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GRASS GIS 8.3.0 Reference Manual

       Geographic  Resources  Analysis  Support  System,  commonly referred to as GRASS GIS, is a
       Geographic Information System (GIS) used for  geospatial  data  management  and  analysis,
       image  processing, graphics/maps production, spatial modeling, and visualization. GRASS is
       currently used in academic and commercial settings around the world, as well  as  by  many
       governmental agencies and environmental consulting companies.

       This  reference  manual  details  the use of modules distributed with Geographic Resources
       Analysis Support System  (GRASS),  an  open  source  (GNU  GPLed),  image  processing  and
       geographic information system (GIS).  Go to raster introduction | topics

       Go back to help overview

   Raster commands:
       r.basins.fill                                                Generates watershed subbasins raster map.

       r.blend                                                      Blends color components of two raster maps by a given ratio.

       r.buffer                                                     Creates  a raster map showing buffer zones surrounding cells
                                                                    that contain non-NULL category values.

       r.buffer.lowmem                                              Creates a raster map showing buffer zones surrounding  cells
                                                                    that contain non-NULL category values.

       r.buildvrt                                                   Build  a  VRT (Virtual Raster) from the list of input raster
                                                                    maps.

       r.carve                                                      Generates stream channels.

       r.category                                                   Manages  category  values   and   labels   associated   with
                                                                    user-specified raster map layers.

       r.circle                                                     Creates  a  raster  map containing concentric rings around a
                                                                    given point.

       r.clump                                                      Recategorizes data in a raster map by  grouping  cells  that
                                                                    form physically discrete areas into unique categories.

       r.coin                                                       Tabulates  the mutual occurrence (coincidence) of categories
                                                                    for two raster map layers.

       r.colors                                                     Creates/modifies the color table associated  with  a  raster
                                                                    map.

       r.colors.out                                                 Exports the color table associated with a raster map.

       r.colors.stddev                                              Sets  color  rules  based on stddev from a raster map’s mean
                                                                    value.

       r.composite                                                  Combines red, green and  blue  raster  maps  into  a  single
                                                                    composite raster map.

       r.compress                                                   Compresses and decompresses raster maps.

       r.contour                                                    Produces  a  vector  map of specified contours from a raster
                                                                    map.

       r.cost                                                       Creates a raster map showing the cumulative cost  of  moving
                                                                    between  different  geographic  locations on an input raster
                                                                    map whose cell category values represent cost.

       r.covar                                                      Outputs a covariance/correlation matrix  for  user-specified
                                                                    raster map layer(s).

       r.cross                                                      Creates a cross product of the category values from multiple
                                                                    raster map layers.

       r.describe                                                   Prints terse list of category values found in a  raster  map
                                                                    layer.

       r.distance                                                   Locates  the  closest  points  between objects in two raster
                                                                    maps.

       r.drain                                                      Traces a flow through an elevation model or cost surface  on
                                                                    a raster map.

       r.external                                                   Links  GDAL  supported  raster data as a pseudo GRASS raster
                                                                    map.

       r.external.out                                               Redirects raster  output  to  file  utilizing  GDAL  library
                                                                    rather than storing in GRASS raster format.

       r.fill.dir                                                   Filters  and  generates a depressionless elevation map and a
                                                                    flow direction map from a given elevation raster map.

       r.fill.stats                                                 Rapidly fills ’no data’ cells (NULLs) of a raster  map  with
                                                                    interpolated values (IDW).

       r.fillnulls                                                  Fills   no-data   areas   in   raster   maps   using  spline
                                                                    interpolation.

       r.flow                                                       Constructs flowlines.

       r.geomorphon                                                 Calculates  geomorphons  (terrain  forms)   and   associated
                                                                    geometry using machine vision approach.

       r.grow.distance                                              Generates  a  raster  map  containing  distances  to nearest
                                                                    raster features and/or the value  of  the  nearest  non-null
                                                                    cell.

       r.grow                                                       Generates  a raster map layer with contiguous areas grown by
                                                                    one cell.

       r.gwflow                                                     Numerical calculation program for  transient,  confined  and
                                                                    unconfined groundwater flow in two dimensions.

       r.his                                                        Generates  red,  green  and  blue  (RGB)  raster  map layers
                                                                    combining hue, intensity and saturation  (HIS)  values  from
                                                                    user-specified input raster map layers.

