Provided by: cdrskin_1.5.6-1.1build1_amd64 bug

NAME

       cdrskin - burns preformatted data to CD, DVD, and BD via libburn.

SYNOPSIS

       cdrskin [options|track_source_addresses]

DESCRIPTION

       cdrskin  is  a program that provides some of cdrecord's options in a compatible way for CD
       media. With DVD and BD it has its own ways.  You do not need to be superuser for its daily
       usage.

   Overview of features:
       Blanking of CD-RW and DVD-RW.
       Formatting of DVD-RW, DVD+RW, DVD-RAM, BD.
       Burning of data tracks or audio tracks with CD-TEXT to CD,
       either in versatile Track at Once mode (TAO)
       or in Session at Once mode for seamless tracks.
       Multi session on CD (follow-up sessions in TAO only)
       or on DVD-R[W] (in Incremental mode) or DVD+R[/DL] or BD-R.
       Single session Disk-at-once on DVD-RW, DVD-R, DVD-R DL.
       Single session or emulated ISO-9660 multi-session
       on overwriteable DVD+RW, DVD-RW, DVD-RAM, BD-RE
       or on data file or block device.
       Extraction of audio tracks and CD-TEXT to hard disk files.
       Bus scan, burnfree, speed options, retrieving media info, padding, fifo.
       See section EXAMPLES at the end of this text.

   General information paragraphs:
       Track recording model
       Write mode selection
       Recordable CD Media
       Sequentially Recordable DVD or BD Media
       Overwriteable DVD or BD Media
       Drive preparation and addressing
       Emulated drives

   Track recording model:
       The  input-output entities which get processed are called tracks.  A track stores a stream
       of bytes.
       More than one track can be burned by a single run of cdrskin.  In the  terms  of  the  MMC
       standard all tracks written by the same run constitute a session.
       Normally,  each  track is initiated by one track source address argument, which may either
       be "-" for standard input or the  address  of  a  readable  file.   Alternatively,  option
       cuefile=  may  be  used  to  read  a  session description from a text file and to read the
       session content from a single data file.
       If no write  mode  is  given  explicitly  then  one  will  be  chosen  which  matches  the
       peculiarities of track sources and the state of the output media.

       Some  media  types can be kept appendable so that further tracks can be written to them in
       subsequent runs of cdrskin (see option -multi).  Info about the addresses of burned tracks
       is kept in a table of content (TOC) on media and can be retrieved via cdrskin option -toc.
       This information is also used by the operating systems' CD-ROM read drivers.

       In general there are two types of tracks: data and audio.  They  differ  in  sector  size,
       throughput  and  readability via the systems' CD-ROM drivers and by music CD players. With
       DVD and BD there is only type data.
       If not explicitly option -audio is given, then any track is burned as  type  data,  unless
       the  track  source  is  a  file  with  suffix  ".wav" or ".au" and has a header part which
       identifies it as MS-WAVE or SUN Audio with suitable parameters. Such files are  burned  as
       audio tracks by default.

       While  audio tracks just contain a given time span of acoustic vibrations, data tracks may
       have an arbitrary meaning. Nevertheless, ISO-9660 filesystems are established as a  format
       which  can  represent a tree of directories and files on all major operating systems. Such
       filesystem images can be produced by programs mkisofs or genisoimage or xorriso.  They can
       also  be  extended  by  follow-up  tracks if prepared properly.  See the man pages of said
       programs.  cdrskin is able to fulfill the needs about their option -C.
       Another type of data  track  content  are  archive  formats  which  originally  have  been
       developed for magnetic tapes. Only formats which mark a detectable end-of-archive in their
       data are suitable, though. Well tested are the archivers afio and star. Not suitable seems
       GNU tar.

   Write mode selection:
       In general there are two approaches for writing media:
       A  permissive mode selected by option -tao which needs no predicted track size and can use
       multi-session capabilities if offered by drive and medium.
       A more restrictive mode -sao (alias -dao) which usually demands a predictable  track  size
       and is not necessarily capable of multi-session. It can be used to write CD-TEXT and it is
       the only one that works with option cuefile=.
       If none of the options -dao, -tao or -sao is given then the program will try to  choose  a
       write  mode which matches the defined recording job, the capabilities of the drive and the
       state of the present media.
       So the mentioning of write modes in the following paragraphs and in the examples is not so
       much  a  demand  that  the user shall choose one explicitly, but rather an illustration of
       what to expect with particular media types.

   Recordable CD Media:
       CD-R can be initially written only once and eventually extended until they get closed  (or
       are  spoiled because they are overly full). After that they are read-only. Closing is done
       automatically unless option -multi is given which keeps the media appendable.
       Write mode -tao is able to use track sources of unpredictable length (like stdin)  and  to
       write  further  sessions  to appendable media.  -sao produces audio sessions with seamless
       tracks but needs predicted track sizes and cannot append sessions to media.
       CD-RW media can be blanked to make  them  re-usable  for  another  round  of  overwriting.
       Usually  blank=fast  is the appropriate option.  Blanking damages the previous content but
       does not make it completely unreadable. It is no effective privacy  precaution.   Multiple
       cycles of blanking and overwriting with random numbers might be needed.

