Provided by: guestfs-tools_1.50.1-4ubuntu1_amd64 bug

NAME

       virt-ls - List files in a virtual machine

SYNOPSIS

        virt-ls [--options] -d domname directory [directory ...]

        virt-ls [--options] -a disk.img [-a disk.img ...] directory [directory ...]

       Old style:

        virt-ls [--options] domname directory

        virt-ls [--options] disk.img [disk.img ...] directory

DESCRIPTION

       "virt-ls" lists filenames, file sizes, checksums, extended attributes and more from a
       virtual machine or disk image.

       Multiple directory names can be given, in which case the output from each is concatenated.

       To list directories from a libvirt guest use the -d option to specify the name of the
       guest.  For a disk image, use the -a option.

       "virt-ls" can do many simple file listings.  For more complicated cases you may need to
       use guestfish(1), or write a program directly to the guestfs(3) API.

EXAMPLES

       Get a list of all files and directories in a virtual machine:

        virt-ls -R -d guest /

       List all setuid or setgid programs in a Linux virtual machine:

        virt-ls -lR -d guest / | grep '^- [42]'

       List all public-writable directories in a Linux virtual machine:

        virt-ls -lR -d guest / | grep '^d ...7'

       List all Unix domain sockets in a Linux virtual machine:

        virt-ls -lR -d guest / | grep '^s'

       List all regular files with filenames ending in ‘.png’:

        virt-ls -lR -d guest / | grep -i '^-.*\.png$'

       To display files larger than 10MB in home directories:

        virt-ls -lR -d guest /home | awk '$3 > 10*1024*1024'

       Find everything modified in the last 7 days:

        virt-ls -lR -d guest --time-days / | awk '$6 <= 7'

       Find regular files modified in the last 24 hours:

        virt-ls -lR -d guest --time-days / | grep '^-' | awk '$6 < 1'

   DIFFERENCES IN SNAPSHOTS AND BACKING FILES
       Although it is possible to use virt-ls to look for differences, since libguestfs ≥ 1.26 a
       new tool is available called virt-diff(1).

OUTPUT MODES

       "virt-ls" has four output modes, controlled by different combinations of the -l and -R
       options.

   SIMPLE LISTING
       A simple listing is like the ordinary ls(1) command:

        $ virt-ls -d guest /
        bin
        boot
        [etc.]

   LONG LISTING
       With the -l (--long) option, the output is like the "ls -l" command (more specifically,
       like the "guestfs_ll" function).

        $ virt-ls -l -d guest /
        total 204
        dr-xr-xr-x.   2 root root   4096 2009-08-25 19:06 bin
        dr-xr-xr-x.   5 root root   3072 2009-08-25 19:06 boot
        [etc.]

       Note that while this is useful for displaying a directory, do not try parsing this output
       in another program.  Use "RECURSIVE LONG LISTING" instead.

   RECURSIVE LISTING
       With the -R (--recursive) option, "virt-ls" lists the names of files and directories
       recursively:

        $ virt-ls -R -d guest /tmp
        foo
        foo/bar
        [etc.]

       To generate this output, "virt-ls" runs the "guestfs_find0" function and converts "\0"
       characters to "\n".

   RECURSIVE LONG LISTING
       Using -lR options together changes the output to display directories recursively, with
       file stats, and optionally other features such as checksums and extended attributes.

       Most of the interesting features of "virt-ls" are only available when using -lR mode.

       The fields are normally space-separated.  Filenames are not quoted, so you cannot use the
       output in another program (because filenames can contain spaces and other unsafe
       characters).  If the guest was untrusted and someone knew you were using "virt-ls" to
       analyze the guest, they could play tricks on you by creating filenames with embedded
       newline characters.  To safely parse the output in another program, use the --csv (Comma-
       Separated Values) option.

       Note that this output format is completely unrelated to the "ls -lR" command.

        $ virt-ls -lR -d guest /bin
        d 0555       4096 /bin
        - 0755        123 /bin/alsaunmute
        - 0755      28328 /bin/arch
        l 0777          4 /bin/awk -> gawk
        - 0755      27216 /bin/basename
        - 0755     943360 /bin/bash
        [etc.]

       These basic fields are always shown:

       type
           The file type, one of: "-" (regular file), "d" (directory), "c" (character device),
           "b" (block device), "p" (named pipe), "l" (symbolic link), "s" (socket) or "u"
           (unknown).

       permissions
           The Unix permissions, displayed as a 4 digit octal number.

       size
           The size of the file.  This is shown in bytes unless -h or --human-readable option is
           given, in which case this is shown as a human-readable number.

       path
           The full path of the file or directory.

       link
           For symbolic links only, the link target.

       In -lR mode, additional command line options enable the display of more fields.

       With the --uids flag, these additional fields are displayed before the path:

       uid
       gid The UID and GID of the owner of the file (displayed numerically).  Note these only
           make sense in the context of a Unix-like guest.

