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NAME

       i.rectify  - Rectifies an image by computing a coordinate transformation for each pixel in
       the image based on the control points.

KEYWORDS

       imagery, rectify, geometry

SYNOPSIS

       i.rectify
       i.rectify --help
       i.rectify  [-cat]  group=name   [input=name[,name,...]]   extension=string   order=integer
       [resolution=float]    [memory=memory  in  MB]    [method=string]    [--help]   [--verbose]
       [--quiet]  [--ui]

   Flags:
       -c
           Use current region settings in target location (def.=calculate smallest area)

       -a
           Rectify all raster maps in group

       -t
           Use thin plate spline

       --help
           Print usage summary

       --verbose
           Verbose module output

       --quiet
           Quiet module output

       --ui
           Force launching GUI dialog

   Parameters:
       group=name [required]
           Name of input imagery group

       input=name[,name,...]
           Name of input raster map(s)

       extension=string [required]
           Output raster map(s) suffix

       order=integer [required]
           Rectification polynomial order (1-3)
           Options: 1-3
           Default: 1

       resolution=float
           Target resolution (ignored if -c flag used)

       memory=memory in MB
           Maximum memory to be used (in MB)
           Cache size for raster rows
           Default: 300

       method=string
           Interpolation method to use
           Options: nearest, linear, cubic, lanczos, linear_f, cubic_f, lanczos_f
           Default: nearest

DESCRIPTION

       i.rectify uses the control points included in the  source  data  or  identified  with  the
       Ground  Control  Points Manager to calculate a transformation matrix and then converts x,y
       cell coordinates to standard map coordinates for each pixel in the image. The result is  a
       planimetric  image  with  a  transformed  coordinate  system (i.e., a different coordinate
       system than before it was rectified). Supported transformation methods are first,  second,
       and  third  order  polynomial and thin plate spline.  Thin plate spline is recommended for
       ungeoreferenced satellite  imagery  where  ground  control  points  (GCPs)  are  included.
       Examples are NOAA/AVHRR and ENVISAT imagery which include throusands of GCPs.

       If  no  ground control points are available, the Ground Control Points Manager must be run
       before i.rectify. An image must be georeferences  before  it  can  reside  in  a  standard
       coordinate  LOCATION,  and therefore be analyzed with the other map layers in the standard
       coordinate LOCATION. Upon completion of i.rectify, the rectified image is deposited in the
       target standard coordinate LOCATION. This LOCATION is selected using i.target.

       More  than  one  raster  map  may be rectified at a time. Each cell file should be given a
       unique output file name. The rectified image or rectified raster maps will be  located  in
       the  target LOCATION when the program is completed. The original unrectified files are not
       modified or removed.

       If the -c flag is used, i.rectify will only rectify that portion of the  image  or  raster
       map  that  occurs  within  the  chosen window region in the target location, and only that
       portion of the cell file will be  relocated  in  the  target  database.  It  is  important
       therefore,  to  check  the  current mapset window in the target LOCATION if the -c flag is
       used.

       If you are rectifying a file with plans to patch  it  to  another  file  using  the  GRASS
       program r.patch, choose option number one, the current window in the target location. This
       window, however, must be the default window for the target LOCATION.  When  a  file  being
       rectified  is  smaller  than  the default window in which it is being rectified, NULLs are
       added to the rectified file. Patching files of the  same  size  that  contain  NULL  data,
       eliminates  the possibility of a no-data line in the patched result. This is because, when
       the images are patched, the NULLs in the image are "covered" with non-NULL  pixel  values.
       When  rectifying  files  that  are going to be patched, rectify all of the files using the
       same default window.

   Coordinate transformation
       The desired order of transformation (1, 2, or 3) is selected with the order  option.   The
       program will calculate the RMSE and check the required number of points.

   Linear affine transformation (1st order transformation)
       x’ = ax + by + c
       y’  =  Ax + By + C The a,b,c,A,B,C are determined by least squares regression based on the
       control points entered.  This transformation applies scaling, translation and rotation. It
       is  NOT  a  general  purpose rubber-sheeting like TPS, nor is it ortho-photo rectification
       using a DEM,  not  second  order  polynomial,  etc.  It  can  be  used  if  (1)  you  have
       geometrically  correct  images,  and  (2)  the  terrain or camera distortion effect can be
       ignored.