       r.horizon                                                    Computes  horizon  angle  height  from  a  digital elevation
                                                                    model.

       r.import                                                     Imports raster data into  a  GRASS  raster  map  using  GDAL
                                                                    library and reprojects on the fly.

       r.in.ascii                                                   Converts a GRASS ASCII raster file to binary raster map.

       r.in.aster                                                   Georeference,  rectify,  and  import Terra-ASTER imagery and
                                                                    relative DEMs using gdalwarp.

       r.in.bin                                                     Import a binary raster file into a GRASS raster map layer.

       r.in.gdal                                                    Imports raster data into  a  GRASS  raster  map  using  GDAL
                                                                    library.

       r.in.gridatb                                                 Imports  GRIDATB.FOR map file (TOPMODEL) into a GRASS raster
                                                                    map.

       r.in.mat                                                     Imports a binary MAT-File(v4) to a GRASS raster.

       r.in.png                                                     Imports non-georeferenced PNG format image.

       r.in.poly                                                    Creates  raster  maps  from  ASCII  polygon/line/point  data
                                                                    files.

       r.in.srtm                                                    Imports SRTM HGT files into raster map.

       r.in.wms                                                     Downloads  and  imports  data  from OGC WMS and OGC WMTS web
                                                                    mapping servers.

       r.in.xyz                                                     Creates a raster map from an assemblage of many  coordinates
                                                                    using univariate statistics.

       r.info                                                       Outputs basic information about a raster map.

       r.kappa                                                      Calculates  error  matrix  and  kappa parameter for accuracy
                                                                    assessment of classification result.

       r.lake                                                       Fills lake at given point to given level.

       r.latlong                                                    Creates a latitude/longitude raster map.

       r.li.cwed                                                    Calculates contrast weighted edge density index on a  raster
                                                                    map

       r.li.daemon                                                  Support module for r.li landscape index calculations.

       r.li.dominance                                               Calculates dominance’s diversity index on a raster map

       r.li.edgedensity                                             Calculates  edge  density  index  on a raster map, using a 4
                                                                    neighbour algorithm

       r.li                                                         Toolset for multiscale analysis of landscape structure

       r.li.mpa                                                     Calculates mean pixel attribute index on a raster map

       r.li.mps                                                     Calculates mean patch size index on a raster map, using a  4
                                                                    neighbour algorithm

       r.li.padcv                                                   Calculates  coefficient  of  variation  of  patch  area on a
                                                                    raster map

       r.li.padrange                                                Calculates range of patch area size on a raster map

       r.li.padsd                                                   Calculates standard deviation of patch area a raster map

       r.li.patchdensity                                            Calculates patch density index on a raster map,  using  a  4
                                                                    neighbour algorithm

       r.li.patchnum                                                Calculates  patch  number  index  on a raster map, using a 4
                                                                    neighbour algorithm.

       r.li.pielou                                                  Calculates Pielou’s diversity index on a raster map

       r.li.renyi                                                   Calculates Renyi’s diversity index on a raster map

       r.li.richness                                                Calculates richness index on a raster map

       r.li.shannon                                                 Calculates Shannon’s diversity index on a raster map

       r.li.shape                                                   Calculates shape index on a raster map

       r.li.simpson                                                 Calculates Simpson’s diversity index on a raster map

       r.mapcalc                                                    Raster map calculator.

       r.mapcalc.simple                                             Calculates  a  new  raster  map  from  a  simple   r.mapcalc
                                                                    expression.

       r.mask                                                       Creates a MASK for limiting raster operation.

       r.mfilter                                                    Performs raster map matrix filter.

       r.mode                                                       Finds  the  mode  of  values  in  a  cover  map within areas
                                                                    assigned the same category value in  a  user-specified  base
                                                                    map.

       r.neighbors                                                  Makes  each  cell  category value a function of the category
                                                                    values assigned to the cells around it, and stores new  cell
                                                                    values in an output raster map layer.

       r.null                                                       Manages NULL-values of given raster map.

       r.object.geometry                                            Calculates geometry parameters for raster objects.

       r.out.ascii                                                  Converts a raster map layer into a GRASS ASCII text file.

       r.out.bin                                                    Exports a GRASS raster to a binary array.

