Provided by: libpath-tiny-perl_0.144-1_all bug

NAME

       Path::Tiny - File path utility

VERSION

       version 0.144

SYNOPSIS

         use Path::Tiny;

         # Creating Path::Tiny objects

         my $dir = path("/tmp");
         my $foo = path("foo.txt");

         my $subdir = $dir->child("foo");
         my $bar = $subdir->child("bar.txt");

         # Stringifies as cleaned up path

         my $file = path("./foo.txt");
         print $file; # "foo.txt"

         # Reading files

         my $guts = $file->slurp;
            $guts = $file->slurp_utf8;

         my @lines = $file->lines;
            @lines = $file->lines_utf8;

         my ($head) = $file->lines( {count => 1} );
         my ($tail) = $file->lines( {count => -1} );

         # Writing files

         $bar->spew( @data );
         $bar->spew_utf8( @data );

         # Reading directories

         for ( $dir->children ) { ... }

         my $iter = $dir->iterator;
         while ( my $next = $iter->() ) { ... }

DESCRIPTION

       This module provides a small, fast utility for working with file paths.  It is friendlier
       to use than File::Spec and provides easy access to functions from several other core file
       handling modules.  It aims to be smaller and faster than many alternatives on CPAN, while
       helping people do many common things in consistent and less error-prone ways.

       Path::Tiny does not try to work for anything except Unix-like and Win32 platforms.  Even
       then, it might break if you try something particularly obscure or tortuous.  (Quick!  What
       does this mean: "///../../..//./././a//b/.././c/././"?  And how does it differ on Win32?)

       All paths are forced to have Unix-style forward slashes.  Stringifying the object gives
       you back the path (after some clean up).

       File input/output methods "flock" handles before reading or writing, as appropriate (if
       supported by the platform and/or filesystem).

       The *_utf8 methods ("slurp_utf8", "lines_utf8", etc.) operate in raw mode.  On Windows,
       that means they will not have CRLF translation from the ":crlf" IO layer.  Installing
       Unicode::UTF8 0.58 or later will speed up *_utf8 situations in many cases and is highly
       recommended.  Alternatively, installing PerlIO::utf8_strict 0.003 or later will be used in
       place of the default ":encoding(UTF-8)".

       This module depends heavily on PerlIO layers for correct operation and thus requires Perl
       5.008001 or later.

CONSTRUCTORS

   path
           $path = path("foo/bar");
           $path = path("/tmp", "file.txt"); # list
           $path = path(".");                # cwd

       Constructs a "Path::Tiny" object.  It doesn't matter if you give a file or directory path.
       It's still up to you to call directory-like methods only on directories and file-like
       methods only on files.  This function is exported automatically by default.

       The first argument must be defined and have non-zero length or an exception will be
       thrown.  This prevents subtle, dangerous errors with code like "path( maybe_undef()
       )->remove_tree".

       DEPRECATED: If and only if the first character of the first argument to "path" is a tilde
       ('~'), then tilde replacement will be applied to the first path segment. A single tilde
       will be replaced with "glob('~')" and a tilde followed by a username will be replaced with
       output of "glob('~username')". No other method does tilde expansion on its arguments.  See
       "Tilde expansion (deprecated)" for more.

       On Windows, if the path consists of a drive identifier without a path component ("C:" or
       "D:"), it will be expanded to the absolute path of the current directory on that volume
       using "Cwd::getdcwd()".

       If called with a single "Path::Tiny" argument, the original is returned unless the
       original is holding a temporary file or directory reference in which case a stringified
       copy is made.

           $path = path("foo/bar");
           $temp = Path::Tiny->tempfile;

           $p2 = path($path); # like $p2 = $path
           $t2 = path($temp); # like $t2 = path( "$temp" )

       This optimizes copies without proliferating references unexpectedly if a copy is made by
       code outside your control.

       Current API available since 0.017.

   new
           $path = Path::Tiny->new("foo/bar");

       This is just like "path", but with method call overhead.  (Why would you do that?)

       Current API available since 0.001.

   cwd
           $path = Path::Tiny->cwd; # path( Cwd::getcwd )
           $path = cwd; # optional export

       Gives you the absolute path to the current directory as a "Path::Tiny" object.  This is
       slightly faster than "path(".")->absolute".

       "cwd" may be exported on request and used as a function instead of as a method.

       Current API available since 0.018.

   rootdir
           $path = Path::Tiny->rootdir; # /
           $path = rootdir;             # optional export

       Gives you "File::Spec->rootdir" as a "Path::Tiny" object if you're too picky for
       "path("/")".

       "rootdir" may be exported on request and used as a function instead of as a method.

       Current API available since 0.018.

   tempfile, tempdir
           $temp = Path::Tiny->tempfile( @options );
           $temp = Path::Tiny->tempdir( @options );
           $temp = $dirpath->tempfile( @options );
           $temp = $dirpath->tempdir( @options );
           $temp = tempfile( @options ); # optional export
           $temp = tempdir( @options );  # optional export

       "tempfile" passes the options to "File::Temp->new" and returns a "Path::Tiny" object with
       the file name.  The "TMPDIR" option will be enabled by default, but you can override that
       by passing "TMPDIR => 0" along with the options.  (If you use an absolute "TEMPLATE"
       option, you will want to disable "TMPDIR".)

       The resulting "File::Temp" object is cached. When the "Path::Tiny" object is destroyed,
       the "File::Temp" object will be as well.

