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NAME

       standards - C and UNIX Standards

DESCRIPTION

       The  STANDARDS  section  that appears in many manual pages identifies various standards to
       which the documented interface conforms.   The  following  list  briefly  describes  these
       standards.

       V7     Version 7 (also known as Seventh Edition) UNIX, released by AT&T/Bell Labs in 1979.
              After this point, UNIX systems diverged into two main dialects: BSD and System V.

       4.2BSD This is an implementation standard defined by  the  4.2  release  of  the  Berkeley
              Software  Distribution, released by the University of California at Berkeley.  This
              was the first Berkeley release that contained a TCP/IP stack and the  sockets  API.
              4.2BSD was released in 1983.

              Earlier major BSD releases included 3BSD (1980), 4BSD (1980), and 4.1BSD (1981).

       4.3BSD The successor to 4.2BSD, released in 1986.

       4.4BSD The  successor  to  4.3BSD,  released  in  1993.   This was the last major Berkeley
              release.

       System V
              This is an implementation standard defined by AT&T's milestone 1983 release of  its
              commercial  System  V  (five)  release.  The previous major AT&T release was System
              III, released in 1981.

       System V release 2 (SVr2)
              This was the next System V release, made in 1985.  The SVr2 was formally  described
              in the System V Interface Definition version 1 (SVID 1) published in 1985.

       System V release 3 (SVr3)
              This  was  the  successor  to  SVr2,  released  in 1986.  This release was formally
              described in the System V Interface Definition version 2 (SVID 2).

       System V release 4 (SVr4)
              This was the successor to SVr3, released in 1989.  This  version  of  System  V  is
              described  in  the  "Programmer's  Reference  Manual:  Operating  System API (Intel
              processors)" (Prentice-Hall 1992, ISBN 0-13-951294-2)  This  release  was  formally
              described  in  the  System  V  Interface  Definition  version  3  (SVID  3), and is
              considered the definitive System V release.

       SVID 4 System V Interface Definition version 4,  issued  in  1995.   Available  online  at
              ⟨http://www.sco.com/developers/devspecs/⟩.

       C89    This  was  the  first  C  language  standard,  ratified  by ANSI (American National
              Standards Institute) in 1989 (X3.159-1989).  Sometimes this is known as ANSI C, but
              since C99 is also an ANSI standard, this term is ambiguous.  This standard was also
              ratified by ISO (International Standards Organization) in 1990 (ISO/IEC 9899:1990),
              and is thus occasionally referred to as ISO C90.

       C99    This  revision  of  the  C  language  standard was ratified by ISO in 1999 (ISO/IEC
              9899:1999).   Available   online   at   ⟨http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www
              /standards⟩.

       C11    This  revision  of  the  C  language  standard was ratified by ISO in 2011 (ISO/IEC
              9899:2011).

       LFS    The Large File Summit specification, completed in 1996.  This specification defined
              mechanisms  that  allowed  32-bit  systems to support the use of large files (i.e.,
              64-bit file offsets).  See ⟨https://www.opengroup.org/platform/lfs.html⟩.

       POSIX.1-1988
              This was the first POSIX standard, ratified by IEEE as IEEE  Std  1003.1-1988,  and
              subsequently  adopted  (with minor revisions) as an ISO standard in 1990.  The term
              "POSIX" was coined by Richard Stallman.

       POSIX.1-1990
              "Portable Operating System Interface for Computing Environments".  IEEE 1003.1-1990
              part 1, ratified by ISO in 1990 (ISO/IEC 9945-1:1990).

       POSIX.2
              IEEE  Std  1003.2-1992,  describing commands and utilities, ratified by ISO in 1993
              (ISO/IEC 9945-2:1993).

       POSIX.1b (formerly known as POSIX.4)
              IEEE Std 1003.1b-1993,  describing  real-time  facilities  for  portable  operating
              systems, ratified by ISO in 1996 (ISO/IEC 9945-1:1996).

       POSIX.1c (formerly known as POSIX.4a)
              IEEE Std 1003.1c-1995, which describes the POSIX threads interfaces.

       POSIX.1d
              IEEE Std 1003.1d-1999, which describes additional real-time extensions.

       POSIX.1g
              IEEE Std 1003.1g-2000, which describes networking APIs (including sockets).

       POSIX.1j
              IEEE Std 1003.1j-2000, which describes advanced real-time extensions.

       POSIX.1-1996
              A 1996 revision of POSIX.1 which incorporated POSIX.1b and POSIX.1c.

       XPG3   Released  in 1989, this was the first release of the X/Open Portability Guide to be
              based on a POSIX standard (POSIX.1-1988).  This multivolume guide was developed  by
              the X/Open Group, a multivendor consortium.

       XPG4   A  revision  of  the  X/Open  Portability  Guide,  released in 1992.  This revision
              incorporated POSIX.2.