       r.out.gdal                                                   Exports GRASS raster maps into GDAL supported formats.

       r.out.gridatb                                                Exports GRASS raster map to GRIDATB.FOR map file (TOPMODEL).

       r.out.mat                                                    Exports a GRASS raster to a binary MAT-File.

       r.out.mpeg                                                   Converts raster map series to MPEG movie.

       r.out.png                                                    Export a GRASS raster map as a non-georeferenced PNG image.

       r.out.pov                                                    Converts  a  raster  map  layer into a height-field file for
                                                                    POV-Ray.

       r.out.ppm                                                    Converts a GRASS raster map to a PPM image file.

       r.out.ppm3                                                   Converts 3 GRASS raster layers (R,G,B) to a PPM image file.

       r.out.vrml                                                   Exports  a  raster  map  to  the  Virtual  Reality  Modeling
                                                                    Language (VRML).

       r.out.vtk                                                    Converts raster maps into the VTK-ASCII format.

       r.out.xyz                                                    Exports a raster map to a text file as x,y,z values based on
                                                                    cell centers.

       r.pack                                                       Exports a raster map as GRASS GIS specific archive file

       r.param.scale                                                Extracts terrain parameters from a DEM.

       r.patch                                                      Creates a composite raster map layer by using known category
                                                                    values  from  one (or more) map layer(s) to fill in areas of
                                                                    "no data" in another map layer.

       r.path                                                       Traces  paths   from   starting   points   following   input
                                                                    directions.

       r.plane                                                      Creates  raster  plane  map  given dip (inclination), aspect
                                                                    (azimuth) and one point.

       r.profile                                                    Outputs the raster map layer values  lying  on  user-defined
                                                                    line(s).

       r.proj                                                       Re-projects  a raster map from given location to the current
                                                                    location.

       r.quant                                                      Produces the quantization file for a floating-point map.

       r.quantile                                                   Compute quantiles using two passes.

       r.random.cells                                               Generates random cell values with spatial dependence.

       r.random                                                     Creates randomly placed raster cells or vector points

       r.random.surface                                             Generates random surface(s) with spatial dependence.

       r.reclass.area                                               Reclasses a raster map greater or less than  user  specified
                                                                    area size (in hectares).

       r.reclass                                                    Reclassify raster map based on category values.

       r.recode                                                     Recodes categorical raster maps.

       r.region                                                     Sets the boundary definitions for a raster map.

       r.regression.line                                            Calculates  linear  regression from two raster maps: y = a +
                                                                    b*x.

       r.regression.multi                                           Calculates multiple linear regression from raster maps.

       r.relief                                                     Creates shaded relief map from an elevation map (DEM).

       r.report                                                     Reports statistics for raster maps.

       r.resamp.bspline                                             Performs  bilinear  or  bicubic  spline  interpolation  with
                                                                    Tykhonov regularization.

       r.resamp.filter                                              Resamples raster map layers using an analytic kernel.

       r.resamp.interp                                              Resamples raster map to a finer grid using interpolation.

       r.resamp.rst                                                 Reinterpolates  and optionally computes topographic analysis
                                                                    from input raster map to a new  raster  map  (possibly  with
                                                                    different  resolution) using regularized spline with tension
                                                                    and smoothing.

       r.resamp.stats                                               Resamples  raster  map  layers  to  a  coarser  grid   using
                                                                    aggregation.

       r.resample                                                   GRASS raster map layer data resampling capability.

       r.rescale.eq                                                 Rescales histogram equalized the range of category values in
                                                                    a raster map layer.

       r.rescale                                                    Rescales the range of category values in a raster map layer.

       r.rgb                                                        Splits a raster map into red, green and blue maps.

       r.ros                                                        Generates rate of spread raster maps.

       r.semantic.label                                             Manages semantic label  information  assigned  to  a  single
                                                                    raster map or to a list of raster maps.

       r.series.accumulate                                          Makes  each  output cell value a accumulationfunction of the
                                                                    values assigned to the  corresponding  cells  in  the  input
                                                                    raster map layers.

       r.series                                                     Makes  each  output  cell  value  a  function  of the values
                                                                    assigned to the corresponding cells in the input raster  map
                                                                    layers.

       r.series.interp                                              Interpolates  raster  maps  located (temporal or spatial) in
                                                                    between input raster maps at specific sampling positions.