       "File::Temp" annoyingly requires you to specify a custom template in slightly different
       ways depending on which function or method you call, but "Path::Tiny" lets you ignore that
       and can take either a leading template or a "TEMPLATE" option and does the right thing.

           $temp = Path::Tiny->tempfile( "customXXXXXXXX" );             # ok
           $temp = Path::Tiny->tempfile( TEMPLATE => "customXXXXXXXX" ); # ok

       The tempfile path object will be normalized to have an absolute path, even if created in a
       relative directory using "DIR".  If you want it to have the "realpath" instead, pass a
       leading options hash like this:

           $real_temp = tempfile({realpath => 1}, @options);

       "tempdir" is just like "tempfile", except it calls "File::Temp->newdir" instead.

       Both "tempfile" and "tempdir" may be exported on request and used as functions instead of
       as methods.

       The methods can be called on an instances representing a directory. In this case, the
       directory is used as the base to create the temporary file/directory, setting the "DIR"
       option in File::Temp.

           my $target_dir = path('/to/destination');
           my $tempfile = $target_dir->tempfile('foobarXXXXXX');
           $tempfile->spew('A lot of data...');  # not atomic
           $tempfile->move($target_dir->child('foobar')); # hopefully atomic

       In this case, any value set for option "DIR" is ignored.

       Note: for tempfiles, the filehandles from File::Temp are closed and not reused.  This is
       not as secure as using File::Temp handles directly, but is less prone to deadlocks or
       access problems on some platforms.  Think of what "Path::Tiny" gives you to be just a
       temporary file name that gets cleaned up.

       Note 2: if you don't want these cleaned up automatically when the object is destroyed,
       File::Temp requires different options for directories and files.  Use "CLEANUP => 0" for
       directories and "UNLINK => 0" for files.

       Note 3: Don't lose the temporary object by chaining a method call instead of storing it:

           my $lost = tempdir()->child("foo"); # tempdir cleaned up right away

       Note 4: The cached object may be accessed with the "cached_temp" method.  Keeping a
       reference to, or modifying the cached object may break the behavior documented above and
       is not supported.  Use at your own risk.

       Current API available since 0.119.

METHODS

   absolute
           $abs = path("foo/bar")->absolute;
           $abs = path("foo/bar")->absolute("/tmp");

       Returns a new "Path::Tiny" object with an absolute path (or itself if already absolute).
       If no argument is given, the current directory is used as the absolute base path.  If an
       argument is given, it will be converted to an absolute path (if it is not already) and
       used as the absolute base path.

       This will not resolve upward directories ("foo/../bar") unless "canonpath" in File::Spec
       would normally do so on your platform.  If you need them resolved, you must call the more
       expensive "realpath" method instead.

       On Windows, an absolute path without a volume component will have it added based on the
       current drive.

       Current API available since 0.101.

   append, append_raw, append_utf8
           path("foo.txt")->append(@data);
           path("foo.txt")->append(\@data);
           path("foo.txt")->append({binmode => ":raw"}, @data);
           path("foo.txt")->append_raw(@data);
           path("foo.txt")->append_utf8(@data);

       Appends data to a file.  The file is locked with "flock" prior to writing and closed
       afterwards.  An optional hash reference may be used to pass options.  Valid options are:

       •   "binmode": passed to "binmode()" on the handle used for writing.

       •   "truncate": truncates the file after locking and before appending

       The "truncate" option is a way to replace the contents of a file in place, unlike "spew"
       which writes to a temporary file and then replaces the original (if it exists).

       "append_raw" is like "append" with a "binmode" of ":unix" for a fast, unbuffered, raw
       write.

       "append_utf8" is like "append" with an unbuffered "binmode" ":unix:encoding(UTF-8)" (or
       ":unix:utf8_strict" with PerlIO::utf8_strict).  If Unicode::UTF8 0.58+ is installed, an
       unbuffered, raw append will be done instead on the data encoded with "Unicode::UTF8".

       Current API available since 0.060.

   assert
           $path = path("foo.txt")->assert( sub { $_->exists } );

       Returns the invocant after asserting that a code reference argument returns true.  When
       the assertion code reference runs, it will have the invocant object in the $_ variable.
       If it returns false, an exception will be thrown.  The assertion code reference may also
       throw its own exception.

       If no assertion is provided, the invocant is returned without error.

       Current API available since 0.062.

   basename
           $name = path("foo/bar.txt")->basename;        # bar.txt
           $name = path("foo.txt")->basename('.txt');    # foo
           $name = path("foo.txt")->basename(qr/.txt/);  # foo
           $name = path("foo.txt")->basename(@suffixes);

       Returns the file portion or last directory portion of a path.

       Given a list of suffixes as strings or regular expressions, any that match at the end of
       the file portion or last directory portion will be removed before the result is returned.

       Current API available since 0.054.

   canonpath
           $canonical = path("foo/bar")->canonpath; # foo\bar on Windows

       Returns a string with the canonical format of the path name for the platform.  In
       particular, this means directory separators will be "\" on Windows.

       Current API available since 0.001.

   cached_temp
       Returns the cached "File::Temp" or "File::Temp::Dir" object if the "Path::Tiny" object was
       created with "/tempfile" or "/tempdir".  If there is no such object, this method throws.

       WARNING: Keeping a reference to, or modifying the cached object may break the behavior
       documented for temporary files and directories created with "Path::Tiny" and is not
       supported.  Use at your own risk.

