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NAME

       v.random  - Generates random 2D/3D vector points.

KEYWORDS

       vector, sampling, statistics, random, point pattern, stratified random sampling, level1

SYNOPSIS

       v.random
       v.random --help
       v.random    [-zab]    output=name    npoints=integer    [restrict=name]     [layer=string]
       [cats=range]     [where=sql_query]      [zmin=float]      [zmax=float]      [seed=integer]
       [column=name]    [column_type=string]    [--overwrite]   [--help]   [--verbose]  [--quiet]
       [--ui]

   Flags:
       -z
           Create 3D output

       -a
           Generate n points for each individual area (requires restrict parameter)

       -b
           Do not build topology
           Advantageous when handling a large number of points

       --overwrite
           Allow output files to overwrite existing files

       --help
           Print usage summary

       --verbose
           Verbose module output

       --quiet
           Quiet module output

       --ui
           Force launching GUI dialog

   Parameters:
       output=name [required]
           Name for output vector map

       npoints=integer [required]
           Number of points to be created

       restrict=name
           Name of input vector map
           Restrict points to areas in input vector

       layer=string
           Layer number or name (’-1’ for all layers)
           A single vector map  can  be  connected  to  multiple  database  tables.  This  number
           determines  which  table  to  use.  When used with direct OGR access this is the layer
           name.
           Default: -1

       cats=range
           Category values
           Example: 1,3,7-9,13

       where=sql_query
           WHERE conditions of SQL statement without ’where’ keyword
           Example: income < 1000 and population >= 10000

       zmin=float
           Minimum z height (needs -z flag or column name)
           Default: 0.0

       zmax=float
           Maximum z height (needs -z flag or column name)
           Default: 0.0

       seed=integer
           The seed to initialize the random generator. If not set the process ID is used

       column=name
           Name of column for z values
           Writes z values to column

       column_type=string
           Type of column for z values
           Options: integer, double precision
           Default: double precision

DESCRIPTION

       v.random randomly generates vector points within the current  region  using  the  selected
       random number generator.

       v.random  can generate also 3D vector points or write random value to the attribute table.
       Point height range or attribute value range is controlled  by  specifying  zmin  and  zmax
       options.   Both  z  values  are  included  in  range (zmin <= z <= zmax). Generated random
       attribute value type can be  controlled  by  column_type.  Use  integer  column  type  for
       integers and double precision for floating point numbers. Integer values are calculated by
       rounding random floating point number.

       To produce repeatable results a random seed can be set using the option seed.

   Restriction to vector areas
       If an restrict vector map with areas is  specified,  the  location  of  random  points  is
       restricted  to  the  selected  areas.  By  default,  the  requested  number  of points are
       distributed across all areas.

       If the -a flag is given, the requested number of points is generated for  each  individual
       area.  For  example, if 20 points should be generated and the input map has 100 individual
       areas, 2000 points will be generated in total.

       Attributes attached to restrict vector map are also transferred if the layer parameter  is
       defined > 0, see example below.

NOTES

       Importantly, attributes will only be transferred if layer > 0 (e.g., layer=1).

EXAMPLES

       All examples are based on the North Carolina sample dataset.

   Generating random points in 2D
       Generate 20 random points with binary attributes (only 0 or 1):
       v.random output=binary_random npoints=20 zmin=0 zmax=1 column=’binary’
       v.db.select binary_random
       cat|binary
       1|0.63495
       2|0.233421
       3|0.489302
       4|0.748264
       5|0.505556
       6|0.32975
       [...]
       v.univar -d binary_random
       Calculating geometric distances between 20 primitives...
       [...]
       minimum: 148.515
       maximum: 16572.8
       [...]

   Generating random points in 2D with binary attributes
       Generate 20 random points with binary attributes (only 0 or 1):
       v.random output=binary_random npoints=20 zmin=0 zmax=1 column=’binary’ column_type=integer
       v.db.select binary_random
       cat|binary
       1|0
       2|0
       3|0
       4|0
       5|1
       6|0
       [...]

