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NAME

       mount_namespaces - overview of Linux mount namespaces

DESCRIPTION

       For an overview of namespaces, see namespaces(7).

       Mount  namespaces  provide  isolation  of the list of mounts seen by the processes in each
       namespace instance.  Thus, the processes in each of the mount namespace instances will see
       distinct single-directory hierarchies.

       The  views provided by the /proc/pid/mounts, /proc/pid/mountinfo, and /proc/pid/mountstats
       files (all described in proc(5)) correspond to the mount namespace in  which  the  process
       with  the  PID pid resides.  (All of the processes that reside in the same mount namespace
       will see the same view in these files.)

       A new mount namespace is created using either clone(2) or unshare(2) with the  CLONE_NEWNS
       flag.  When a new mount namespace is created, its mount list is initialized as follows:

       •  If  the namespace is created using clone(2), the mount list of the child's namespace is
          a copy of the mount list in the parent process's mount namespace.

       •  If the namespace is created using unshare(2), the mount list of the new namespace is  a
          copy of the mount list in the caller's previous mount namespace.

       Subsequent  modifications  to  the  mount  list  (mount(2)  and umount(2)) in either mount
       namespace will not (by default) affect the mount list seen in the other namespace (but see
       the following discussion of shared subtrees).

SHARED SUBTREES

       After  the  implementation  of  mount namespaces was completed, experience showed that the
       isolation that they provided was, in some cases, too great.  For example, in order to make
       a  newly  loaded  optical  disk  available  in all mount namespaces, a mount operation was
       required in each namespace.  For this use case, and others, the shared subtree feature was
       introduced  in Linux 2.6.15.  This feature allows for automatic, controlled propagation of
       mount(2) and umount(2) events between namespaces (or, more precisely, between  the  mounts
       that are members of a peer group that are propagating events to one another).

       Each mount is marked (via mount(2)) as having one of the following propagation types:

       MS_SHARED
              This  mount  shares  events  with  members of a peer group.  mount(2) and umount(2)
              events immediately under this mount will propagate to the  other  mounts  that  are
              members  of  the  peer  group.   Propagation  here  means that the same mount(2) or
              umount(2) will automatically occur under all of the other mounts in the peer group.
              Conversely,  mount(2)  and  umount(2) events that take place under peer mounts will
              propagate to this mount.

       MS_PRIVATE
              This mount is private; it does not have  a  peer  group.   mount(2)  and  umount(2)
              events do not propagate into or out of this mount.

       MS_SLAVE
              mount(2) and umount(2) events propagate into this mount from a (master) shared peer
              group.  mount(2) and umount(2) events under this mount  do  not  propagate  to  any
              peer.

              Note  that  a  mount  can be the slave of another peer group while at the same time
              sharing mount(2) and umount(2) events with a peer group of which it  is  a  member.
              (More precisely, one peer group can be the slave of another peer group.)

       MS_UNBINDABLE
              This  is  like  a  private mount, and in addition this mount can't be bind mounted.
              Attempts to bind mount this mount (mount(2) with the MS_BIND flag) will fail.

              When a recursive bind mount  (mount(2)  with  the  MS_BIND  and  MS_REC  flags)  is
              performed  on  a  directory  subtree,  any  bind  mounts  within  the  subtree  are
              automatically pruned (i.e.,  not  replicated)  when  replicating  that  subtree  to
              produce the target subtree.

       For a discussion of the propagation type assigned to a new mount, see NOTES.

       The  propagation  type  is  a per-mount-point setting; some mounts may be marked as shared
       (with each shared mount being a member of a distinct peer group), while others are private
       (or slaved or unbindable).

       Note  that  a mount's propagation type determines whether mount(2) and umount(2) of mounts
       immediately under the mount are propagated.  Thus, the propagation type  does  not  affect
       propagation  of  events  for  grandchildren  and  further removed descendant mounts.  What
       happens if the mount itself is unmounted is determined by the propagation type that is  in
       effect for the parent of the mount.

       Members are added to a peer group when a mount is marked as shared and either:

       (a)  the mount is replicated during the creation of a new mount namespace; or

       (b)  a new bind mount is created from the mount.

       In  both of these cases, the new mount joins the peer group of which the existing mount is
       a member.

       A new peer group is also created when a child mount is created  under  an  existing  mount
       that  is marked as shared.  In this case, the new child mount is also marked as shared and
       the resulting peer group consists of all the mounts that are replicated under the peers of
       parent mounts.