       XPG4v2 A 1994 revision of XPG4.  This is  also  referred  to  as  Spec  1170,  where  1170
              referred to the number of interfaces defined by this standard.

       SUS (SUSv1)
              Single  UNIX  Specification.   This  was  a  repackaging of XPG4v2 and other X/Open
              standards (X/Open Curses Issue 4 version 2, X/Open Networking Service  (XNS)  Issue
              4).  Systems conforming to this standard can be branded UNIX 95.

       SUSv2  Single  UNIX  Specification version 2.  Sometimes also referred to (incorrectly) as
              XPG5.  This standard appeared in 1997.  Systems conforming to this standard can  be
              branded UNIX 98.  See also ⟨http://www.unix.org/version2/⟩.)

       POSIX.1-2001
       SUSv3  This  was  a  2001  revision  and  consolidation  of  the POSIX.1, POSIX.2, and SUS
              standards into a single document, conducted under the auspices of the Austin  Group
              ⟨http://www.opengroup.org/austin/⟩.    The   standard   is   available   online  at
              ⟨http://www.unix.org/version3/⟩.

              The standard defines two levels of  conformance:  POSIX  conformance,  which  is  a
              baseline  set  of  interfaces required of a conforming system; and XSI Conformance,
              which additionally mandates a set of interfaces (the  "XSI  extension")  which  are
              only  optional  for  POSIX conformance.  XSI-conformant systems can be branded UNIX
              03.

              The POSIX.1-2001 document is broken into four parts:

              XBD: Definitions, terms, and concepts, header file specifications.

              XSH: Specifications of functions (i.e.,  system  calls  and  library  functions  in
              actual implementations).

              XCU: Specifications of commands and utilities (i.e., the area formerly described by
              POSIX.2).

              XRAT: Informative text on the other parts of the standard.

              POSIX.1-2001 is aligned with C99, so that all of the library functions standardized
              in C99 are also standardized in POSIX.1-2001.

              The  Single  UNIX Specification version 3 (SUSv3) comprises the Base Specifications
              containing XBD, XSH, XCU, and XRAT as above, plus X/Open Curses Issue 4  version  2
              as an extra volume that is not in POSIX.1-2001.

              Two  Technical  Corrigenda  (minor  fixes  and  improvements)  of the original 2001
              standard have occurred: TC1 in 2003 and TC2 in 2004.

       POSIX.1-2008
       SUSv4  Work on the next revision of POSIX.1/SUS was completed and ratified in  2008.   The
              standard is available online at ⟨http://www.unix.org/version4/⟩.

              The  changes  in  this  revision  are  not  as  large  as  those  that occurred for
              POSIX.1-2001/SUSv3, but a number of new interfaces are added and various details of
              existing specifications are modified.  Many of the interfaces that were optional in
              POSIX.1-2001 become mandatory  in  the  2008  revision  of  the  standard.   A  few
              interfaces that are present in POSIX.1-2001 are marked as obsolete in POSIX.1-2008,
              or removed from the standard altogether.

              The revised standard is structured in the same way as its predecessor.  The  Single
              UNIX  Specification  version 4 (SUSv4) comprises the Base Specifications containing
              XBD, XSH, XCU, and XRAT, plus X/Open Curses Issue 7 as an extra volume that is  not
              in POSIX.1-2008.

              Again  there are two levels of conformance: the baseline POSIX Conformance, and XSI
              Conformance, which mandates an additional set of interfaces  beyond  those  in  the
              base specification.

              In general, where the STANDARDS section of a manual page lists POSIX.1-2001, it can
              be assumed that the interface  also  conforms  to  POSIX.1-2008,  unless  otherwise
              noted.

              Technical  Corrigendum  1  (minor  fixes  and  improvements)  of  this standard was
              released in 2013.

              Technical Corrigendum 2 of this standard was released in 2016.

              Further   information   can   be   found   on   the   Austin   Group   web    site,
              ⟨http://www.opengroup.org/austin/⟩.

       SUSv4 2016 edition
              This is equivalent to POSIX.1-2008, with the addition of Technical Corrigenda 1 and
              2 and the XCurses specification.

       POSIX.1-2017
              This revision of POSIX is technically  identical  to  POSIX.1-2008  with  Technical
              Corrigenda 1 and 2 applied.

       SUSv4 2018 edition
              This is equivalent to POSIX.1-2017, with the addition of the XCurses specification.

       The  interfaces  documented in POSIX.1/SUS are available as manual pages under sections 0p
       (header files), 1p (commands), and 3p (functions); thus one can write "man 3p open".

SEE ALSO

       getconf(1), confstr(3), pathconf(3),  sysconf(3),  attributes(7),  feature_test_macros(7),
       libc(7), posixoptions(7), system_data_types(7)