       With the --times flag, these additional fields are displayed:

       atime
           The time of last access.

       mtime
           The time of last modification.

       ctime
           The time of last status change.

       The time fields are displayed as string dates and times, unless one of the --time-t,
       --time-relative or --time-days flags is given.

       With the --extra-stats flag, these additional fields are displayed:

       device
           The device containing the file (displayed as major:minor).  This may not match devices
           as known to the guest.

       inode
           The inode number.

       nlink
           The number of hard links.

       rdev
           For block and char special files, the device (displayed as major:minor).

       blocks
           The number of 512 byte blocks allocated to the file.

       With the --checksum flag, the checksum of the file contents is shown (only for regular
       files).  Computing file checksums can take a considerable amount of time.

OPTIONS

       --help
           Display brief help.

       -a file
       --add file
           Add file which should be a disk image from a virtual machine.  If the virtual machine
           has multiple block devices, you must supply all of them with separate -a options.

           The format of the disk image is auto-detected.  To override this and force a
           particular format use the --format=.. option.

       -a URI
       --add URI
           Add a remote disk.  See "ADDING REMOTE STORAGE" in guestfish(1).

       --blocksize=512
       --blocksize=4096
       --blocksize
           This parameter sets the sector size of the disk image.  It affects all explicitly
           added subsequent disks after this parameter.  Using --blocksize with no argument
           switches the disk sector size to the default value which is usually 512 bytes.  See
           also "guestfs_add_drive_opts" in guestfs(3).

       --checksum
       --checksum=crc|md5|sha1|sha224|sha256|sha384|sha512
           Display checksum over file contents for regular files.  With no argument, this
           defaults to using md5.  Using an argument, you can select the checksum type to use.

           This option only has effect in -lR output mode.  See "RECURSIVE LONG LISTING" above.

       -c URI
       --connect URI
           If using libvirt, connect to the given URI.  If omitted, then we connect to the
           default libvirt hypervisor.

           If you specify guest block devices directly (-a), then libvirt is not used at all.

       --csv
           Write out the results in CSV format (comma-separated values).  This format can be
           imported easily into databases and spreadsheets, but read "NOTE ABOUT CSV FORMAT"
           below.

       -d guest
       --domain guest
           Add all the disks from the named libvirt guest.  Domain UUIDs can be used instead of
           names.

       --echo-keys
           When prompting for keys and passphrases, virt-ls normally turns echoing off so you
           cannot see what you are typing.  If you are not worried about Tempest attacks and
           there is no one else in the room you can specify this flag to see what you are typing.

       --extra-stats
           Display extra stats.

           This option only has effect in -lR output mode.  See "RECURSIVE LONG LISTING" above.

       --format=raw|qcow2|..
       --format
           The default for the -a option is to auto-detect the format of the disk image.  Using
           this forces the disk format for -a options which follow on the command line.  Using
           --format with no argument switches back to auto-detection for subsequent -a options.

           For example:

            virt-ls --format=raw -a disk.img /dir

           forces raw format (no auto-detection) for disk.img.

            virt-ls --format=raw -a disk.img --format -a another.img /dir

           forces raw format (no auto-detection) for disk.img and reverts to auto-detection for
           another.img.

           If you have untrusted raw-format guest disk images, you should use this option to
           specify the disk format.  This avoids a possible security problem with malicious
           guests (CVE-2010-3851).

       -h
       --human-readable
           Display file sizes in human-readable format.

           This option only has effect in -lR output mode.  See "RECURSIVE LONG LISTING" above.

       --key SELECTOR
           Specify a key for LUKS, to automatically open a LUKS device when using the inspection.
           "ID" can be either the libguestfs device name, or the UUID of the LUKS device.

           --key "ID":key:KEY_STRING
               Use the specified "KEY_STRING" as passphrase.

           --key "ID":file:FILENAME
               Read the passphrase from FILENAME.

           --key "ID":clevis
               Attempt passphrase-less unlocking for "ID" with Clevis, over the network.  Please
               refer to "ENCRYPTED DISKS" in guestfs(3) for more information on network-bound
               disk encryption (NBDE).

               Note that if any such option is present on the command line, QEMU user networking
               will be automatically enabled for the libguestfs appliance.

       --keys-from-stdin
           Read key or passphrase parameters from stdin.  The default is to try to read
           passphrases from the user by opening /dev/tty.

           If there are multiple encrypted devices then you may need to supply multiple keys on
           stdin, one per line.

       -m dev[:mountpoint[:options[:fstype]]]
       --mount dev[:mountpoint[:options[:fstype]]]
           Mount the named partition or logical volume on the given mountpoint.

           If the mountpoint is omitted, it defaults to /.

           Specifying any mountpoint disables the inspection of the guest and the mount of its
           root and all of its mountpoints, so make sure to mount all the mountpoints needed to
           work with the filenames given as arguments.