       r.shade                                                      Drapes a color raster over an shaded relief or aspect map.

       r.sim.sediment                                               Sediment transport and erosion/deposition  simulation  using
                                                                    path sampling method (SIMWE).

       r.sim.water                                                  Overland  flow  hydrologic  simulation  using  path sampling
                                                                    method (SIMWE).

       r.slope.aspect                                               Generates raster  maps  of  slope,  aspect,  curvatures  and
                                                                    partial derivatives from an elevation raster map.

       r.solute.transport                                           Numerical  calculation  program  for transient, confined and
                                                                    unconfined solute transport in two dimensions

       r.spread                                                     Simulates elliptically anisotropic spread.

       r.spreadpath                                                 Recursively traces the least cost path  backwards  to  cells
                                                                    from which the cumulative cost was determined.

       r.statistics                                                 Calculates category or object oriented statistics.

       r.stats                                                      Generates area statistics for raster map.

       r.stats.quantile                                             Compute category quantiles using two passes.

       r.stats.zonal                                                Calculates    category   or   object   oriented   statistics
                                                                    (accumulator-based statistics).

       r.stream.extract                                             Performs stream network extraction.

       r.sun                                                        Solar irradiance and irradiation model.

       r.sunhours                                                   Calculates solar elevation, solar azimuth, and sun hours.

       r.sunmask                                                    Calculates cast shadow areas from sun position and elevation
                                                                    raster map.

       r.support                                                    Allows  creation  and/or  modification  of  raster map layer
                                                                    support files.

       r.support.stats                                              Update raster map statistics

       r.surf.area                                                  Prints estimation of surface area for raster map.

       r.surf.contour                                               Generates surface raster map from rasterized contours.

       r.surf.fractal                                               Creates a fractal surface of a given fractal dimension.

       r.surf.gauss                                                 Generates  a  raster  map  using  gaussian   random   number
                                                                    generator.

       r.surf.idw                                                   Provides  surface  interpolation  from  raster point data by
                                                                    Inverse Distance Squared Weighting.

       r.surf.random                                                Produces a raster surface map  of  uniform  random  deviates
                                                                    with defined range.

       r.terraflow                                                  Performs flow computation for massive grids.

       r.texture                                                    Generate images with textural features from a raster map.

       r.thin                                                       Thins non-null cells that denote linear features in a raster
                                                                    map layer.

       r.tile                                                       Splits a raster map into tiles.

       r.tileset                                                    Produces tilings of the source projection  for  use  in  the
                                                                    destination region and projection.

       r.timestamp                                                  Modifies a timestamp for a raster map.

       r.to.rast3                                                   Converts 2D raster map slices to one 3D raster volume map.

       r.to.rast3elev                                               Creates  a  3D  volume  map  based on 2D elevation and value
                                                                    raster maps.

       r.to.vect                                                    Converts a raster map into a vector map.

       r.topidx                                                     Creates a topographic index (wetness index) raster map  from
                                                                    an elevation raster map.

       r.topmodel                                                   Simulates  TOPMODEL  which  is a physically based hydrologic
                                                                    model.

       r.transect                                                   Outputs raster map layer values  lying  along  user  defined
                                                                    transect line(s).

       r.univar                                                     Calculates  univariate statistics from the non-null cells of
                                                                    a raster map.

       r.unpack                                                     Imports a GRASS GIS specific  raster  archive  file  (packed
                                                                    with r.pack) as a raster map

       r.uslek                                                      Computes USLE Soil Erodibility Factor (K).

       r.usler                                                      Computes USLE R factor, Rainfall erosivity index.

       r.viewshed                                                   Computes the viewshed of a point on an elevation raster map.

       r.volume                                                     Calculates the volume of data "clumps".

       r.walk                                                       Creates a raster map showing the anisotropic cumulative cost
                                                                    of moving between different geographic locations on an input
                                                                    raster map whose cell category values represent cost.

       r.water.outlet                                               Creates watershed basins from a drainage direction map.

       r.watershed                                                  Calculates hydrological parameters and RUSLE factors.

       r.what.color                                                 Queries colors for a raster map layer.

       r.what                                                       Queries  raster  maps  on their category values and category
                                                                    labels.

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       © 2003-2023 GRASS Development Team, GRASS GIS 8.3.0 Reference Manual