   Sequentially Recordable DVD or BD Media:
       Currently  DVD-RW, DVD-R[DL], DVD+R[DL], and BD-R can be used for the Sequential recording
       model. It resembles the model of CD media. Only DVD-RW can be  blanked  and  re-used  from
       scratch.
       DVD-RW  are  sequential media if they are in state "Sequential Recording".  The media must
       be either blank or appendable.  Newly purchased DVD-RW and DVD-R media are in this  state.
       Used DVD-RW get into blank sequential state by option blank=deformat_sequential .
       With DVD-R[W] two write modes may be available:
       Mode  DAO  has many restrictions. It does not work with appendable media, cannot do -multi
       and writes only a single track.  The size of the track needs to be known  in  advance.  So
       either  its  source  has  to  be  a  disk  file of recognizable size or the size has to be
       announced explicitly by options tsize= or tao_to_sao_tsize= .
       DAO is the only mode for DVD-R media which do not offer feature 21h Incremental  Streaming
       (e.g.  DVD-R  DL). DAO may also be selected explicitly by option -sao .  Program growisofs
       uses DAO on sequential DVD-R[W] media for maximum DVD-ROM/-Video compatibility.
       The other mode, Incremental Streaming, is the default write mode if it is available and if
       the  restrictions  of  DAO  would  prevent the job.  Incremental Streaming may be selected
       explicitly by option -tao as it resembles much  CD  TAO  by  accepting  track  sources  of
       unpredicted  length and being able to keep media appendable by option -multi . It does not
       work with DVD-R DL and minimally blanked DVD-RW.  The only restriction towards CD-R[W]  is
       the lack of support for -audio tracks.  Multiple tracks per session are permissible.
       The  write  modes for DVD+R[/DL] and BD-R resemble those with DVD-R except that each track
       gets wrapped in an own session. There is no -dummy writing with DVD+R[/DL] or BD-R.
       Quite deliberately write mode -sao insists in the tradition of a predicted track size  and
       blank  media,  whereas  -tao writes the tracks open ended and can be applied to appendable
       media.
       BD-R may be formatted before first use to enable the Defect Management which  might  catch
       and repair some bad spots at the expense of slow speed even with flawless media.
       Note:  Option  -multi might make DVD media unreadable in some DVD-ROM drives.  Best reader
       compatibility is achieved without it (i.e. by single session media).

   Overwriteable DVD or BD Media:
       Currently types DVD+RW, DVD-RW, DVD-RAM and BD-RE can be overwritten via cdrskin.
       Option -audio is not allowed. Only one track is allowed.   Option  -multi  cannot  mark  a
       recognizable  end  of  overwriteable  media.   Therefore  -multi is banned unless ISO-9660
       images shall be expandable by help of  option  --grow_overwriteable_iso  .   Without  this
       option  or  without  an  ISO-9660  filesystem image present on media, -toc does not return
       information about the media content and media get treated as blank regardless whether they
       hold data or not.
       Currently  there  is  no  difference between -sao and -tao. If ever, then -tao will be the
       mode which preserves the current behavior.

       DVD+RW and DVD-RAM  media  need  no  special  initial  formatting.  They  offer  a  single
       continuous  data  area  for blockwise random access. BD-RE need explicit formatting before
       use. See blank=as_needed or blank=format_defectmgt .
       DVD-RW are sold in state "Sequential Recording". To become suitable for the  Overwriteable
       DVD  recording model they need to get formatted to state "Restricted Overwrite". Then they
       behave much like DVD+RW. This formatting can be done by option blank=format_overwrite .
       Several programs like dvd+rw-format, cdrecord, wodim, or cdrskin can bring a DVD-RW out of
       overwriteable state so that it has to be formatted again. If in doubt, just give it a try.

   Drive preparation and addressing:
       The  drives,  CD,  DVD,  or  BD  burners, are accessed via addresses which are specific to
       libburn and the operating system. Those addresses get listed by a run of cdrskin --devices
       or cdrskin --device_links.
       On  Linux, they are device files which traditionally do not offer w-permissions for normal
       users. Because libburn needs rw-permission, it might be only the superuser who is able  to
       get this list without further precautions.
       It is consensus that chmod a+rw /dev/sr0 or chmod a+rw /dev/hdc is less security sensitive
       than chmod u+s,a+x /usr/bin/cdrskin. The risk for the drive is  somewhat  higher  but  the
       overall  system  is  much less at stake.  Consider to restrict rw-access to a single group
       which bundles the users who are allowed to use the burner drive (like group "floppy").
       For drive permission examples on Linux, FreeBSD, and Solaris, see cdrskin/README.

       If you only got one CD capable drive then you may leave out cdrskin option dev=. Else  you
       should use this option to address the drive you want.
       cdrskin  option  dev=  not only accepts the listed addresses but also traditional cdrecord
       SCSI addresses which consist of three numbers: Bus,Target,Lun. On Linux there  is  also  a
       related  address  family  "ATA"  which accesses IDE drives not under control of Linux SCSI
       drivers: ATA:Bus,Target,Lun.
       See option -scanbus for getting a list of cdrecord style addresses.
       Further are accepted: links to libburn-suitable device files, device files which have  the
       same  major  and  minor  device  number, and device files which have the same SCSI address
       parameters (e.g. /dev/sg0).

   Emulated drives:
       Option --allow_emulated_drives enables addressing of pseudo-drives which get  emulated  on
       top  of  filesystem  objects. Regular data files and block devices result in pseudo-drives
       which behave much like DVD-RAM.  If the given address does not exist yet but its directory
       exists,  then it gets created as regular file.  Other file types like character devices or
       pipes result in pseudo-drives which behave much like blank DVD-R.  The target file address
       is given after prefix "stdio:".
       E.g.: dev=stdio:/tmp/my_pseudo_drive
       Addresses  of  the  form  "stdio:/dev/fd/<number>" are treated special. The number is read
       literally and used as open file descriptor. With dev="stdio:/dev/fd/1" the normal standard
       output  of  the  program  is  redirected  to stderr and the stream data of a burn run will
       appear on stdout.
       Not good for terminals ! Redirect it.
       Pseudo-drives support -dummy. Their reply with --tell_media_space can be  utopic.   -dummy
       burn runs touch the file but do not modify its data content.
       Note:  --allow_emulated_drives  is  restricted to stdio:/dev/null if cdrskin is run by the
       superuser or if it has changed user identity via the setuid bit of its access permissions.
       The  ban  for  the superuser can be lifted by a skillfully created file. See section FILES
       below.

OPTIONS

       --help Show non-cdrecord compatible options.

       -help  Show cdrecord compatible options.
              Note that some of the help texts are quite wrong - for  cdrecord  as  well  as  for
              cdrskin   (e.g.  -format,  blank=,  -load).  They  are,  nevertheless,  traditional
              indicators for the availability of the listed options. Some frontend programs  make
              decisions after reading them.