       A  mount  ceases  to  be  a  member  of  a  peer group when either the mount is explicitly
       unmounted, or when the mount is implicitly unmounted because a mount namespace is  removed
       (because it has no more member processes).

       The  propagation  type  of  the  mounts  in  a  mount  namespace can be discovered via the
       "optional fields" exposed in /proc/pid/mountinfo.  (See proc(5) for details of this file.)
       The following tags can appear in the optional fields for a record in that file:

       shared:X
              This  mount  is  shared  in  peer group X.  Each peer group has a unique ID that is
              automatically generated by the kernel, and all mounts in the same peer  group  will
              show  the  same  ID.  (These IDs are assigned starting from the value 1, and may be
              recycled when a peer group ceases to have any members.)

       master:X
              This mount is a slave to shared peer group X.

       propagate_from:X (since Linux 2.6.26)
              This mount is a slave and receives propagation from shared peer group X.  This  tag
              will  always  appear  in  conjunction  with a master:X tag.  Here, X is the closest
              dominant peer group under the process's root directory.   If  X  is  the  immediate
              master  of  the  mount,  or if there is no dominant peer group under the same root,
              then only the master:X field is present and not the  propagate_from:X  field.   For
              further details, see below.

       unbindable
              This is an unbindable mount.

       If none of the above tags is present, then this is a private mount.

   MS_SHARED and MS_PRIVATE example
       Suppose that on a terminal in the initial mount namespace, we mark one mount as shared and
       another as private, and then view the mounts in /proc/self/mountinfo:

           sh1# mount --make-shared /mntS
           sh1# mount --make-private /mntP
           sh1# cat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep '/mnt' | sed 's/ - .*//'
           77 61 8:17 / /mntS rw,relatime shared:1
           83 61 8:15 / /mntP rw,relatime

       From the /proc/self/mountinfo output, we see that /mntS is a shared mount in peer group 1,
       and that /mntP has no optional tags, indicating that it is a private mount.  The first two
       fields in each record in this file are the unique ID for this mount, and the mount  ID  of
       the  parent mount.  We can further inspect this file to see that the parent mount of /mntS
       and /mntP is the root directory, /, which is mounted as private:

           sh1# cat /proc/self/mountinfo | awk '$1 == 61' | sed 's/ - .*//'
           61 0 8:2 / / rw,relatime

       On a second terminal, we create a new mount namespace where we  run  a  second  shell  and
       inspect the mounts:

           $ PS1='sh2# ' sudo unshare -m --propagation unchanged sh
           sh2# cat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep '/mnt' | sed 's/ - .*//'
           222 145 8:17 / /mntS rw,relatime shared:1
           225 145 8:15 / /mntP rw,relatime

       The  new  mount  namespace received a copy of the initial mount namespace's mounts.  These
       new mounts maintain  the  same  propagation  types,  but  have  unique  mount  IDs.   (The
       --propagation unchanged option prevents unshare(1) from marking all mounts as private when
       creating a new mount namespace, which it does by default.)

       In the second terminal, we then create submounts under each of /mntS and /mntP and inspect
       the set-up:

           sh2# mkdir /mntS/a
           sh2# mount /dev/sdb6 /mntS/a
           sh2# mkdir /mntP/b
           sh2# mount /dev/sdb7 /mntP/b
           sh2# cat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep '/mnt' | sed 's/ - .*//'
           222 145 8:17 / /mntS rw,relatime shared:1
           225 145 8:15 / /mntP rw,relatime
           178 222 8:22 / /mntS/a rw,relatime shared:2
           230 225 8:23 / /mntP/b rw,relatime

       From the above, it can be seen that /mntS/a was created as shared (inheriting this setting
       from its parent mount) and /mntP/b was created as a private mount.

       Returning to the first terminal and inspecting the set-up,  we  see  that  the  new  mount
       created  under  the  shared mount /mntS propagated to its peer mount (in the initial mount
       namespace), but the new mount created under the private mount /mntP did not propagate:

           sh1# cat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep '/mnt' | sed 's/ - .*//'
           77 61 8:17 / /mntS rw,relatime shared:1
           83 61 8:15 / /mntP rw,relatime
           179 77 8:22 / /mntS/a rw,relatime shared:2

   MS_SLAVE example
       Making a mount a slave allows it to receive propagated mount(2) and umount(2) events  from
       a  master  shared  peer group, while preventing it from propagating events to that master.
       This is useful if we want to (say) receive a mount event when an optical disk  is  mounted
       in the master shared peer group (in another mount namespace), but want to prevent mount(2)
       and umount(2) events under the slave mount from having side effects in other namespaces.