           If you don’t know what filesystems a disk image contains, you can either run guestfish
           without this option, then list the partitions, filesystems and LVs available (see
           "list-partitions", "list-filesystems" and "lvs" commands), or you can use the
           virt-filesystems(1) program.

           The third (and rarely used) part of the mount parameter is the list of mount options
           used to mount the underlying filesystem.  If this is not given, then the mount options
           are either the empty string or "ro" (the latter if the --ro flag is used).  By
           specifying the mount options, you override this default choice.  Probably the only
           time you would use this is to enable ACLs and/or extended attributes if the filesystem
           can support them:

            -m /dev/sda1:/:acl,user_xattr

           Using this flag is equivalent to using the "mount-options" command.

           The fourth part of the parameter is the filesystem driver to use, such as "ext3" or
           "ntfs". This is rarely needed, but can be useful if multiple drivers are valid for a
           filesystem (eg: "ext2" and "ext3"), or if libguestfs misidentifies a filesystem.

       -l
       --long
       -R
       --recursive
           Select the mode.  With neither of these options, "virt-ls" produces a simple, flat
           list of the files in the named directory.  See "SIMPLE LISTING".

           "virt-ls -l" produces a "long listing", which shows more detail.  See "LONG LISTING".

           "virt-ls -R" produces a recursive list of files starting at the named directory.  See
           "RECURSIVE LISTING".

           "virt-ls -lR" produces a recursive long listing which can be more easily parsed.  See
           "RECURSIVE LONG LISTING".

       --times
           Display time fields.

           This option only has effect in -lR output mode.  See "RECURSIVE LONG LISTING" above.

       --time-days
           Display time fields as days before now (negative if in the future).

           Note that 0 in output means "up to 1 day before now", or that the age of the file is
           between 0 and 86399 seconds.

           This option only has effect in -lR output mode.  See "RECURSIVE LONG LISTING" above.

       --time-relative
           Display time fields as seconds before now (negative if in the future).

           This option only has effect in -lR output mode.  See "RECURSIVE LONG LISTING" above.

       --time-t
           Display time fields as seconds since the Unix epoch.

           This option only has effect in -lR output mode.  See "RECURSIVE LONG LISTING" above.

       --uids
           Display UID and GID fields.

           This option only has effect in -lR output mode.  See "RECURSIVE LONG LISTING" above.

       -v
       --verbose
           Enable verbose messages for debugging.

       -V
       --version
           Display version number and exit.

       -x  Enable tracing of libguestfs API calls.

OLD-STYLE COMMAND LINE ARGUMENTS

       Previous versions of virt-ls allowed you to write either:

        virt-ls disk.img [disk.img ...] /dir

       or

        virt-ls guestname /dir

       whereas in this version you should use -a or -d respectively to avoid the confusing case
       where a disk image might have the same name as a guest.

       For compatibility the old style is still supported.

NOTE ABOUT CSV FORMAT

       Comma-separated values (CSV) is a deceptive format.  It seems like it should be easy to
       parse, but it is definitely not easy to parse.

       Myth: Just split fields at commas.  Reality: This does not work reliably.  This example
       has two columns:

        "foo,bar",baz

       Myth: Read the file one line at a time.  Reality: This does not work reliably.  This
       example has one row:

        "foo
        bar",baz

       For shell scripts, use "csvtool" (https://github.com/Chris00/ocaml-csv also packaged in
       major Linux distributions).

       For other languages, use a CSV processing library (eg. "Text::CSV" for Perl or Python’s
       built-in csv library).

       Most spreadsheets and databases can import CSV directly.

EXIT STATUS

       This program returns 0 if successful, or non-zero if there was an error.

SEE ALSO

       guestfs(3), guestfish(1), virt-cat(1), virt-copy-out(1), virt-diff(1), virt-tar-out(1),
       http://libguestfs.org/.

AUTHOR

       Richard W.M. Jones http://people.redhat.com/~rjones/

COPYRIGHT

       Copyright (C) 2009-2023 Red Hat Inc.

LICENSE

       This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of
       the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
       version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

       This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY;
       without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
       See the GNU General Public License for more details.

       You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program;
       if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor,
       Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.

BUGS

       To get a list of bugs against libguestfs, use this link:
       https://bugzilla.redhat.com/buglist.cgi?component=libguestfs&product=Virtualization+Tools

       To report a new bug against libguestfs, use this link:
       https://bugzilla.redhat.com/enter_bug.cgi?component=libguestfs&product=Virtualization+Tools

       When reporting a bug, please supply:

       •   The version of libguestfs.

       •   Where you got libguestfs (eg. which Linux distro, compiled from source, etc)

       •   Describe the bug accurately and give a way to reproduce it.

       •   Run libguestfs-test-tool(1) and paste the complete, unedited output into the bug
           report.