       -version
              Print  cdrskin  id line, compatibility lure line, libburn version, cdrskin version,
              version timestamp, build timestamp (if available), and then exit.

       Alphabetical list of options which are intended to be compatible with original cdrecord by
       Joerg Schilling:

       -atip  Retrieve  some  info  about  media state. With CD-RW print "Is erasable".  With DVD
              media print "book type:" and a media  type  text.  With  BD  media  print  "Mounted
              Media:" and media type text.

       -audio Announces  that  the  subsequent  tracks  are to be burned as audio.  The source is
              supposed to be uncompressed headerless PCM, 44100 Hz, 16 bit, stereo.  For  little-
              endian  byte  order  (which  is  usual  on  PCs)  use  option  -swab. Unless marked
              explicitly by option -data, input files with suffix  ".wav"  are  examined  whether
              they have a header in MS-WAVE format confirming those parameters and eventually raw
              audio data get extracted and burned as audio track. Same is done for  suffix  ".au"
              and SUN Audio.
              Option -audio may be used only with CD media and not with DVD or BD.

       blank=type
              Blank a CD-RW, DVD-RW, or format a DVD-RW, DVD+RW, DVD-RAM, BD.  This is combinable
              with burning in the same run of cdrskin.  The type given with  blank=  selects  the
              particular behavior:

              as_needed
                     Try  to  make  the  media  ready  for  writing  from  scratch.  If  it needs
                     formatting, then  format  it.  If  it  is  not  blank,  then  try  to  apply
                     blank=fast.   It  is a reason to abort if the media cannot assume thoroughly
                     writeable state, e.g. if it is non-blank write-once.
                     This leaves unformatted DVD-RW in unformatted blank state. To format  DVD-RW
                     use blank=format_overwriteable. Blank unformatted BD-R stay unformatted.
                     (Note: blank=as_needed is not an original cdrecord option.)

              The  following  blank  types  are specific to particular media familes. Use them if
              special features are desired.

              all    Blank   an   entire   CD-RW   or   an   unformatted   DVD-RW.    (See   also
                     --prodvd_cli_compatible, --grow_overwriteable_iso)

              fast   Minimally  blank  an entire CD-RW or blank an unformatted DVD-RW.  (See also
                     --prodvd_cli_compatible, --grow_overwriteable_iso)

              deformat_sequential
                     Like blank=all but with the additional ability to blank  overwriteable  DVD-
                     RW.    This  will  destroy  their  formatting  and  make  them  sequentially
                     recordable.  Another peculiarity is the ability to blank media which  appear
                     already  blank.   This is similar to option -force but does not try to blank
                     media other than recognizable CD-RW and DVD-RW.
                     (Note: blank=deformat_* are not original cdrecord options.)

              deformat_sequential_quickest
                     Like blank=deformat_sequential but blanking DVD-RW only minimally.  This  is
                     faster  than  full  blanking  but  may  yield media incapable of Incremental
                     Streaming (-tao).

              format_if_needed
                     Format a media  if  it  is  not  formatted  yet,  and  if  cdrskin  supports
                     formatting   for   the  media  type,  and  if  formatting  will  not  happen
                     automatically during write.  This currently applies to  unformatted  DVD-RW,
                     DVD-RAM,  BD-RE,  and  blank  unformatted  BD-R.  Eventually the appropriate
                     default formatting is chosen.  If other media or states are encountered then
                     nothing happens.
                     The  following  formatting  types  are  more specialized to particular media
                     families.

              format_overwrite
                     Format a DVD-RW to  "Restricted  Overwrite".  The  user  should  bring  some
                     patience.
                     (Note: blank=format_* are not original cdrecord options.)

              format_overwrite_quickest
                     Like format_overwrite without creating a 128 MiB trailblazer session.  Leads
                     to "intermediate" state which only supports sequential write beginning  from
                     address 0.  The "intermediate" state ends after the first session of writing
                     data.

              format_overwrite_full
                     For DVD-RW this is like format_overwrite but claims full media  size  rather
                     than  just  128  MiB.  Most traditional formatting is attempted. No data get
                     written.  Much patience is required.
                     This option treats already formatted media even  if  not  option  -force  is
                     given.
                     For  DVD+RW this is the only supported explicit formatting type. It provides
                     complete "de-icing" so no reader slips on unwritten data areas.

              format_defectmgt
                     Format DVD-RAM or BD to reserve the  default  amount  of  spare  blocks  for
                     defect management.
                     The  following  format_defectmgt_*  enable  the  user to submit wishes which
                     nevertheless have to match one of the available formats. These  formats  are
                     offered by the drive after examining the media.

              format_defectmgt_cert_off
                     Disable  the  usual  media  quality  certification in order to save time and
                     format  to  default  size.   The  certification  setting  persists  even  if
                     subsequent blank= options override the size of the format selection.
                     Whether  formatting without certification works properly depends much on the
                     drive. One should check the "Format status:" from --list_formats afterwards.

              format_defectmgt_cert_on
                     Re-enable the usual media quality certification and format to default  size.
                     The certification setting persists like with format_defectmgt_cert_off.
                     Whether  there  happens certification at all depends much on the media state
                     and the actually selected format descriptor.

              format_defectmgt_max
                     Format DVD-RAM or BD to reserve a maximum number of spare blocks.

              format_defectmgt_min
                     Format DVD-RAM or BD to reserve a minimum number of spare blocks.  It  might
                     be  necessary  to format format_defectmgt_none first in order to get offered
                     the most minmal spare blocks sizes for format_defectmgt_min.

              format_defectmgt_none
                     Format DVD-RAM or BD-RE to the largest available  payload  in  the  hope  to
                     disable  defect  management  at  all.  This  may  or  may  not  have a speed
                     increasing effect.  Unformatted blank BD-R will be left unformatted.

              format_defectmgt_payload_<size>
                     Format DVD-RAM or BD. The text  after  "format_defectmgt_payload_"  gives  a
                     number  of bytes, eventually with suffixes "s", "k", "m". The largest number
                     of spare blocks will be chosen which enables  at  least  the  given  payload
                     size.

              format_by_index_<number>
                     Format  DVD-RW,  DVD+RW, DVD-RAM or BD.  The number after "format_by_index_"
                     is used as index to the list of available format descriptors. This list  can
                     be  obtained  by option --list_formats.  The numbers after text "Format idx"
                     are the ones to be used with format_by_index_. Format descriptor  lists  are
                     volatile.  Do  neither  eject  nor  write  the  media  between  the  run  of
                     --list_formats and the run of blank=format_by_index_ or else you may  get  a
                     different format than desired.

              help   Print this list of blanking types.