       We can demonstrate the effect of slaving by first marking two  mounts  as  shared  in  the
       initial mount namespace:

           sh1# mount --make-shared /mntX
           sh1# mount --make-shared /mntY
           sh1# cat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep '/mnt' | sed 's/ - .*//'
           132 83 8:23 / /mntX rw,relatime shared:1
           133 83 8:22 / /mntY rw,relatime shared:2

       On a second terminal, we create a new mount namespace and inspect the mounts:

           sh2# unshare -m --propagation unchanged sh
           sh2# cat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep '/mnt' | sed 's/ - .*//'
           168 167 8:23 / /mntX rw,relatime shared:1
           169 167 8:22 / /mntY rw,relatime shared:2

       In the new mount namespace, we then mark one of the mounts as a slave:

           sh2# mount --make-slave /mntY
           sh2# cat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep '/mnt' | sed 's/ - .*//'
           168 167 8:23 / /mntX rw,relatime shared:1
           169 167 8:22 / /mntY rw,relatime master:2

       From  the  above  output,  we  see  that  /mntY  is  now  a  slave mount that is receiving
       propagation events from the shared peer group with the ID 2.

       Continuing in the new namespace, we create submounts under each of /mntX and /mntY:

           sh2# mkdir /mntX/a
           sh2# mount /dev/sda3 /mntX/a
           sh2# mkdir /mntY/b
           sh2# mount /dev/sda5 /mntY/b

       When we inspect the state of the mounts in the new mount namespace, we  see  that  /mntX/a
       was  created as a new shared mount (inheriting the "shared" setting from its parent mount)
       and /mntY/b was created as a private mount:

           sh2# cat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep '/mnt' | sed 's/ - .*//'
           168 167 8:23 / /mntX rw,relatime shared:1
           169 167 8:22 / /mntY rw,relatime master:2
           173 168 8:3 / /mntX/a rw,relatime shared:3
           175 169 8:5 / /mntY/b rw,relatime

       Returning to the first terminal (in the initial mount namespace), we see  that  the  mount
       /mntX/a  propagated  to  the  peer  (the  shared  /mntX),  but  the  mount /mntY/b was not
       propagated:

           sh1# cat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep '/mnt' | sed 's/ - .*//'
           132 83 8:23 / /mntX rw,relatime shared:1
           133 83 8:22 / /mntY rw,relatime shared:2
           174 132 8:3 / /mntX/a rw,relatime shared:3

       Now we create a new mount under /mntY in the first shell:

           sh1# mkdir /mntY/c
           sh1# mount /dev/sda1 /mntY/c
           sh1# cat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep '/mnt' | sed 's/ - .*//'
           132 83 8:23 / /mntX rw,relatime shared:1
           133 83 8:22 / /mntY rw,relatime shared:2
           174 132 8:3 / /mntX/a rw,relatime shared:3
           178 133 8:1 / /mntY/c rw,relatime shared:4

       When we examine the mounts in the second mount namespace, we see that in this case the new
       mount  has  been  propagated  to the slave mount, and that the new mount is itself a slave
       mount (to peer group 4):

           sh2# cat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep '/mnt' | sed 's/ - .*//'
           168 167 8:23 / /mntX rw,relatime shared:1
           169 167 8:22 / /mntY rw,relatime master:2
           173 168 8:3 / /mntX/a rw,relatime shared:3
           175 169 8:5 / /mntY/b rw,relatime
           179 169 8:1 / /mntY/c rw,relatime master:4

   MS_UNBINDABLE example
       One of the primary purposes of unbindable mounts is to avoid the "mount explosion" problem
       when  repeatedly  performing bind mounts of a higher-level subtree at a lower-level mount.
       The problem is illustrated by the following shell session.