       Current API available since 0.101.

   child
           $file = path("/tmp")->child("foo.txt"); # "/tmp/foo.txt"
           $file = path("/tmp")->child(@parts);

       Returns a new "Path::Tiny" object relative to the original.  Works like "catfile" or
       "catdir" from File::Spec, but without caring about file or directories.

       WARNING: because the argument could contain ".." or refer to symlinks, there is no
       guarantee that the new path refers to an actual descendent of the original.  If this is
       important to you, transform parent and child with "realpath" and check them with
       "subsumes".

       Current API available since 0.001.

   children
           @paths = path("/tmp")->children;
           @paths = path("/tmp")->children( qr/\.txt\z/ );

       Returns a list of "Path::Tiny" objects for all files and directories within a directory.
       Excludes "." and ".." automatically.

       If an optional "qr//" argument is provided, it only returns objects for child names that
       match the given regular expression.  Only the base name is used for matching:

           @paths = path("/tmp")->children( qr/^foo/ );
           # matches children like the glob foo*

       Current API available since 0.028.

   chmod
           path("foo.txt")->chmod(0777);
           path("foo.txt")->chmod("0755");
           path("foo.txt")->chmod("go-w");
           path("foo.txt")->chmod("a=r,u+wx");

       Sets file or directory permissions.  The argument can be a numeric mode, a octal string
       beginning with a "0" or a limited subset of the symbolic mode use by /bin/chmod.

       The symbolic mode must be a comma-delimited list of mode clauses.  Clauses must match
       "qr/\A([augo]+)([=+-])([rwx]+)\z/", which defines "who", "op" and "perms" parameters for
       each clause.  Unlike /bin/chmod, all three parameters are required for each clause,
       multiple ops are not allowed and permissions "stugoX" are not supported.  (See File::chmod
       for more complex needs.)

       Current API available since 0.053.

   copy
           path("/tmp/foo.txt")->copy("/tmp/bar.txt");

       Copies the current path to the given destination using File::Copy's "copy" function. Upon
       success, returns the "Path::Tiny" object for the newly copied file.

       Current API available since 0.070.

   digest
           $obj = path("/tmp/foo.txt")->digest;        # SHA-256
           $obj = path("/tmp/foo.txt")->digest("MD5"); # user-selected
           $obj = path("/tmp/foo.txt")->digest( { chunk_size => 1e6 }, "MD5" );

       Returns a hexadecimal digest for a file.  An optional hash reference of options may be
       given.  The only option is "chunk_size".  If "chunk_size" is given, that many bytes will
       be read at a time.  If not provided, the entire file will be slurped into memory to
       compute the digest.

       Any subsequent arguments are passed to the constructor for Digest to select an algorithm.
       If no arguments are given, the default is SHA-256.

       Current API available since 0.056.

   dirname (deprecated)
           $name = path("/tmp/foo.txt")->dirname; # "/tmp/"

       Returns the directory portion you would get from calling "File::Spec->splitpath(
       $path->stringify )" or "." for a path without a parent directory portion.  Because
       File::Spec is inconsistent, the result might or might not have a trailing slash.  Because
       of this, this method is deprecated.

       A better, more consistently approach is likely "$path->parent->stringify", which will not
       have a trailing slash except for a root directory.

       Deprecated in 0.056.

   edit, edit_raw, edit_utf8
           path("foo.txt")->edit( \&callback, $options );
           path("foo.txt")->edit_utf8( \&callback );
           path("foo.txt")->edit_raw( \&callback );

       These are convenience methods that allow "editing" a file using a single callback
       argument. They slurp the file using "slurp", place the contents inside a localized $_
       variable, call the callback function (without arguments), and then write $_ (presumably
       mutated) back to the file with "spew".

       An optional hash reference may be used to pass options.  The only option is "binmode",
       which is passed to "slurp" and "spew".

       "edit_utf8" and "edit_raw" act like their respective "slurp_*" and "spew_*" methods.

       Current API available since 0.077.

   edit_lines, edit_lines_utf8, edit_lines_raw
           path("foo.txt")->edit_lines( \&callback, $options );
           path("foo.txt")->edit_lines_utf8( \&callback );
           path("foo.txt")->edit_lines_raw( \&callback );

       These are convenience methods that allow "editing" a file's lines using a single callback
       argument.  They iterate over the file: for each line, the line is put into a localized $_
       variable, the callback function is executed (without arguments) and then $_ is written to
       a temporary file.  When iteration is finished, the temporary file is atomically renamed
       over the original.

       An optional hash reference may be used to pass options.  The only option is "binmode",
       which is passed to the method that open handles for reading and writing.

       "edit_lines_raw" is like "edit_lines" with a buffered "binmode" of ":raw".

       "edit_lines_utf8" is like "edit_lines" with a buffered "binmode" ":raw:encoding(UTF-8)"
       (or ":raw:utf8_strict" with PerlIO::utf8_strict).

       Current API available since 0.077.

   exists, is_file, is_dir
           if ( path("/tmp")->exists ) { ... }     # -e
           if ( path("/tmp")->is_dir ) { ... }     # -d
           if ( path("/tmp")->is_file ) { ... }    # -e && ! -d

       Implements file test operations, this means the file or directory actually has to exist on
       the filesystem.  Until then, it's just a path.