       -checkdrive
              Retrieve  some  info  about the addressed drive and then exit.  Exits with non-zero
              value if the drive cannot be found and opened.

       -copy  Create the subsequent tracks with permission for an unlimited number of copies.

       cuefile=path
              Read a session description from a cue sheet file in CDRWIN format.  Base the tracks
              on  a  single  file which is given in the sheet by command FILE.  To enable CD-TEXT
              from the cue sheet file, cdrskin option -text has to be present.
              cdrskin currently supports TRACK datatypes AUDIO and MODE1/2048 which  may  not  be
              mixed.  Data source may be of FILE type BINARY, MOTOROLA, or WAVE.
              Non-CDRWIN commands ARRANGER, COMPOSER, MESSAGE are supported.
              Cue  sheet  file  commands CATALOG and ISRC may be overridden by option mcn= and by
              input_sheet_v07t= purpose specifiers "UPC / EAN" and "ISRC".  This does not  affect
              their appearance in CD-TEXT, but only on Q sub-channel.
              The track numbers may be overridden by option cd_start_tno=.

       -dao   Alias for option -sao. Write CD in Session at Once mode or DVD-R[W] in Disc-at-once
              mode.

       -data  Subsequent tracks are data tracks. This option is default and only needed  to  mark
              the end of the range of an eventual option -audio or -xa1.
              Options  -mode2, -xa, and -xa2 get mapped to -data, not using the desired CD sector
              formats and thus not taking advantage of eventual higher payload.

       -xa1   Subsequent tracks are data tracks with input suitable for CD-ROM XA mode 2 form  1.
              This differs from -data input by 8 additional header bytes per block.  cdrskin will
              not write CD-ROM XA but rather strip the header bytes and write as -data tracks.

       dev=target
              Set the address of the drive to use. Valid are at least the addresses  listed  with
              options  --devices  or --device_links, X,Y,Z addresses listed with option -scanbus,
              ATA:X,Y,Z addresses listed with options  dev=ATA  -scanbus,  and  volatile  libburn
              drive numbers (numbering starts at "0").  Other device file addresses which lead to
              the same drive might work too.
              If no dev= is given, volatile address "dev=0" is assumed. That is the  first  drive
              found  being  available.  Better avoid this ambiguity on systems with more than one
              drive.
              The special target "help" lists hints about available addressing formats.  Be aware
              that   deprecated   option   --old_pseudo_scsi_adr   may   change  the  meaning  of
              Bus,Target,Lun addresses.

       driveropts=opt
              Set "driveropts=noburnfree" to disable the drive's  eventual  protection  mechanism
              against  temporary  lack  of  source  data  (i.e.  buffer  underrun).  A drive that
              announces no such capabilities will not get them enabled anyway, even if  attempted
              explicitly via "driveropts=burnfree".

       -dummy Try  to perform the drive operations without actually affecting the inserted media.
              There is no warranty that this will work with a particular  combination  of  drive,
              media, and write mode. Blanking is prevented reliably, though.  To avoid inadverted
              real burning, -dummy refuses burn  runs  on  anything  but  CD-R[W],  DVD-R[W],  or
              emulated stdio-drives.

       -eject Eject the disc after work is done.

       -force Assume  that  the  user  knows  better  in  situations  when cdrskin or libburn are
              refusing because of concerns about drive or media state.
              Caution: Use option -force only when in urgent need.
              This option enables the attempt to blank media which are classified as  unknown  or
              unsuitable,  and  the attempt to use write modes of which libburn believes they are
              not supported by the drive.
              Another application is to enforce blanking or re-formatting of media  which  appear
              to be in the desired blank or format state already.
              This  option  enables  a  burn run with option -dummy even if libburn believes that
              drive and media will not simulate the write mode but will write for real.
              It enables a burn run where cdrskin expects to exceed the available media capacity.
              This is known as "overburn" and might succeed on CD media with write type SAO.  Too
              much overburning might be harmful to the medium and might make the  drive  unusable
              (hopefully  only  until  it  gets  powered  off  and  on). The man page of cdrecord
              mentions 88 seconds = 6600 blocks as halfways safe amount over the official  medium
              capacity.  The  assessment  of  track sizes by libburn will be wrong if the written
              size reaches or exceeds 90 minutes  =  405000  sectors.  The  overall  medium  size
              assessment  by  the Linux kernel is supposed to yield roughly the written size, but
              you should test this yourself with every overburnt medium.
              First consider to use a medium with more capacity rather than trying to overburn  a
              CD.

       -format
              Same as blank=format_overwrite_full -force but restricted to DVD+RW.

       fs=size
              Set  the  fifo  size  to the given value. The value may have appended letters which
              multiply the preceding number:
              "k" or "K" = 1024 , "m" or "M" = 1024k , "g" or "G" = 1024m , "s" or "S" = 2048
              Set size to 0 in order to disable the fifo (default is "4m").
              The fifo buffers an eventual temporary surplus of track source  data  in  order  to
              provide  the  drive  with  a  steady stream during times of temporary lack of track
              source supply.  The larger the fifo, the longer periods of poor source  supply  can
              be  compensated.   But a large fifo needs substantial time to fill up if not curbed
              via option fifo_start_at=size.

       gracetime=seconds
              Set the grace time before starting to write. (Default is 0)

       -immed Equivalent to:
              modesty_on_drive=1:min_percent=75:max_percent=95
              The name of this cdrecord option stems from the "Immed" bit  which  can  make  some
              long  running  drive  commands  asynchronous and thus eases the load on some wiring
              hardware types. Regardless of option -immed,  cdrskin  uses  asynchronous  commands
              where  possible  and appropriate. To really disable asynchronous command execution,
              use option use_immed_bit=off .

       index=list
              Set a comma separated list of index start address numbers for the next track.  This
              applies to CD SAO sessions only.
              The  addresses  count sectors from the start of the next track. The first number is
              for index 1 and must be 0. The following numbers  have  to  be  larger  than  their
              respective predecessors. Up to 99 numbers are allowed.
              Sector numbers are computed from Min:Sec:Frame addresses by
               Sector = ((Min*60)+Sec)*75+Frame
              E.g.: "0,7512,20408" sets index 2 to 01:40:12 and index 3 to 04:32:08.

