for checking reStructuredText READMEs (
:ghpull:`357`
).
• Packages where the version number can be recognised without executing their code don't
need their dependencies installed to build, which should make them build faster (
:ghpull:`361`
).
• Ensure the installed RECORD file is predictably ordered (
:ghpull:`366`
).
Version 2.3
• New projects created with flit init now declare that they require flit_core >=2,<4 (
:ghpull:`328`
). Any projects using pyproject.toml (not flit.ini) should be compatible with flit 3.x.
• Fix selecting files from a git submodule to include in an sdist (
:ghpull:`324`
).
• Fix checking classifiers when no writeable cache directory is available (
:ghpull:`319`
).
• Better errors when trying to install to a mis-spelled or missing Python interpreter (
:ghpull:`331`
).
• Fix specifying --repository before upload (
:ghpull:`322`
). Passing the option like this is deprecated, and you should now pass it after upload.
• Documentation improvements (
:ghpull:`327`
,
:ghpull:`318`
,
:ghpull:`314`
)
Version 2.2
• Allow underscores in package names with Python 2 (
:ghpull:`305`
).
• Add a --no-setup-py option to build sdists without a backwards-compatible setup.py file
(
:ghpull:`311`
).
• Fix the generated setup.py file for packages using a src/ layout (
:ghpull:`303`
).
• Fix detecting when more than one file matches the module name specified (
:ghpull:`307`
).
• Fix installing to a venv on Windows with the --python option (
:ghpull:`300`
).
• Don't echo the command in scripts installed with --symlink or --pth-file on Windows (
:ghpull:`310`
).
• New bootstrap_dev.py script to set up a development installation of Flit from the
repository (
:ghpull:`301`
,
:ghpull:`306`
).
Version 2.1
• Use compression when adding files to wheels.
• Added the FLIT_INSTALL_PYTHON environment variable (
:ghpull:`295`
), to configure flit to always install into a Python other than the one it's running on.
• flit_core uses the intreehooks shim package to load its bootstrapping backend, until a
released version of pip supports the standard backend-path mechanism.
Version 2.0
Flit 2 is a major architecture change. The flit_core package now provides a PEP 517
<https://peps.python.org/pep-0517/> backend for building packages, while flit is a command
line interface extending that.
The build backend works on Python 2, so tools like pip should be able to install packages
built with flit from source on Python 2. The flit command requires Python 3.5 or above.
You will need to change the build-system table in your pyproject.toml file to look like
this:
[build-system]
requires = ["flit_core >=2,<4"]
build-backend = "flit_core.buildapi"
Other changes include:
• Support for storing your code under a src/ folder (
:ghpull:`260`
). You don't need to change any configuration if you do this.
• Options to control what files are included in an sdist - see Sdist section for the
details.
• Requirements can specify a URL 'direct reference', as an alternative to a version
number, with the syntax defined in PEP 440 <https://peps.python.org/pep-0440/>: requests
@ https://example.com/requests-2.22.0.tar.gz.
• Fix the shebang of scripts installed with the --python option and the --symlink flag (
:ghpull:`286`
).
• Installing with --deps develop now installs normal dependencies as well as development
dependencies.
• Author email is no longer required in the metadata table (
:ghpull:`289`
).
• More error messages are now shown without a traceback (
:ghpull:`254`
)
Version 1.3
• Fix for building sdists from a subdirectory in a Mercurial repository (
:ghpull:`233`
).
• Fix for getting the docstring and version from modules defining their encoding (
:ghpull:`239`
).
• Fix for installing packages with flit installfrom (
:ghpull:`221`
).
• Packages with requirements no longer get a spurious Provides-Extra: .none metadata entry
(
:ghissue:`228`
).
• Better check of whether python-requires includes any Python 2 version (
:ghpull:`232`
).
• Better check of home page URLs in flit init (
:ghpull:`230`
).
• Better error message when the description file is not found (
:ghpull:`234`
).
• Updated a help message to refer to pyproject.toml (
:ghpull:`240`
).
• Improve tests of flit init (
:ghpull:`229`
).
Version 1.2.1
• Fix for installing packages with flit install.
• Make requests_download an extra dependency, to avoid a circular build dependency. To use
flit installfrom, you can install with pip install flit[installfrom]. Note that the
installfrom subcommand is deprecated, as it will soon be possible to use pip to install
Flit projects directly from a VCS URL.
Version 1.2
• Fixes for packages specifying requires-extra: sdists should now work, and environment
markers can be used together with requires-extra.
• Fix running flit installfrom without a config file present in the working directory.
• The error message for a missing or empty docstring tells you what file the docstring
should be in.
• Improvements to documentation on version selectors for requirements.
Version 1.1
• Packages can now have 'extras', specified as requires-extra in the pyproject.toml file.
These are additional dependencies for optional features.
• The home-page metadata field is no longer required.
• Additional project URLs are now validated.
• flit -V is now equivalent to flit --version.
• Various improvements to documentation.
Version 1.0
• The description file may now be written in reStructuredText, Markdown or plain text. The
file extension should indicate which of these formats it is (.rst, .md or .txt).
Previously, only reStructuredText was officially supported.
• Multiple links (e.g. documentation, bug tracker) can now be specified in a new
[tool.flit.metadata.urls] section of pyproject.toml.
• Dependencies are now correctly installed to the target Python when you use the --symlink
or --pth-file options.
• Dependencies are only installed to the Python where Flit is running if it fails to get
the docstring and version number without them.