       Suppose we have a system with the following mounts:

           # mount | awk '{print $1, $2, $3}'
           /dev/sda1 on /
           /dev/sdb6 on /mntX
           /dev/sdb7 on /mntY

       Suppose furthermore that we wish to  recursively  bind  mount  the  root  directory  under
       several users' home directories.  We do this for the first user, and inspect the mounts:

           # mount --rbind / /home/cecilia/
           # mount | awk '{print $1, $2, $3}'
           /dev/sda1 on /
           /dev/sdb6 on /mntX
           /dev/sdb7 on /mntY
           /dev/sda1 on /home/cecilia
           /dev/sdb6 on /home/cecilia/mntX
           /dev/sdb7 on /home/cecilia/mntY

       When we repeat this operation for the second user, we start to see the explosion problem:

           # mount --rbind / /home/henry
           # mount | awk '{print $1, $2, $3}'
           /dev/sda1 on /
           /dev/sdb6 on /mntX
           /dev/sdb7 on /mntY
           /dev/sda1 on /home/cecilia
           /dev/sdb6 on /home/cecilia/mntX
           /dev/sdb7 on /home/cecilia/mntY
           /dev/sda1 on /home/henry
           /dev/sdb6 on /home/henry/mntX
           /dev/sdb7 on /home/henry/mntY
           /dev/sda1 on /home/henry/home/cecilia
           /dev/sdb6 on /home/henry/home/cecilia/mntX
           /dev/sdb7 on /home/henry/home/cecilia/mntY

       Under /home/henry, we have not only recursively added the /mntX and /mntY mounts, but also
       the recursive mounts of those directories under /home/cecilia that  were  created  in  the
       previous  step.   Upon  repeating  the  step for a third user, it becomes obvious that the
       explosion is exponential in nature:

           # mount --rbind / /home/otto
           # mount | awk '{print $1, $2, $3}'
           /dev/sda1 on /
           /dev/sdb6 on /mntX
           /dev/sdb7 on /mntY
           /dev/sda1 on /home/cecilia
           /dev/sdb6 on /home/cecilia/mntX
           /dev/sdb7 on /home/cecilia/mntY
           /dev/sda1 on /home/henry
           /dev/sdb6 on /home/henry/mntX
           /dev/sdb7 on /home/henry/mntY
           /dev/sda1 on /home/henry/home/cecilia
           /dev/sdb6 on /home/henry/home/cecilia/mntX
           /dev/sdb7 on /home/henry/home/cecilia/mntY
           /dev/sda1 on /home/otto
           /dev/sdb6 on /home/otto/mntX
           /dev/sdb7 on /home/otto/mntY
           /dev/sda1 on /home/otto/home/cecilia
           /dev/sdb6 on /home/otto/home/cecilia/mntX
           /dev/sdb7 on /home/otto/home/cecilia/mntY
           /dev/sda1 on /home/otto/home/henry
           /dev/sdb6 on /home/otto/home/henry/mntX
           /dev/sdb7 on /home/otto/home/henry/mntY
           /dev/sda1 on /home/otto/home/henry/home/cecilia
           /dev/sdb6 on /home/otto/home/henry/home/cecilia/mntX
           /dev/sdb7 on /home/otto/home/henry/home/cecilia/mntY

       The mount explosion problem in the above scenario can be avoided by making each of the new
       mounts  unbindable.   The  effect  of  doing  this  is  that  recursive mounts of the root
       directory will not replicate the unbindable mounts.  We make such a mount  for  the  first
       user:

           # mount --rbind --make-unbindable / /home/cecilia

       Before going further, we show that unbindable mounts are indeed unbindable:

           # mkdir /mntZ
           # mount --bind /home/cecilia /mntZ
           mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /home/cecilia,
                  missing codepage or helper program, or other error

                  In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try
                  dmesg | tail or so.

       Now we create unbindable recursive bind mounts for the other two users:

           # mount --rbind --make-unbindable / /home/henry
           # mount --rbind --make-unbindable / /home/otto

       Upon  examining  the list of mounts, we see there has been no explosion of mounts, because
       the unbindable mounts were not replicated under each user's directory:

           # mount | awk '{print $1, $2, $3}'
           /dev/sda1 on /
           /dev/sdb6 on /mntX
           /dev/sdb7 on /mntY
           /dev/sda1 on /home/cecilia
           /dev/sdb6 on /home/cecilia/mntX
           /dev/sdb7 on /home/cecilia/mntY
           /dev/sda1 on /home/henry
           /dev/sdb6 on /home/henry/mntX
           /dev/sdb7 on /home/henry/mntY
           /dev/sda1 on /home/otto
           /dev/sdb6 on /home/otto/mntX
           /dev/sdb7 on /home/otto/mntY

   Propagation type transitions
       The following table  shows  the  effect  that  applying  a  new  propagation  type  (i.e.,
       mount  --make-xxxx)  has on the existing propagation type of a mount.  The rows correspond
       to existing propagation types, and the columns are  the  new  propagation  settings.   For
       reasons of space, "private" is abbreviated as "priv" and "unbindable" as "unbind".

                     make-shared   make-slave      make-priv  make-unbind
       ─────────────┬───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
       shared       │shared        slave/priv [1]  priv       unbind
       slave        │slave+shared  slave [2]       priv       unbind
       slave+shared │slave+shared  slave           priv       unbind
       private      │shared        priv [2]        priv       unbind
       unbindable   │shared        unbind [2]      priv       unbind

       Note the following details to the table:

       [1]  If  a  shared  mount  is  the  only  mount  in  its  peer  group,  making  it a slave
            automatically makes it private.