       -inq   Print the identification of the drive and then exit.

       -isosize
              The  next  track  following this option will try to obtain its source size from the
              header information out of the first few blocks of the source data.  If these blocks
              indicate  an  ISO-9660  filesystem  then  its  declared size will be used under the
              assumption that it is a single session filesystem.
              If not, then the burn run will be aborted.
              The range of -isosize is exactly one track.  Further  tracks  may  be  preceded  by
              further  -isosize  options,  though. At least 15 blocks of padding will be added to
              each -isosize track. But be advised to rather use padsize=300k.
              This option can be performed on track sources which  are  regular  files  or  block
              devices.  For  the  first  track  of the session it can be performed on any type of
              source if there is a fifo of at least 64 kiB. See option fs= .

       isrc=text
              Set the ISRC for the next track source to the given text, which must be exactly  13
              characters long. It must comply to the format CCOOOYYSSSSS.
              CC  is the country code. OOO is the owner code. Both may consist of capital letters
              A to Z and of decimal digits 0 to 9. YY depicts the year (00 to 99).  SSSSS is  the
              serial number (00000 to 99999).
              This option does not affect CD-TEXT but only the Q sub-channel.

       -load  Load  the  media and exit. Exit value is 0 if any kind of media was found, non zero
              else. Note: Option -eject will unload the media even if -load is given.

       -lock  Like option -load but leave the drive's eject button disabled if there is any media
              found and not option -eject is given.
              Use  program  "eject"  or cdrskin -eject to get the tray out of the drive.  Runs of
              programs like cdrecord, growisofs, wodim, cdrskin will not be hampered and normally
              enable the drive's eject button when they are done.

       mcn=text
              Set  the  CD Media Catalog Number to text, which must be exactly 13 characters long
              and should consist of decimal digits.
              This option does not affect CD-TEXT but only the Q sub-channel.

       minbuf=percentage
              Equivalent to:
              modesty_on_drive=1:min_percent=<percentage>:max_percent=95
              Percentage is permissible between 25 and 95.

       -minfo Print information about the loaded media. This  includes  media  type,  writability
              state, and a quite readable table of content.

       msifile=path
              Run  option  -msinfo  and copy the result line into the file given by path.  Unlike
              -msinfo this option does not redirect all normal output away from standard  output.
              But it may be combined with -msinfo to achieve this.
              Note: msifile=path is actually an option of wodim and not of cdrecord.

       -msinfo
              Retrieve  multi-session  info  for  preparing  a  follow-up session by option -C of
              programs mkisofs, genisoimage, or xorriso -as mkisofs.  Print  result  to  standard
              output.   This  option  redirects  to  stderr  all message output except the one of
              option --tell_media_space and its own result string, which consists of two numbers.
              The  result  string  shall be used as argument of option -C with said programs.  It
              gives the start address of the most recent session and the predicted start  address
              of  the next session to be appended. The string is empty if the most recent session
              was not written with option -multi.
              To have a chance for  working  on  overwriteable  media,  this  option  has  to  be
              accompanied by option --grow_overwriteable_iso.

       -multi This  option  keeps  CD,  unformatted DVD-R[W], DVD+R, or BD-R appendable after the
              current session has been written.  Without it the disc gets closed and may  not  be
              written  any  more   - unless it is a -RW and gets blanked which causes loss of its
              content.
              The following sessions can only be written in -tao mode. -multi is prohibited  with
              DVD-R[W]  DAO  write  mode  and  on DVD-R DL media.  Option --prodvd_cli_compatible
              eventually makes -multi tolerable but cannot make it work.
              In  order  to  have  all  filesystem  content  accessible,  the  eventual  ISO-9660
              filesystem  of  a  follow-up  session  needs to be prepared in a special way by the
              filesystem formatter program. mkisofs and genisoimage expect particular info  about
              the situation which can be retrieved by cdrskin option -msinfo.
              To  retrieve  an  archive  file which was written as follow-up session, you may use
              option -toc to learn about the "lba" of the desired track number.  This lba is  the
              address of the 2048 byte block where the archive begins.
              With  overwriteable DVD or BD media, -multi cannot mark the end of the session.  So
              when adding a new  session  this  end  has  to  be  determined  from  the  payload.
              Currently   only   ISO-9660   filesystems   can   be  used  that  way.  See  option
              --grow_overwriteable_iso for lifting the ban on -multi.
              Note: -multi might make DVD media unreadable in some DVD-ROM drives.

       -nocopy
              Create subsequent tracks with permission for a single level of copies.  I.e.  those
              copies would then be marked by -scms as offering no permission for further copies.

       -nopad Do not add trailing zeros to the data stream. Nevertheless, since there seems to be
              no use for audio tracks with incomplete last sector, this option  applies  only  to
              data tracks. There it is default.

       -nopreemp
              Indicate for subsequent tracks that they were mastered without pre-emphasis.

       -pad   Add  30  kiB of trailing zeros to each data track. (This is not sufficient to avoid
              problems with various CD-ROM read drivers.)

       padsize=size
              Add the given amount of trailing zeros to the next data  track.  This  option  gets
              reset to padsize=0 after that next track is written. It may be set again before the
              next track argument. About size specifiers, see option fs=.