• The commands deprecated in 0.13—flit wheel, flit sdist and flit register—have been
removed.
Although version 1.0 sounds like a milestone, there's nothing that makes this release
especially significant. It doesn't represent a step change in stability or completeness.
Flit has been gradually maturing for some time, and I chose this point to end the series
of 0.x version numbers.
Version 0.13
• Better validation of several metadata fields (dist-name, requires, requires-python,
home-page), and of the version number.
• New FLIT_ALLOW_INVALID environment variable to ignore validation failures in case they
go wrong.
• The list of valid classifiers is now fetched from Warehouse (https://pypi.org), rather
than the older https://pypi.python.org site.
• Deprecated flit wheel and flit sdist subcommands: use flit build.
• Deprecated flit register: you can no longer register a package separately from uploading
it.
Version 0.12.3
• Fix building and installing packages with a - in the distribution name.
• Fix numbering in README.
Version 0.12.2
• New tool to convert flit.ini to pyproject.toml:
python3 -m flit.tomlify
• Use the PAX tar format for sdists, as specified by PEP 517.
Version 0.12.1
• Restore dependency on zipfile36 backport package.
• Add some missing options to documentation of flit install subcommand.
• Rearrange environment variables in the docs.
Version 0.12
• Switch the config to pyproject.toml by default instead of flit.ini, and implement the
PEP 517 API.
• A new option --pth-file allows for development installation on Windows (where --symlink
usually won't work).
• Normalise file permissions in the zip file, making builds more reproducible across
different systems.
• Sdists (.tar.gz packages) can now also be reproducibly built by setting
SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH.
• For most modules, Flit can now extract the version number and docstring without
importing it. It will still fall back to importing where getting these from the AST
fails.
• flit build will build the wheel from the sdist, helping to ensure that files aren't left
out of the sdist.
• All list fields in the INI file now ignore blank lines (requires, dev-requires,
classifiers).
• Fix the path separator in the RECORD file of a wheel built on Windows.
• Some minor fixes to building reproducible wheels.
• If building a wheel fails, the temporary file created will be cleaned up.
• Various improvements to docs and README.
Version 0.11.4
• Explicitly open various files as UTF-8, rather than relying on locale encoding.
• Link to docs from README.
• Better test coverage, and a few minor fixes for problems revealed by tests.
Version 0.11.3
• Fixed a bug causing failed uploads when the password is entered in the terminal.
Version 0.11.2
• A couple of behaviour changes when uploading to warehouse.
Version 0.11.1
• Fixed a bug when you use flit to build an sdist from a subdirectory inside a VCS
checkout. The VCS is now correctly detected.
• Fix the rst checker for newer versions of docutils, by upgrading the bundled copy of
readme_renderer.
Version 0.11
• Flit can now build sdists (tarballs) and upload them to PyPI, if your code is in a git
or mercurial repository. There are new commands:
• flit build builds both a wheel and an sdist.
• flit publish builds and uploads a wheel and an sdist.
• Smarter ways of getting the information needed for upload:
• If you have the keyring <https://github.com/jaraco/keyring> package installed, flit
can use it to store your password, rather than keeping it in plain text in ~/.pypirc.
• If ~/.pypirc does not already exist, and you are prompted for your username, flit will
write it into that file.
• You can provide the information as environment variables: FLIT_USERNAME, FLIT_PASSWORD
and FLIT_INDEX_URL. Use this to upload packages from a CI service, for instance.
• Include 'LICENSE' or 'COPYING' files in wheels.
• Fix for flit install --symlink inside a virtualenv.
Version 0.10
• Downstream packagers can use the FLIT_NO_NETWORK environment variable to stop flit
downloading data from the network.
Version 0.9
• flit install and flit installfrom now take an optional --python argument, with the path
to the Python executable you want to install it for. Using this, you can install
modules to Python 2.
• Installing a module normally (without --symlink) builds a wheel and uses pip to install
it, which should work better in some corner cases.
Version 0.8
• A new flit installfrom subcommand to install a project from a source archive, such as
from Github.
• Reproducible builds - you can produce byte-for-byte identical wheels.
• A warning for non-canonical version numbers according to PEP 440
<https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0440/>.
• Fix for installing projects on Windows.
• Better error message when module docstring is only whitespace.
Version 0.7
• A new dev-requires field in the config file for development requirements, used when
doing flit install.
• Added a --deps option for flit install to control which dependencies are installed.
• Flit can now be invoked with python -m flit.
Version 0.6
• flit install now ensures requirements specified in flit.ini are installed, using pip.
• If you specify a description file, flit now warns you if it's not valid reStructuredText
(since invalid reStructuredText is treated as plain text on PyPI).
• Improved the error message for mis-spelled keys in flit.ini.
Version 0.5
• A new flit init command to quickly define the essential basic metadata for a package.
• Support for entry points.
• A new flit register command to register a package without uploading it, for when you
want to claim a name before you're ready to release.
• Added a --repository option for specifying an alternative PyPI instance.
• Added a --debug flag to show debug-level log messages.
• Better error messages when the module docstring or __version__ is missing.
Version 0.4
• Users can now specify dist-name in the config file if they need to use different names
on PyPI and for imports.
• Classifiers are now checked against a locally cached list of valid classifiers.
• Packages can be locally installed into environments for development.
• Local installation now creates a PEP 376 .dist-info folder instead of .egg-info.
• Index
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AUTHOR
Thomas Kluyver
COPYRIGHT
2023, Thomas Kluyver