       Note: "is_file" is not "-f" because "-f" is not the opposite of "-d".  "-f" means "plain
       file", excluding symlinks, devices, etc. that often can be read just like files.

       Use "-f" instead if you really mean to check for a plain file.

       Current API available since 0.053.

   filehandle
           $fh = path("/tmp/foo.txt")->filehandle($mode, $binmode);
           $fh = path("/tmp/foo.txt")->filehandle({ locked => 1 }, $mode, $binmode);
           $fh = path("/tmp/foo.txt")->filehandle({ exclusive => 1  }, $mode, $binmode);

       Returns an open file handle.  The $mode argument must be a Perl-style read/write mode
       string ("<" ,">", ">>", etc.).  If a $binmode is given, it is set during the "open" call.

       An optional hash reference may be used to pass options.

       The "locked" option governs file locking; if true, handles opened for writing, appending
       or read-write are locked with "LOCK_EX"; otherwise, they are locked with "LOCK_SH".  When
       using "locked", ">" or "+>" modes will delay truncation until after the lock is acquired.

       The "exclusive" option causes the open() call to fail if the file already exists.  This
       corresponds to the O_EXCL flag to sysopen / open(2).  "exclusive" implies "locked" and
       will set it for you if you forget it.

       See "openr", "openw", "openrw", and "opena" for sugar.

       Current API available since 0.066.

   has_same_bytes
           if ( path("foo.txt")->has_same_bytes("bar.txt") ) {
              # ...
           }

       This method returns true if both the invocant and the argument can be opened as file
       handles and the handles contain the same bytes.  It returns false if their contents
       differ.  If either can't be opened as a file (e.g. a directory or non-existent file), the
       method throws an exception.  If both can be opened and both have the same "realpath", the
       method returns true without scanning any data.

       Current API available since 0.125.

   is_absolute, is_relative
           if ( path("/tmp")->is_absolute ) { ... }
           if ( path("/tmp")->is_relative ) { ... }

       Booleans for whether the path appears absolute or relative.

       Current API available since 0.001.

   is_rootdir
           while ( ! $path->is_rootdir ) {
               $path = $path->parent;
               ...
           }

       Boolean for whether the path is the root directory of the volume.  I.e. the "dirname" is
       "q[/]" and the "basename" is "q[]".

       This works even on "MSWin32" with drives and UNC volumes:

           path("C:/")->is_rootdir;             # true
           path("//server/share/")->is_rootdir; #true

       Current API available since 0.038.

   iterator
           $iter = path("/tmp")->iterator( \%options );

       Returns a code reference that walks a directory lazily.  Each invocation returns a
       "Path::Tiny" object or undef when the iterator is exhausted.

           $iter = path("/tmp")->iterator;
           while ( $path = $iter->() ) {
               ...
           }

       The current and parent directory entries ("." and "..") will not be included.

       If the "recurse" option is true, the iterator will walk the directory recursively,
       breadth-first.  If the "follow_symlinks" option is also true, directory links will be
       followed recursively.  There is no protection against loops when following links. If a
       directory is not readable, it will not be followed.

       The default is the same as:

           $iter = path("/tmp")->iterator( {
               recurse         => 0,
               follow_symlinks => 0,
           } );

       For a more powerful, recursive iterator with built-in loop avoidance, see
       Path::Iterator::Rule.

       See also "visit".

       Current API available since 0.016.

   lines, lines_raw, lines_utf8
           @contents = path("/tmp/foo.txt")->lines;
           @contents = path("/tmp/foo.txt")->lines(\%options);
           @contents = path("/tmp/foo.txt")->lines_raw;
           @contents = path("/tmp/foo.txt")->lines_utf8;

           @contents = path("/tmp/foo.txt")->lines( { chomp => 1, count => 4 } );

       Returns a list of lines from a file.  Optionally takes a hash-reference of options.  Valid
       options are "binmode", "count" and "chomp".

       If "binmode" is provided, it will be set on the handle prior to reading.

       If a positive "count" is provided, that many lines will be returned from the start of the
       file.  If a negative "count" is provided, the entire file will be read, but only
       "abs(count)" will be kept and returned.  If "abs(count)" exceeds the number of lines in
       the file, all lines will be returned.

       If "chomp" is set, any end-of-line character sequences ("CR", "CRLF", or "LF") will be
       removed from the lines returned.

       Because the return is a list, "lines" in scalar context will return the number of lines
       (and throw away the data).

           $number_of_lines = path("/tmp/foo.txt")->lines;

       "lines_raw" is like "lines" with a "binmode" of ":raw".  We use ":raw" instead of ":unix"
       so PerlIO buffering can manage reading by line.

       "lines_utf8" is like "lines" with a "binmode" of ":raw:encoding(UTF-8)" (or
       ":raw:utf8_strict" with PerlIO::utf8_strict).  If Unicode::UTF8 0.58+ is installed, a raw,
       unbuffered UTF-8 slurp will be done and then the lines will be split.  This is actually
       faster than relying on IO layers, though a bit memory intensive.  If memory use is a
       concern, consider "openr_utf8" and iterating directly on the handle.

       Current API available since 0.065.

   mkdir
           path("foo/bar/baz")->mkdir;
           path("foo/bar/baz")->mkdir( \%options );

       Like calling "make_path" from File::Path.  An optional hash reference is passed through to
       "make_path".  Errors will be trapped and an exception thrown.  Returns the the path object
       to facilitate chaining.