       -preemp
              Indicate for subsequent tracks that they were mastered with pre-emphasis.

       -sao   Write CD in Session At Once mode or sequential DVD-R[W] in Disc-at-once (DAO) mode.
              With CD this mode is able to put several audio tracks on  media  without  producing
              audible gaps between them.
              With  DVD-R[W]  this mode can only write a single track.  No -multi is allowed with
              DVD-R[W] -sao.
              -sao is permissible with overwriteable DVD, or DVD+R[/DL], or BD but actually  only
              imposes restrictions without providing known advantages.
              -sao  can only be used for tracks of fixely predicted size. This implies that track
              arguments which depict stdin or named pipes need to be preceded by option tsize= or
              by option tao_to_sao_tsize=.
              -sao cannot be used on appendable media.

       -scanbus
              Scan  the  system for drives. On Linux the drives at /dev/s* and at /dev/hd* are to
              be scanned by two separate runs. One without dev= for /dev/s* and one with  dev=ATA
              for /dev/hd* devices. (Option --drives lists all available drives in a single run.)
              Drives  which  are  busy or which offer no rw-permission to the user of cdrskin are
              not listed. Busy drives get reported in form of warning messages.
              The useful fields in a result line are:
              Bus,Target,Lun Number) 'Vendor' 'Mode' 'Revision'

       -scms  Create subsequent tracks without permission for being copied. This is usually  done
              for  tracks  which  are copies of tracks that were marked with -nocopy (but not yet
              with -scms). So copies of copies are prohibited.
              This option gets reset by option -copy. Thus the combination  -copy  -nocopy  means
              -nocopy surely without -scms.

       speed=number
              Set  speed  of drive. With data CD, 1x speed corresponds to a throughput of 153,600
              bytes/second. With DVD, 1x =  1,385,000  bytes/second.   With  BD  1x  =  4,495,625
              bytes/second.   It is not an error to set a speed higher than is suitable for drive
              and media. One should stay within a realistic speed range, though.   Special  speed
              settings are:
              0 = minimal speed , -1 = maximal speed (default), text "any" = like -1.

       -swab  Announce that the raw audio data source of subsequent tracks is byte swapped versus
              the expectations of cdrecord. This option is suitable for  audio  where  the  least
              significant  byte of a 16 bit word is first (little-endian, Intel).  Most raw audio
              data on PC systems are available in this byte order.  Less guesswork is  needed  if
              track sources are in format MS-WAVE in a file with suffix ".wav".

       -tao   Write  CD in Track At Once (TAO) mode, sequential DVD-R[W] in Incremental Streaming
              mode, or DVD+R[/DL] without traditional -sao restrictions.  This mode also  applies
              pro-forma to overwriteable media
              Mode -tao can be used with track sources of unpredictable size, like standard input
              or named pipes. It is also the only mode that can be used for writing to appendable
              media  which already hold data. With unformatted DVD-R[W] it is the only mode which
              can keep media appendable by option -multi.
              Mode -tao is not usable for minimally blanked DVD-RW and for DVD-R DL.

       -text  Enable writing of CD-TEXT attributes  read  by  option  cuefile=.   Without  option
              -text,  cue sheet file command CDTEXTFILE will be ignored and no CD-TEXT attributes
              will be read from the file. Nevertheless, CATALOG  and  ISRC  will  have  the  same
              effect as options mcn= and isrc=.

       textfile=path
              Read  CD-TEXT packs from the file depicted by path and put them into the Lead-in of
              the emerging session. This session has to be done by Session At Once (SAO) mode and
              may only contain audio tracks.
              path  must  lead  to  a  regular file, which consists of an optional header of four
              bytes and one or more text packs of 18 bytes  each.  Suitable  would  be  the  file
              'cdtext.dat'  which  gets  extracted from CD media by options -vv -toc and shown in
              human readable form by -vvv -toc.
              The header, if present, must tell the file size minus 2, encoded as  big-endian  16
              bit word. The other two bytes must be 0.
              If  there is no 4-byte header, then a trailing 0-byte, as of Sony specification, is
              tolerated and ignored.
              A text pack consists of a pack type byte, a track number byte, a  counter  byte,  a
              Block  Number  and  Character Indicator byte, 12 text characters or data bytes, two
              optional CRC bytes. For details see libburn documentation file doc/cdtext.txt.
              By default, the input file is checked for correct CRC bytes. If all CRC  bytes  are
              0,  then the correct values get silently inserted. If there are non-zero CRC bytes,
              then a mismatch causes the abort of the burn run.  This check can  be  disabled  by
              option -force.
              Note that this option overrides option input_sheet_v07t= .

       -toc   Print  the table of content (TOC) which describes the tracks recorded on disc.  The
              output contains all info from option -atip plus lines which  begin  with  "track:",
              the track number, the word "lba:" and a number which gives the start address of the
              track. Addresses are counted in CD sectors which with SAO or TAO data  tracks  hold
              2048 bytes each.
              If  verbosity  is set to level 2 (-v -v) then the CD-TEXT packs from the lead-in of
              an audio CD get extracted and written into file 'cdtext.dat', if that file does not
              yet  exist. Prepended is a 4 byte header, followed by one or more packs of 18 bytes
              each.
              Verbosity level 3 causes the CD-TEXT packs to be printed as hex numbers to standard
              output. Bytes 4 to 15 of certain pack types are printed as ASCII characters if they
              have values in the range of 32 to 126.
              See option textfile= for more information about the text pack format.

              Example. Retrieve an afio archive from track number 2:
                     tracknumber=2
                     lba=$(cdrskin dev=/dev/cdrom -toc 2>&1 | \
                     grep '^track:[ ]*[ 0-9][0-9]' | \
                     tail +"$tracknumber" | head -1 | \
                     awk '{ print $4}' )
                     dd if=/dev/cdrom bs=2048 skip="$lba" | \
                     afio -t - | less

       tsize=size
              Announces the exact size of the next track source. This is necessary with any write
              mode  other  than -tao if the track source is not a regular disk file, but e.g. "-"
              (standard input) or a named pipe.  About size specifiers, see option fs=.
              If the track source does not deliver the predicted amount of bytes,  the  remainder
              of  the  track  is  padded  with zeros. This is not considered an error.  If on the
              other hand the track source delivers more than the announced bytes then  the  track
              on  media  gets  truncated  to  the  predicted size and cdrskin exits with non-zero
              value.