       [2]  Slaving a nonshared mount has no effect on the mount.

   Bind (MS_BIND) semantics
       Suppose that the following command is performed:

           mount --bind A/a B/b

       Here, A is the source mount, B is the destination mount, a is a  subdirectory  path  under
       the  mount point A, and b is a subdirectory path under the mount point B.  The propagation
       type of the resulting mount, B/b, depends on the propagation types of the mounts A and  B,
       and is summarized in the following table.

                                  source(A)
                          shared  private    slave         unbind
       ──────────────────┬──────────────────────────────────────────
       dest(B)  shared   │shared  shared     slave+shared  invalid
                nonshared│shared  private    slave         invalid

       Note that a recursive bind of a subtree follows the same semantics as for a bind operation
       on each mount in the subtree.  (Unbindable mounts are automatically pruned at  the  target
       mount point.)

       For  further details, see Documentation/filesystems/sharedsubtree.rst in the kernel source
       tree.

   Move (MS_MOVE) semantics
       Suppose that the following command is performed:

           mount --move A B/b

       Here, A is the source mount, B is the destination mount, and  b  is  a  subdirectory  path
       under the mount point B.  The propagation type of the resulting mount, B/b, depends on the
       propagation types of the mounts A and B, and is summarized in the following table.

                                  source(A)
                          shared  private    slave         unbind
       ──────────────────┬─────────────────────────────────────────────
       dest(B)  shared   │shared  shared     slave+shared  invalid
                nonshared│shared  private    slave         unbindable

       Note: moving a mount that resides under a shared mount is invalid.

       For further details, see Documentation/filesystems/sharedsubtree.rst in the kernel  source
       tree.

   Mount semantics
       Suppose that we use the following command to create a mount:

           mount device B/b

       Here,  B  is  the destination mount, and b is a subdirectory path under the mount point B.
       The propagation type of the resulting mount, B/b, follows the same rules  as  for  a  bind
       mount, where the propagation type of the source mount is considered always to be private.

   Unmount semantics
       Suppose that we use the following command to tear down a mount:

           umount A

       Here,  A is a mount on B/b, where B is the parent mount and b is a subdirectory path under
       the mount point B.  If B is shared, then all most-recently-mounted mounts at b  on  mounts
       that receive propagation from mount B and do not have submounts under them are unmounted.

   The /proc/ pid /mountinfo propagate_from tag
       The  propagate_from:X  tag is shown in the optional fields of a /proc/pid/mountinfo record
       in cases where a process can't see a slave's immediate master (i.e., the pathname  of  the
       master  is  not  reachable from the filesystem root directory) and so cannot determine the
       chain of propagation between the mounts it can see.

       In the following example, we first create a two-link master-slave chain between the mounts
       /mnt, /tmp/etc, and /mnt/tmp/etc.  Then the chroot(1) command is used to make the /tmp/etc
       mount point unreachable from the root directory, creating a situation where the master  of
       /mnt/tmp/etc is not reachable from the (new) root directory of the process.

       First,  we  bind mount the root directory onto /mnt and then bind mount /proc at /mnt/proc
       so that after the later chroot(1) the proc(5) filesystem remains visible  at  the  correct
       location in the chroot-ed environment.

           # mkdir -p /mnt/proc
           # mount --bind / /mnt
           # mount --bind /proc /mnt/proc

       Next, we ensure that the /mnt mount is a shared mount in a new peer group (with no peers):

           # mount --make-private /mnt  # Isolate from any previous peer group
           # mount --make-shared /mnt
           # cat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep '/mnt' | sed 's/ - .*//'
           239 61 8:2 / /mnt ... shared:102
           248 239 0:4 / /mnt/proc ... shared:5

       Next, we bind mount /mnt/etc onto /tmp/etc:

           # mkdir -p /tmp/etc
           # mount --bind /mnt/etc /tmp/etc
           # cat /proc/self/mountinfo | egrep '/mnt|/tmp/' | sed 's/ - .*//'
           239 61 8:2 / /mnt ... shared:102
           248 239 0:4 / /mnt/proc ... shared:5
           267 40 8:2 /etc /tmp/etc ... shared:102

       Initially,  these  two  mounts are in the same peer group, but we then make the /tmp/etc a
       slave of /mnt/etc, and then make /tmp/etc shared as well, so that it can propagate  events
       to the next slave in the chain:

           # mount --make-slave /tmp/etc
           # mount --make-shared /tmp/etc
           # cat /proc/self/mountinfo | egrep '/mnt|/tmp/' | sed 's/ - .*//'
           239 61 8:2 / /mnt ... shared:102
           248 239 0:4 / /mnt/proc ... shared:5
           267 40 8:2 /etc /tmp/etc ... shared:105 master:102

       Then we bind mount /tmp/etc onto /mnt/tmp/etc.  Again, the two mounts are initially in the
       same peer group, but we then make /mnt/tmp/etc a slave of /tmp/etc:

           # mkdir -p /mnt/tmp/etc
           # mount --bind /tmp/etc /mnt/tmp/etc
           # mount --make-slave /mnt/tmp/etc
           # cat /proc/self/mountinfo | egrep '/mnt|/tmp/' | sed 's/ - .*//'
           239 61 8:2 / /mnt ... shared:102
           248 239 0:4 / /mnt/proc ... shared:5
           267 40 8:2 /etc /tmp/etc ... shared:105 master:102
           273 239 8:2 /etc /mnt/tmp/etc ... master:105

       From the above, we see that /mnt is the master of the slave /tmp/etc, which in turn is the
       master of the slave /mnt/tmp/etc.

       We  then  chroot(1) to the /mnt directory, which renders the mount with ID 267 unreachable
       from the (new) root directory:

           # chroot /mnt

       When we examine the state of the mounts inside  the  chroot-ed  environment,  we  see  the
       following:

           # cat /proc/self/mountinfo | sed 's/ - .*//'
           239 61 8:2 / / ... shared:102
           248 239 0:4 / /proc ... shared:5
           273 239 8:2 /etc /tmp/etc ... master:105 propagate_from:102

       Above,  we  see  that the mount with ID 273 is a slave whose master is the peer group 105.
       The mount point for that master is unreachable, and so a propagate_from tag is  displayed,
       indicating  that the closest dominant peer group (i.e., the nearest reachable mount in the
       slave chain) is the peer group with the ID 102 (corresponding  to  the  /mnt  mount  point
       before the chroot(1) was performed).

STANDARDS

       Linux.

HISTORY

       Linux 2.4.19.

NOTES

       The propagation type assigned to a new mount depends on the propagation type of the parent
       mount.  If the mount has a parent (i.e., it is a non-root mount point) and the propagation
       type  of  the  parent  is  MS_SHARED,  then  the propagation type of the new mount is also
       MS_SHARED.  Otherwise, the propagation type of the new mount is MS_PRIVATE.

       Notwithstanding the fact that the default propagation type for new mount is in many  cases
       MS_PRIVATE, MS_SHARED is typically more useful.  For this reason, systemd(1) automatically
       remounts all mounts as MS_SHARED on system startup.  Thus, on  most  modern  systems,  the
       default propagation type is in practice MS_SHARED.

       Since,  when  one  uses  unshare(1)  to  create a mount namespace, the goal is commonly to
       provide full isolation of the mounts in the new namespace,  unshare(1)  (since  util-linux
       2.27)  in  turn reverses the step performed by systemd(1), by making all mounts private in
       the new namespace.  That is, unshare(1) performs the equivalent of the  following  in  the
       new mount namespace:

           mount --make-rprivate /

       To prevent this, one can use the --propagation unchanged option to unshare(1).

       An  application  that  creates a new mount namespace directly using clone(2) or unshare(2)
       may desire to prevent propagation of mount events to other mount namespaces (as is done by
       unshare(1)).   This  can  be  done  by  changing the propagation type of mounts in the new
       namespace to either MS_SLAVE or MS_PRIVATE, using a call such as the following:

           mount(NULL, "/", MS_SLAVE | MS_REC, NULL);

       For a discussion of propagation types when  moving  mounts  (MS_MOVE)  and  creating  bind
       mounts (MS_BIND), see Documentation/filesystems/sharedsubtree.rst.