       NOTE: unlike Perl's builtin "mkdir", this will create intermediate paths similar to the
       Unix "mkdir -p" command.  It will not error if applied to an existing directory.

       Current API available since 0.125.

   mkpath (deprecated)
       Like calling "mkdir", but returns the list of directories created or an empty list if the
       directories already exist, just like "make_path".

       Deprecated in 0.125.

   move
           path("foo.txt")->move("bar.txt");

       Moves the current path to the given destination using File::Copy's "move" function. Upon
       success, returns the "Path::Tiny" object for the newly moved file.

       If the destination already exists and is a directory, and the source is not a directory,
       then the source file will be renamed into the directory specified by the destination.

       If possible, move() will simply rename the file. Otherwise, it copies the file to the new
       location and deletes the original. If an error occurs during this copy-and-delete process,
       you may be left with a (possibly partial) copy of the file under the destination name.

       Current API available since 0.124. Prior versions used Perl's -built-in (and less robust)
       rename function and did not return an object.

   openr, openw, openrw, opena
           $fh = path("foo.txt")->openr($binmode);  # read
           $fh = path("foo.txt")->openr_raw;
           $fh = path("foo.txt")->openr_utf8;

           $fh = path("foo.txt")->openw($binmode);  # write
           $fh = path("foo.txt")->openw_raw;
           $fh = path("foo.txt")->openw_utf8;

           $fh = path("foo.txt")->opena($binmode);  # append
           $fh = path("foo.txt")->opena_raw;
           $fh = path("foo.txt")->opena_utf8;

           $fh = path("foo.txt")->openrw($binmode); # read/write
           $fh = path("foo.txt")->openrw_raw;
           $fh = path("foo.txt")->openrw_utf8;

       Returns a file handle opened in the specified mode.  The "openr" style methods take a
       single "binmode" argument.  All of the "open*" methods have "open*_raw" and "open*_utf8"
       equivalents that use buffered I/O layers ":raw" and ":raw:encoding(UTF-8)" (or
       ":raw:utf8_strict" with PerlIO::utf8_strict).

       An optional hash reference may be used to pass options.  The only option is "locked".  If
       true, handles opened for writing, appending or read-write are locked with "LOCK_EX";
       otherwise, they are locked for "LOCK_SH".

           $fh = path("foo.txt")->openrw_utf8( { locked => 1 } );

       See "filehandle" for more on locking.

       Current API available since 0.011.

   parent
           $parent = path("foo/bar/baz")->parent; # foo/bar
           $parent = path("foo/wibble.txt")->parent; # foo

           $parent = path("foo/bar/baz")->parent(2); # foo

       Returns a "Path::Tiny" object corresponding to the parent directory of the original
       directory or file. An optional positive integer argument is the number of parent
       directories upwards to return.  "parent" by itself is equivalent to parent(1).

       Current API available since 0.014.

   realpath
           $real = path("/baz/foo/../bar")->realpath;
           $real = path("foo/../bar")->realpath;

       Returns a new "Path::Tiny" object with all symbolic links and upward directory parts
       resolved using Cwd's "realpath".  Compared to "absolute", this is more expensive as it
       must actually consult the filesystem.

       If the parent path can't be resolved (e.g. if it includes directories that don't exist),
       an exception will be thrown:

           $real = path("doesnt_exist/foo")->realpath; # dies

       However, if the parent path exists and only the last component (e.g. filename) doesn't
       exist, the realpath will be the realpath of the parent plus the non-existent last
       component:

           $real = path("./aasdlfasdlf")->realpath; # works

       The underlying Cwd module usually worked this way on Unix, but died on Windows (and some
       Unixes) if the full path didn't exist.  As of version 0.064, it's safe to use anywhere.

       Current API available since 0.001.

   relative
           $rel = path("/tmp/foo/bar")->relative("/tmp"); # foo/bar

       Returns a "Path::Tiny" object with a path relative to a new base path given as an
       argument.  If no argument is given, the current directory will be used as the new base
       path.

       If either path is already relative, it will be made absolute based on the current directly
       before determining the new relative path.

       The algorithm is roughly as follows:

       •   If the original and new base path are on different volumes, an exception will be
           thrown.

       •   If the original and new base are identical, the relative path is ".".

       •   If the new base subsumes the original, the relative path is the original path with the
           new base chopped off the front

       •   If the new base does not subsume the original, a common prefix path is determined
           (possibly the root directory) and the relative path will consist of updirs ("..") to
           reach the common prefix, followed by the original path less the common prefix.

       Unlike "File::Spec::abs2rel", in the last case above, the calculation based on a common
       prefix takes into account symlinks that could affect the updir process.  Given an original
       path "/A/B" and a new base "/A/C", (where "A", "B" and "C" could each have multiple path
       components):

       •   Symlinks in "A" don't change the result unless the last component of A is a symlink
           and the first component of "C" is an updir.

       •   Symlinks in "B" don't change the result and will exist in the result as given.

       •   Symlinks and updirs in "C" must be resolved to actual paths, taking into account the
           possibility that not all path components might exist on the filesystem.

       Current API available since 0.001.  New algorithm (that accounts for symlinks) available
       since 0.079.

   remove
           path("foo.txt")->remove;

       This is just like "unlink", except for its error handling: if the path does not exist, it
       returns false; if deleting the file fails, it throws an exception.