   Generating random points in 3D
       Generate 20 random 3D points using a specific random seed:
       v.random seed=52 output=height_random npoints=40 zmin=110 zmax=170 -z
       v.univar -d height_random
       Calculating geometric distances between 40 primitives...
       [...]
       minimum: 334.889
       maximum: 18351.9
       range: 18017
       sum: 5.38425e+06
       mean: 7266.2
       mean of absolute values: 7266.2
       population standard deviation: 3563.95
       [...]
       skewness: 0.34703

       Random points with different X, Y, and Z coordinates

   Generating random points in selected areas
       Generate 3 random points only in selected areas ("RALEIGH" related ZIP code areas):
       v.random restrict=zipcodes_wake output=zipcodes_local_random_n3 npoints=3 where="ZIPNAME = ’RALEIGH’" -a
       # visualization
       d.mon wx0
       d.vect zipcodes_wake
       d.vect zipcodes_wake fcolor=yellow where="ZIPNAME = ’RALEIGH’"
       d.vect zipcodes_local_random_n3 color=red icon=basic/circle
       Fixed number of random points generated in selected areas

   Generating random adjacent areas
       To  generate  random  adjacent  areas, first the centroids are generated as points, then a
       triangulation is run (North Carolina sample dataset:
       g.region vector=nc_state
       v.random output=randpoints6k npoints=6000
       v.voronoi input=randpoints6k output=randareas6k
       v.info -t randareas6k
       v.category randareas6k option=print
       # plot vector areas
       d.mon wx0
       d.vect randareas6k -c

       Random adjacent areas from random points (here: used as centroids)

       To eventually obtain isolated areas, selected areas can be extracted with v.extract.

       These vector areas can also be rasterized:
       # rasterize areas
       # note: rastermaps must result in at least 6k pixel in this example
       g.region vector=nc_state res=500 -p -a
       v.to.rast randareas6k out=randareas6k use=cat
       r.colors randareas6k color=random
       d.rast randareas6k

   Random sampling from raster map
       Generate 20 random samples from a raster map:
       g.region -p raster=elevation
       v.random output=random_samples npoints=20
       v.db.addtable map=random_samples columns=’cat INTEGER, sample DOUBLE PRECISION’
       v.what.rast map=random_samples raster=elevation column=sample
       v.db.select random_samples
       cat|sample
       1|103.9935
       2|129.1266
       3|96.01388
       [...]

   Random sampling from vector map
       Generate 20 random points and sample attribute data from geology (vector) map:
       g.region -p vector=geology
       v.random output=random_samples npoints=20
       v.db.addtable map=random_samples columns=’cat integer, geology varchar(100)’
       v.what.vect map=random_samples column=geology query_map=geology query_layer=1 query_column=GEO_NAME
       v.db.select random_samples
       cat|geology
       1|PzZm
       2|
       3|Zatm
       [...]

   Stratified random sampling: Random sampling from vector map by attribute
       Generate 20 random points restricted to forested areas:
       g.region -p raster=landclass96
       r.to.vect -v input=landclass96 output=landclass96 type=area
       v.random restrict=landclass96 output=random_samples npoints=20 where="label = ’forest’" layer=1
       v.db.select map=random_samples
       cat|landclass96_cat|landclass96_label
       1|5|forest
       2|5|forest
       3|5|forest
       ...

       Random points only sampled in forested areas (stratified random sampling)

   Stratified random sampling: Random sampling from vector map with spatial constraints
       Generating n points for each individual area: in this example two random  points  in  each
       water body:
       g.region -p raster=landclass96
       r.to.vect -v input=landclass96 output=landclass96 type=area
       v.random restrict=landclass96 output=random_samples npoints=2 where="label = ’water’" layer=1 -a

       Two random points sampled in each individual water body (stratified random sampling)

SEE ALSO

          g.region,   r.random,   v.db.addtable,   v.perturb,  v.sample,  v.univar,  v.what.rast,
       v.what.vect

       SQL support in GRASS GIS

AUTHOR

       James Darrell McCauley <darrell@mccauley-usa.com>,
       when he was at: Agricultural Engineering Purdue University

SOURCE CODE

       Available at: v.random source code (history)

       Accessed: Tuesday Jun 27 11:14:00 2023

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       © 2003-2023 GRASS Development Team, GRASS GIS 8.3.0 Reference Manual