   Restrictions on mount namespaces
       Note the following points with respect to mount namespaces:

       [1]  Each  mount  namespace  has  an owner user namespace.  As explained above, when a new
            mount namespace is created, its mount list is initialized as a copy of the mount list
            of  another  mount  namespace.  If the new namespace and the namespace from which the
            mount list was copied are owned by different user  namespaces,  then  the  new  mount
            namespace is considered less privileged.

       [2]  When  creating  a less privileged mount namespace, shared mounts are reduced to slave
            mounts.  This ensures that mappings performed in  less  privileged  mount  namespaces
            will not propagate to more privileged mount namespaces.

       [3]  Mounts  that  come as a single unit from a more privileged mount namespace are locked
            together and may not be  separated  in  a  less  privileged  mount  namespace.   (The
            unshare(2)  CLONE_NEWNS  operation  brings across all of the mounts from the original
            mount namespace as a single unit, and recursive mounts that propagate  between  mount
            namespaces propagate as a single unit.)

            In this context, "may not be separated" means that the mounts are locked so that they
            may not be individually unmounted.  Consider the following example:

                $ sudo sh
                # mount --bind /dev/null /etc/shadow
                # cat /etc/shadow       # Produces no output

            The above steps, performed in a more privileged mount namespace, have created a  bind
            mount  that  obscures  the  contents  of  the shadow password file, /etc/shadow.  For
            security reasons, it should not be  possible  to  umount(2)  that  mount  in  a  less
            privileged mount namespace, since that would reveal the contents of /etc/shadow.

            Suppose  we  now create a new mount namespace owned by a new user namespace.  The new
            mount namespace will inherit copies of all of the  mounts  from  the  previous  mount
            namespace.   However,  those mounts will be locked because the new mount namespace is
            less privileged.  Consequently, an attempt to umount(2) the mount fails  as  show  in
            the following step:

                # unshare --user --map-root-user --mount \
                               strace -o /tmp/log \
                               umount /mnt/dir
                umount: /etc/shadow: not mounted.
                # grep '^umount' /tmp/log
                umount2("/etc/shadow", 0)     = -1 EINVAL (Invalid argument)

            The  error  message  from  mount(8)  is  a little confusing, but the strace(1) output
            reveals that the underlying umount2(2) system call  failed  with  the  error  EINVAL,
            which is the error that the kernel returns to indicate that the mount is locked.

            Note,  however,  that  it is possible to stack (and unstack) a mount on top of one of
            the inherited locked mounts in a less privileged mount namespace:

                # echo 'aaaaa' > /tmp/a    # File to mount onto /etc/shadow
                # unshare --user --map-root-user --mount \
                    sh -c 'mount --bind /tmp/a /etc/shadow; cat /etc/shadow'
                aaaaa
                # umount /etc/shadow

            The final umount(8) command above, which is performed in the initial mount namespace,
            makes the original /etc/shadow file once more visible in that namespace.

       [4]  Following  on from point [3], note that it is possible to umount(2) an entire subtree
            of mounts that propagated as a unit  into  a  less  privileged  mount  namespace,  as
            illustrated in the following example.

            First,  we  create  new user and mount namespaces using unshare(1).  In the new mount
            namespace, the propagation type of all mounts is set to private.  We  then  create  a
            shared bind mount at /mnt, and a small hierarchy of mounts underneath that mount.

                $ PS1='ns1# ' sudo unshare --user --map-root-user \
                                       --mount --propagation private bash
                ns1# echo $$        # We need the PID of this shell later
                778501
                ns1# mount --make-shared --bind /mnt /mnt
                ns1# mkdir /mnt/x
                ns1# mount --make-private -t tmpfs none /mnt/x
                ns1# mkdir /mnt/x/y
                ns1# mount --make-private -t tmpfs none /mnt/x/y
                ns1# grep /mnt /proc/self/mountinfo | sed 's/ - .*//'
                986 83 8:5 /mnt /mnt rw,relatime shared:344
                989 986 0:56 / /mnt/x rw,relatime
                990 989 0:57 / /mnt/x/y rw,relatime

            Continuing  in  the  same  shell session, we then create a second shell in a new user
            namespace and a new (less privileged) mount namespace and  check  the  state  of  the
            propagated mounts rooted at /mnt.

                ns1# PS1='ns2# ' unshare --user --map-root-user \
                                       --mount --propagation unchanged bash
                ns2# grep /mnt /proc/self/mountinfo | sed 's/ - .*//'
                1239 1204 8:5 /mnt /mnt rw,relatime master:344
                1240 1239 0:56 / /mnt/x rw,relatime
                1241 1240 0:57 / /mnt/x/y rw,relatime

            Of  note  in the above output is that the propagation type of the mount /mnt has been
            reduced to slave, as explained in point [2].  This means that  submount  events  will
            propagate  from  the  master  /mnt  in  "ns1",  but propagation will not occur in the
            opposite direction.