       -v     Increment verbosity level by one. Startlevel is 0 with only few messages.  Level  1
              prints  progress  report  with  long  running operations and also causes some extra
              lines to be put out with info retrieval  options.   Level  2  additionally  reports
              about  option  settings  derived  from  arguments  or startup files. Level 3 is for
              debugging and useful mainly in conjunction with somebody who had a  look  into  the
              program sourcecode.

       -V     Enable  logging  of SCSI commands to stderr. This is helpful for expert examination
              of the interaction between libburn and the drive.  The commands  are  specified  in
              SCSI-3 standards SPC, SBC, MMC.

       -waiti Wait  until  input  data  is  available at stdin or EOF occurs at stdin.  Only then
              begin to access any drives.
              One should use this if cdrskin is working at the end of a  pipe  where  the  feeder
              process  reads  from  the  drive  before it starts writing its output into cdrskin.
              Example:
              mkisofs ... -C 0,12800 -M /dev/sr0 | \
              cdrskin dev=/dev/sr0 ... -waiti -
              This option works even if stdin is not among the track sources. If  no  process  is
              piping  in,  then  the  Enter key of your terminal will act as trigger for cdrskin.
              Note that this input line will not be consumed by cdrskin if stdin is not among the
              track sources. It will end up as shell command, usually.

       Alphabetical list of options which are genuine to cdrskin and intended for normal use:

       --adjust_speed_to_drive
              Curb  explicitly given speed= values to the maximum which is announced by the drive
              for the loaded media. By default, such an adjustment  is  only  made  with  pseudo-
              speeds  0  and  -1 whereas speed settings > 0 are sent unchanged to the drive which
              will then choose an appropriate speed on its own.

       --allow_emulated_drives
              Enable drive addresses of the form dev=stdio:<path>. See  above,  paragraph  "Drive
              preparation and addressing".

       --allow_setuid
              Disable  the  loud  warning  about  insecure  discrepance  between  login  user and
              effective user which indicates application of chmod u+s to the program binary.  One
              should not do this chmod u+s , but it is an old cdrecord tradition.

       --any_track
              Allow  source_addresses to begin with "-" (plus further characters) or to contain a
              "=" character.  By default such arguments are seen as  misspelled  options.  It  is
              nevertheless   not   possible   to   use   one   of   the   options   listed   with
              --list_ignored_options.

       assert_write_lba=block_number|byte_address
              Abort if the write address given with this option is  not  the  same  as  predicted
              immediately  before  the  write session starts. This option can ensure that a start
              address which was presumed by a formatter like mkisofs -C is  really  used  by  the
              drive for writing.  assert_write_lba=0 effectively demands blank media and excludes
              appendables.
              Block numbering is peculiar: If the last character of the option string is a letter
              [a-zA-Z]  then the usual unit scaling by "s", "k", "m", etc. applies and the result
              is divided by 2048. Else the number value of the string is  taken  as  plain  block
              number  with  block  size  2048 byte.  (E.g ...=1000 or ...=1000s means block 1000,
              ...=1m means block 512, ...=4096b means block number 2)

       cd_start_tno=number
              Set the number which shall be written as CD track number with the  first  track  of
              the  session.  The following tracks will then get written with consecutive CD track
              numbers. The resulting number of the last track must  not  exceed  99.  The  lowest
              possible start number is 1, which is also the default.
              This setting applies only to CD SAO writing. It overrides the track number settings
              caused by options cuefile= or input_sheet_v07t=.

       cdtext_to_textfile=path
              Extract the CD-TEXT packs from the lead-in of an audio CD and  write  them  to  the
              file  with  the  given  path.  If  CD-TEXT can be retrieved, then this file will be
              suitable for option textfile=.
              Not all drives can read CD-TEXT and not all audio CDs  bear  CD-TEXT.   It  is  not
              considered an error if no CD-TEXT is available.

       cdtext_to_v07t=path
              Extract  the  CD-TEXT packs from the lead-in of an audio CD and write them as human
              readable Sony Input Sheet Version 0.7T to the file with the given path. If  CD-TEXT
              can be retrieved, then this file will be suitable for option input_sheet_v07t=.
              If the given path is "-", then the result is printed to standard output.
              Not  all  drives  can  read  CD-TEXT and not all audio CDs bear CD-TEXT.  It is not
              considered an error if no CD-TEXT is available.

       --demand_a_drive
              Exit with a nonzero value if no drive can be found during a bus scan.

       --devices
              List the device file addresses of all accessible CD drives. In order to get listed,
              a drive has to offer rw-permission for the cdrskin user and it may not be busy. The
              superuser should be able to see all idle drives listed and busy drives reported  as
              "SORRY" messages.
              Each available drive gets listed by a line containing the following fields:
              Number dev='Devicefile' rw-Permissions : 'Vendor' 'Model'
              Number  and  Devicefile  can  both be used with option dev=, but number is volatile
              (numbering changes if drives become busy).