       Current API available since 0.012.

   remove_tree
           # directory
           path("foo/bar/baz")->remove_tree;
           path("foo/bar/baz")->remove_tree( \%options );
           path("foo/bar/baz")->remove_tree( { safe => 0 } ); # force remove

       Like calling "remove_tree" from File::Path, but defaults to "safe" mode.  An optional hash
       reference is passed through to "remove_tree".  Errors will be trapped and an exception
       thrown.  Returns the number of directories deleted, just like "remove_tree".

       If you want to remove a directory only if it is empty, use the built-in "rmdir" function
       instead.

           rmdir path("foo/bar/baz/");

       Current API available since 0.013.

   sibling
           $foo = path("/tmp/foo.txt");
           $sib = $foo->sibling("bar.txt");        # /tmp/bar.txt
           $sib = $foo->sibling("baz", "bam.txt"); # /tmp/baz/bam.txt

       Returns a new "Path::Tiny" object relative to the parent of the original.  This is
       slightly more efficient than "$path->parent->child(...)".

       Current API available since 0.058.

   size, size_human
           my $p = path("foo"); # with size 1025 bytes

           $p->size;                            # "1025"
           $p->size_human;                      # "1.1 K"
           $p->size_human( {format => "iec"} ); # "1.1 KiB"

       Returns the size of a file.  The "size" method is just a wrapper around "-s".

       The "size_human" method provides a human-readable string similar to "ls -lh".  Like "ls",
       it rounds upwards and provides one decimal place for single-digit sizes and no decimal
       places for larger sizes.  The only available option is "format", which has three valid
       values:

       •   'ls' (the default): base-2 sizes, with "ls" style single-letter suffixes (K, M, etc.)

       •   'iec': base-2 sizes, with IEC binary suffixes (KiB, MiB, etc.)

       •   'si': base-10 sizes, with SI decimal suffixes (kB, MB, etc.)

       If "-s" would return "undef", "size_human" returns the empty string.

       Current API available since 0.122.

   slurp, slurp_raw, slurp_utf8
           $data = path("foo.txt")->slurp;
           $data = path("foo.txt")->slurp( {binmode => ":raw"} );
           $data = path("foo.txt")->slurp_raw;
           $data = path("foo.txt")->slurp_utf8;

       Reads file contents into a scalar.  Takes an optional hash reference which may be used to
       pass options.  The only available option is "binmode", which is passed to "binmode()" on
       the handle used for reading.

       "slurp_raw" is like "slurp" with a "binmode" of ":unix" for a fast, unbuffered, raw read.

       "slurp_utf8" is like "slurp" with a "binmode" of ":unix:encoding(UTF-8)" (or
       ":unix:utf8_strict" with PerlIO::utf8_strict).  If Unicode::UTF8 0.58+ is installed, a
       unbuffered, raw slurp will be done instead and the result decoded with "Unicode::UTF8".
       This is just as strict and is roughly an order of magnitude faster than using
       ":encoding(UTF-8)".

       Note: "slurp" and friends lock the filehandle before slurping.  If you plan to slurp from
       a file created with File::Temp, be sure to close other handles or open without locking to
       avoid a deadlock:

           my $tempfile = File::Temp->new(EXLOCK => 0);
           my $guts = path($tempfile)->slurp;

       Current API available since 0.004.

   spew, spew_raw, spew_utf8
           path("foo.txt")->spew(@data);
           path("foo.txt")->spew(\@data);
           path("foo.txt")->spew({binmode => ":raw"}, @data);
           path("foo.txt")->spew_raw(@data);
           path("foo.txt")->spew_utf8(@data);

       Writes data to a file atomically.  The file is written to a temporary file in the same
       directory, then renamed over the original.  An optional hash reference may be used to pass
       options.  The only option is "binmode", which is passed to "binmode()" on the handle used
       for writing.

       "spew_raw" is like "spew" with a "binmode" of ":unix" for a fast, unbuffered, raw write.

       "spew_utf8" is like "spew" with a "binmode" of ":unix:encoding(UTF-8)" (or
       ":unix:utf8_strict" with PerlIO::utf8_strict).  If Unicode::UTF8 0.58+ is installed, a
       raw, unbuffered spew will be done instead on the data encoded with "Unicode::UTF8".

       NOTE: because the file is written to a temporary file and then renamed, the new file will
       wind up with permissions based on your current umask.  This is a feature to protect you
       from a race condition that would otherwise give different permissions than you might
       expect.  If you really want to keep the original mode flags, use "append" with the
       "truncate" option.

       Current API available since 0.011.

   stat, lstat
           $stat = path("foo.txt")->stat;
           $stat = path("/some/symlink")->lstat;

       Like calling "stat" or "lstat" from File::stat.

       Current API available since 0.001.

   stringify
           $path = path("foo.txt");
           say $path->stringify; # same as "$path"

       Returns a string representation of the path.  Unlike "canonpath", this method returns the
       path standardized with Unix-style "/" directory separators.

       Current API available since 0.001.

   subsumes
           path("foo/bar")->subsumes("foo/bar/baz"); # true
           path("/foo/bar")->subsumes("/foo/baz");   # false

       Returns true if the first path is a prefix of the second path at a directory boundary.