   Polynomial Transformation Matrix (2nd, 3d order transformation)
       i.rectify uses a first, second, or third order  transformation  matrix  to  calculate  the
       registration  coefficients.  The number of control points required for a selected order of
       transformation (represented by n) is
       ((n + 1) * (n + 2) / 2) or 3, 6, and 10 respectively. It is strongly recommended that  one
       or  more  additional points be identified to allow for an overly-determined transformation
       calculation which will generate the Root Mean Square (RMS) error values for each  included
       point.  The  RMS  error  values  for  all  the  included  control  points  are immediately
       recalculated when the user selects a different transformation order from the menu bar. The
       polynomial equations are performed using a modified Gaussian elimination method.

   Thin plate spline (TPS) transformation
       TPS  transformation is selected with the -t flag. This method of coordinate transformation
       is recommended for satellite imagery where hundreds or thousands of GCPs are included, and
       for  historical printed or scanned maps with unknown georeferencing and/or known localized
       distortions.

       TPS combines a linear affine transformation with  individual  transformation  coefficients
       for  each  GCP,  using the radial basis kernel function with the distance dist between any
       two points:
       dist2 * log(dist) As  a  consequence,  localized  distortions  can  be  removed  with  TPS
       transformation. For example, scan line sensors will have due to the changing viewing angle
       larger distortions towards the end points of the scan line than at the center of the  scan
       line.  Even  higher  order polynomial transformations are not able to remove these locally
       different distortions, but TPS transformation can. For best results, TPS requires an  even
       and, for localized distortions, dense spacing of GCPs.

   Resampling method
       The  rectified  data  is resampled with one of seven different methods: nearest, bilinear,
       cubic, lanczos, bilinear_f, cubic_f, or lanczos_f.

       The method=nearest method, which performs a nearest neighbor assignment, is the fastest of
       the  resampling  methods.  It  is  primarily  used for categorical data such as a land use
       classification, since it will not change the values of the data cells. The method=bilinear
       method  determines the new value of the cell based on a weighted distance average of the 4
       surrounding cells in the input map. The method=cubic method determines the  new  value  of
       the  cell  based  on  a weighted distance average of the 16 surrounding cells in the input
       map.  The method=lanczos method determines the new value of the cell based on  a  weighted
       distance average of the 25 surrounding cells in the input map.

       The  bilinear, cubic and lanczos interpolation methods are most appropriate for continuous
       data and cause some smoothing. These options should not be  used  with  categorical  data,
       since the cell values will be altered.

       In  the  bilinear,  cubic  and  lanczos  methods,  if any of the surrounding cells used to
       interpolate the new cell value are NULL, the resulting cell will  be  NULL,  even  if  the
       nearest  cell  is  not NULL. This will cause some thinning along NULL borders, such as the
       coasts of land areas in a DEM. The bilinear_f, cubic_f and lanczos_f interpolation methods
       can  be  used  if  thinning along NULL edges is not desired.  These methods "fall back" to
       simpler interpolation methods along NULL borders.  That  is,  from  lanczos  to  cubic  to
       bilinear to nearest.

       If  nearest  neighbor assignment is used, the output map has the same raster format as the
       input map. If any of the other interpolations is  used,  the  output  map  is  written  as
       floating point.

NOTES

       If i.rectify starts normally but after some time the following text is seen:
       ERROR: Error writing segment file
       the user may try the -c flag or the module needs more free space on the hard drive.

SEE ALSO

       The GRASS 4 Image Processing manual

        m.transform, r.proj, v.proj, i.group, i.target
       Ground Control Points Manager

AUTHORS

       William R. Enslin, Michigan State University, Center for Remote Sensing

       Modified for GRASS 5.0 by:
       Luca Palmeri (palmeri@ux1.unipd.it)
       Bill Hughes
       Pierre de Mouveaux (pmx@audiovu.com)
       CMD mode by Bob Covill

SOURCE CODE

       Available at: i.rectify source code (history)

       Accessed: Tuesday Jun 27 11:14:24 2023

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       © 2003-2023 GRASS Development Team, GRASS GIS 8.3.0 Reference Manual