            From a separate terminal window, we then use nsenter(1) to enter the mount  and  user
            namespaces corresponding to "ns1".  In that terminal window, we then recursively bind
            mount /mnt/x at the location /mnt/ppp.

                $ PS1='ns3# ' sudo nsenter -t 778501 --user --mount
                ns3# mount --rbind --make-private /mnt/x /mnt/ppp
                ns3# grep /mnt /proc/self/mountinfo | sed 's/ - .*//'
                986 83 8:5 /mnt /mnt rw,relatime shared:344
                989 986 0:56 / /mnt/x rw,relatime
                990 989 0:57 / /mnt/x/y rw,relatime
                1242 986 0:56 / /mnt/ppp rw,relatime
                1243 1242 0:57 / /mnt/ppp/y rw,relatime shared:518

            Because the propagation type of the parent mount, /mnt,  was  shared,  the  recursive
            bind  mount  propagated  a  small  subtree  of mounts under the slave mount /mnt into
            "ns2", as can be verified by executing the following command in that shell session:

                ns2# grep /mnt /proc/self/mountinfo | sed 's/ - .*//'
                1239 1204 8:5 /mnt /mnt rw,relatime master:344
                1240 1239 0:56 / /mnt/x rw,relatime
                1241 1240 0:57 / /mnt/x/y rw,relatime
                1244 1239 0:56 / /mnt/ppp rw,relatime
                1245 1244 0:57 / /mnt/ppp/y rw,relatime master:518

            While it is not possible to umount(2) a part of the propagated  subtree  (/mnt/ppp/y)
            in  "ns2",  it is possible to umount(2) the entire subtree, as shown by the following
            commands:

                ns2# umount /mnt/ppp/y
                umount: /mnt/ppp/y: not mounted.
                ns2# umount -l /mnt/ppp | sed 's/ - .*//'      # Succeeds...
                ns2# grep /mnt /proc/self/mountinfo
                1239 1204 8:5 /mnt /mnt rw,relatime master:344
                1240 1239 0:56 / /mnt/x rw,relatime
                1241 1240 0:57 / /mnt/x/y rw,relatime

       [5]  The  mount(2)  flags  MS_RDONLY,  MS_NOSUID,  MS_NOEXEC,  and   the   "atime"   flags
            (MS_NOATIME,  MS_NODIRATIME, MS_RELATIME) settings become locked when propagated from
            a more privileged to a less privileged mount namespace, and may not be changed in the
            less privileged mount namespace.

            This  point is illustrated in the following example where, in a more privileged mount
            namespace, we create a bind mount that is marked as read-only.  For security reasons,
            it  should  not  be  possible  to  make the mount writable in a less privileged mount
            namespace, and indeed the kernel prevents this:

                $ sudo mkdir /mnt/dir
                $ sudo mount --bind -o ro /some/path /mnt/dir
                $ sudo unshare --user --map-root-user --mount \
                               mount -o remount,rw /mnt/dir
                mount: /mnt/dir: permission denied.

       [6]  A file or directory that is a mount point in one namespace that is not a mount  point
            in  another  namespace,  may be renamed, unlinked, or removed (rmdir(2)) in the mount
            namespace in which it is not a mount point (subject to the usual permission  checks).
            Consequently,  the mount point is removed in the mount namespace where it was a mount
            point.

            Previously (before Linux 3.18), attempting to unlink, rename, or  remove  a  file  or
            directory that was a mount point in another mount namespace would result in the error
            EBUSY.  That behavior had technical problems  of  enforcement  (e.g.,  for  NFS)  and
            permitted  denial-of-service  attacks against more privileged users (i.e., preventing
            individual files from being updated by bind mounting on top of them).

EXAMPLES

       See pivot_root(2).

SEE ALSO

       unshare(1), clone(2),  mount(2),  mount_setattr(2),  pivot_root(2),  setns(2),  umount(2),
       unshare(2),    proc(5),    namespaces(7),    user_namespaces(7),   findmnt(8),   mount(8),
       pam_namespace(8), pivot_root(8), umount(8)

       Documentation/filesystems/sharedsubtree.rst in the kernel source tree.