       This does not resolve parent directory entries ("..") or symlinks:

           path("foo/bar")->subsumes("foo/bar/../baz"); # true

       If such things are important to you, ensure that both paths are resolved to the filesystem
       with "realpath":

           my $p1 = path("foo/bar")->realpath;
           my $p2 = path("foo/bar/../baz")->realpath;
           if ( $p1->subsumes($p2) ) { ... }

       Current API available since 0.048.

   touch
           path("foo.txt")->touch;
           path("foo.txt")->touch($epoch_secs);

       Like the Unix "touch" utility.  Creates the file if it doesn't exist, or else changes the
       modification and access times to the current time.  If the first argument is the epoch
       seconds then it will be used.

       Returns the path object so it can be easily chained with other methods:

           # won't die if foo.txt doesn't exist
           $content = path("foo.txt")->touch->slurp;

       Current API available since 0.015.

   touchpath
           path("bar/baz/foo.txt")->touchpath;

       Combines "mkdir" and "touch".  Creates the parent directory if it doesn't exist, before
       touching the file.  Returns the path object like "touch" does.

       If you need to pass options, use "mkdir" and "touch" separately:

           path("bar/baz")->mkdir( \%options )->child("foo.txt")->touch($epoch_secs);

       Current API available since 0.022.

   visit
           path("/tmp")->visit( \&callback, \%options );

       Executes a callback for each child of a directory.  It returns a hash reference with any
       state accumulated during iteration.

       The options are the same as for "iterator" (which it uses internally): "recurse" and
       "follow_symlinks".  Both default to false.

       The callback function will receive a "Path::Tiny" object as the first argument and a hash
       reference to accumulate state as the second argument.  For example:

           # collect files sizes
           my $sizes = path("/tmp")->visit(
               sub {
                   my ($path, $state) = @_;
                   return if $path->is_dir;
                   $state->{$path} = -s $path;
               },
               { recurse => 1 }
           );

       For convenience, the "Path::Tiny" object will also be locally aliased as the $_ global
       variable:

           # print paths matching /foo/
           path("/tmp")->visit( sub { say if /foo/ }, { recurse => 1} );

       If the callback returns a reference to a false scalar value, iteration will terminate.
       This is not the same as "pruning" a directory search; this just stops all iteration and
       returns the state hash reference.

           # find up to 10 files larger than 100K
           my $files = path("/tmp")->visit(
               sub {
                   my ($path, $state) = @_;
                   $state->{$path}++ if -s $path > 102400
                   return \0 if keys %$state == 10;
               },
               { recurse => 1 }
           );

       If you want more flexible iteration, use a module like Path::Iterator::Rule.

       Current API available since 0.062.

   volume
           $vol = path("/tmp/foo.txt")->volume;   # ""
           $vol = path("C:/tmp/foo.txt")->volume; # "C:"

       Returns the volume portion of the path.  This is equivalent to what File::Spec would give
       from "splitpath" and thus usually is the empty string on Unix-like operating systems or
       the drive letter for an absolute path on "MSWin32".

       Current API available since 0.001.

EXCEPTION HANDLING

       Simple usage errors will generally croak.  Failures of underlying Perl functions will be
       thrown as exceptions in the class "Path::Tiny::Error".

       A "Path::Tiny::Error" object will be a hash reference with the following fields:

       •   "op" — a description of the operation, usually function call and any extra info

       •   "file" — the file or directory relating to the error

       •   "err" — hold $! at the time the error was thrown

       •   "msg" — a string combining the above data and a Carp-like short stack trace

       Exception objects will stringify as the "msg" field.

ENVIRONMENT

   PERL_PATH_TINY_NO_FLOCK
       If the environment variable "PERL_PATH_TINY_NO_FLOCK" is set to a true value then flock
       will NOT be used when accessing files (this is not recommended).

CAVEATS

   Subclassing not supported
       For speed, this class is implemented as an array based object and uses many direct
       function calls internally.  You must not subclass it and expect things to work properly.

   Tilde expansion (deprecated)
       Tilde expansion was a nice idea, but it can't easily be applied consistently across the
       entire API.  This was a source of bugs and confusion for users.  Therefore, it is
       deprecated and its use is discouraged.  Limitations to the existing, legacy behavior
       follow.

       Tilde expansion will only occur if the first argument to "path" begins with a tilde. No
       other method does tilde expansion on its arguments.  If you want tilde expansion on
       arguments, you must explicitly wrap them in a call to "path".

           path( "~/foo.txt" )->copy( path( "~/bar.txt" ) );

       If you need a literal leading tilde, use "path("./~whatever")" so that the argument to
       "path" doesn't start with a tilde, but the path still resolves to the current directory.

       Behaviour of tilde expansion with a username for non-existent users depends on the output
       of "glob" on the system.

   File locking
       If flock is not supported on a platform, it will not be used, even if locking is
       requested.

       In situations where a platform normally would support locking, but the flock fails due to
       a filesystem limitation, Path::Tiny has some heuristics to detect this and will warn once
       and continue in an unsafe mode.  If you want this failure to be fatal, you can fatalize
       the 'flock' warnings category:

           use warnings FATAL => 'flock';

       See additional caveats below.

       NFS and BSD

       On BSD, Perl's flock implementation may not work to lock files on an NFS filesystem.  If
       detected, this situation will warn once, as described above.

       Lustre

       The Lustre filesystem does not support flock.  If detected, this situation will warn once,
       as described above.

       AIX and locking

       AIX requires a write handle for locking.  Therefore, calls that normally open a read
       handle and take a shared lock instead will open a read-write handle and take an exclusive
       lock.  If the user does not have write permission, no lock will be used.

   utf8 vs UTF-8
       All the *_utf8 methods by default use ":encoding(UTF-8)" -- either as
       ":unix:encoding(UTF-8)" (unbuffered, for whole file operations) or ":raw:encoding(UTF-8)"
       (buffered, for line-by-line operations). These are strict against the Unicode spec and
       disallows illegal Unicode codepoints or UTF-8 sequences.

       Unfortunately, ":encoding(UTF-8)" is very, very slow.  If you install Unicode::UTF8 0.58
       or later, that module will be used by some *_utf8 methods to encode or decode data after a
       raw, binary input/output operation, which is much faster.  Alternatively, if you install
       PerlIO::utf8_strict, that will be used instead of ":encoding(UTF-8)" and is also very
       fast.

       If you need the performance and can accept the security risk, "slurp({binmode =>
       ":unix:utf8"})" will be faster than ":unix:encoding(UTF-8)" (but not as fast as
       "Unicode::UTF8").

       Note that the *_utf8 methods read in raw mode.  There is no CRLF translation on Windows.
       If you must have CRLF translation, use the regular input/output methods with an
       appropriate binmode:

         $path->spew_utf8($data);                            # raw
         $path->spew({binmode => ":encoding(UTF-8)"}, $data; # LF -> CRLF

   Default IO layers and the open pragma
       If you have Perl 5.10 or later, file input/output methods ("slurp", "spew", etc.) and
       high-level handle opening methods ( "filehandle", "openr", "openw", etc. ) respect default
       encodings set by the "-C" switch or lexical open settings of the caller.  For UTF-8, this
       is almost certainly slower than using the dedicated "_utf8" methods if you have
       Unicode::UTF8 or PerlIP::utf8_strict.

TYPE CONSTRAINTS AND COERCION

       A standard MooseX::Types library is available at MooseX::Types::Path::Tiny.  A Type::Tiny
       equivalent is available as Types::Path::Tiny.

SEE ALSO

       These are other file/path utilities, which may offer a different feature set than
       "Path::Tiny".

       •   File::chmod

       •   File::Fu

       •   IO::All

       •   Path::Class

       These iterators may be slightly faster than the recursive iterator in "Path::Tiny":

       •   Path::Iterator::Rule

       •   File::Next

       There are probably comparable, non-Tiny tools.  Let me know if you want me to add a module
       to the list.

       This module was featured in the 2013 Perl Advent Calendar
       <http://www.perladvent.org/2013/2013-12-18.html>.

SUPPORT

   Bugs / Feature Requests
       Please report any bugs or feature requests through the issue tracker at
       <https://github.com/dagolden/Path-Tiny/issues>.  You will be notified automatically of any
       progress on your issue.

   Source Code
       This is open source software.  The code repository is available for public review and
       contribution under the terms of the license.

       <https://github.com/dagolden/Path-Tiny>

         git clone https://github.com/dagolden/Path-Tiny.git

AUTHOR

       David Golden <dagolden@cpan.org>

CONTRIBUTORS

       •   Alex Efros <powerman@powerman.name>

       •   Aristotle Pagaltzis <pagaltzis@gmx.de>

       •   Chris Williams <bingos@cpan.org>

       •   Dan Book <grinnz@grinnz.com>

       •   Dave Rolsky <autarch@urth.org>

       •   David Steinbrunner <dsteinbrunner@pobox.com>

       •   Doug Bell <madcityzen@gmail.com>

       •   Elvin Aslanov <rwp.primary@gmail.com>

       •   Flavio Poletti <flavio@polettix.it>

       •   Gabor Szabo <szabgab@cpan.org>

       •   Gabriel Andrade <gabiruh@gmail.com>

       •   George Hartzell <hartzell@cpan.org>

       •   Geraud Continsouzas <geraud@scsi.nc>

       •   Goro Fuji <gfuji@cpan.org>

       •   Graham Knop <haarg@haarg.org>

       •   Graham Ollis <plicease@cpan.org>

       •   Ian Sillitoe <ian@sillit.com>

       •   James Hunt <james@niftylogic.com>

       •   John Karr <brainbuz@brainbuz.org>

       •   Karen Etheridge <ether@cpan.org>

       •   Mark Ellis <mark.ellis@cartridgesave.co.uk>

       •   Martin H. Sluka <fany@cpan.org>

       •   Martin Kjeldsen <mk@bluepipe.dk>

       •   Mary Ehlers <regina.verb.ae@gmail.com>

       •   Michael G. Schwern <mschwern@cpan.org>

       •   Nicolas R <nicolas@atoomic.org>

       •   Nicolas Rochelemagne <rochelemagne@cpanel.net>

       •   Nigel Gregoire <nigelgregoire@gmail.com>

       •   Philippe Bruhat (BooK) <book@cpan.org>

       •   regina-verbae <regina-verbae@users.noreply.github.com>

       •   Roy Ivy III <rivy@cpan.org>

       •   Shlomi Fish <shlomif@shlomifish.org>

       •   Smylers <Smylers@stripey.com>

       •   Tatsuhiko Miyagawa <miyagawa@bulknews.net>

       •   Toby Inkster <tobyink@cpan.org>

       •   Yanick Champoux <yanick@babyl.dyndns.org>

       •   김도형 - Keedi Kim <keedi@cpan.org>

COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE

       This software is Copyright (c) 2014 by David Golden.

       This is free software, licensed under:

         The Apache License, Version 2.0, January 2004