       --device_links
              Like --devices, but presenting the drives with addresses of  symbolic  links  which
              point to the actual device files.
              Modern  GNU/Linux  systems may shuffle drive addresses from boot to boot.  The udev
              daemon is supposed to create links which always point to the same drive, regardless
              of  its system address.  Option --device_links shows the addresses of such links if
              they begin by "/dev/dvd" or "/dev/cd".   Precedence  is:  "dvdrw",  "cdrw",  "dvd",
              "cdrom", "cd".

       direct_write_amount=size
              Do  not write a session with tracks but rather make an appropriate number of direct
              write operations with no preparations. Flushing the drive buffer will be  the  only
              finalization.  It  is  advised  to  eject  the  media  afterwards because the write
              operations circumvent the  usual  system  i/o  with  its  caches  and  buffers.  By
              ejecting, those invalid memory copies get surely discarded.
              Only  few  media  can be written this way: DVD-RAM, BD-RE, RVD+RW and overwriteable
              DVD-RW. Writing is restricted to the already formatted area of the media.
              Writing starts at  byte  0  of  the  media  or  at  the  address  given  by  option
              write_start_address=  .  Only the first track source is used as input for the write
              operations.  The fifo (fs=) is disabled.
              Parameter size controls the amount of data to be written. Size  0  means  that  the
              track  source  shall be used up until EOF. In this case, the last write transaction
              gets padded up to the necessary size by zeros. Size -1 revokes direct  writing  and
              switches back to normal session oriented writing.
              Both,  write_start_address  and direct_write_amount size must be aligned to a media
              dependent  transaction  size.  With  DVD-RAM,  BD-RE,  DVD+RW  this  is  2k,   with
              overwriteable DVD-RW it is 32k.

       dvd_obs=default|32k|64k
              Set  the  number  of bytes to be transmitted with each write operation to DVD or BD
              media. With most write types, tracks get padded up to the  next  multiple  of  this
              write  size  (see option --obs_pad).  A number of 64 KB may improve throughput with
              systems which show latency problems. The default  depends  on  media  type,  option
              stream_recording=, and on compile time options.

       extract_audio_to=directory_path
              Extract  tracks  from  an  audio  CD  as  separate  WAVE audio files into the given
              directory.  This directory has to already exist, but none of the  track  files  may
              exist.  This option will rather fail than overwrite an existing file.
              By  default all tracks of the CD are extracted to files with names NN.wav, where NN
              is the track number from 01 to at most 99.

       extract_basename=name
              Set a filename prefix which shall be used by extract_audio_to= instead of the empty
              default name prefix.

       --extract_dap
              Enable  Digital  Audio  Play  flaw  obscuring  mechanisms  like audio data mute and
              interpolate.

       extract_tracks=number[,number[,...]]
              Set a list  of  track  numbers  to  define  which  tracks  shall  be  extracted  by
              extract_audio_to=.   If  no  extract_tracks=  is  given,  then all audio tracks get
              extracted.  It is permissible to have more than one extract_tracks= option in order
              to split a long list into shorter pieces.
              The lowest permissible track number is 1, the highest is 99.

       fallback_program=command
              Set  a  command  name  to be executed if cdrskin encounters a known cdrecord option
              which  it  does  not  yet  support.  If  a  non-empty   command   is   given   with
              fallback_program=,  and  if  no  essential  options are given which are specific to
              cdrskin, then cdrskin will delegate the job to said command.
              The natural commands to be given are cdrecord or wodim but one may well submit  the
              address of an own program.
              The fallback program will get all arguments of cdrskin which do not match the shell
              patterns --?* or *_*=* . This eventually suppresses path  names  of  track  sources
              which  happen  to  match those patterns. The options from the startup files are not
              handed to the fallback program.
              Fallback program execution is disabled if cdrskin is  run  setuid  and  not  option
              --allow_setuid  is  given.  In  general,  the drive's device files and the involved
              programs should be set up so that each program runs under its  advised  conditions.
              (E.g. cdrskin as member of group floppy, cdrecord setuid root.)
              Two alias names for cdrskin are predefined with default fallback programs:
              unicord implies fallback_program=cdrecord
              codim implies fallback_program=wodim

       --four_channel
              Indicate for subsequent tracks that they were mastered with four channels.

       fifo_start_at=size
              Do not wait for full fifo but start burning as soon as the given number of bytes is
              read. This option may be helpful to  bring  the  average  throughput  near  to  the
              maximum  throughput  of  a  drive. A large fs= and a small fifo_start_at= combine a
              quick burn start and a large savings buffer to compensate  for  temporary  lack  of
              source  data.  At  the beginning of burning, the software protection against buffer
              underrun is as weak as the size of fifo_start_at= . So it  is  best  if  the  drive
              offers    hardware    protection    which   is   enabled   automatically   if   not
              driveropts=noburnfree is given.

       --grow_overwriteable_iso
              Enable emulation of multi-session writing on overwriteable media which  contain  an
              ISO-9660 filesystem. This emulation is learned from growisofs -M but adapted to the
              usage model of
              cdrskin -msinfo
              mkisofs -C -M | cdrskin -waiti [-multi] -
              --grow_overwriteable_iso does not hamper the use of true multi-session media.  I.e.
              it  is  possible  to  use  the same cdrskin options with both kinds of media and to
              achieve similar results if ISO-9660 filesystem images  are  to  be  written.   This
              option  implies  option  -isosize  and therefore demands that the track source is a
              ISO-9660 filesystem image.
              With overwriteable media  and  no  option  blank=fast|all  present  it  expands  an
              eventual  ISO-9660  filesystem on media. It is assumed that this image's inner size
              description points to the end of the valuable data.   Overwriteable  media  with  a
              recognizable  ISO-9660  size  will  be regarded as appendable rather than as blank.
              I.e. options -msinfo and -toc will work.  -toc will always show  a  single  session
              with its size increasing with every added mkisofs image.
              If not overridden by option write_start_address=, the track with the new image will
              be placed behind the end of the old one. One may use  option  assert_write_lba=  to
              make sure that media state and mkisofs job do match.
              --grow_overwriteable_iso  causes  option  blank=fast|all  to invalidate an eventual
              ISO-9660 image by altering the first few bytes of block 16 on overwriteable  media.
              Option -multi is tolerated in order not to hamper true multi-session media.
              An equivalent of growisofs -Z for overwriteable media is:
              mkisofs | cdrskin --grow_overwriteable_iso blank=fast [-multi] -
              With multi-session DVD, blank=fast will act like dvd+rw-format -blank=full .
              growisofs -dvd-compat is roughly equivalent to cdrskin without option -multi.

       input_sheet_v07t=path
              Read CD-TEXT definitions from a Sony Input Sheet version 0.7T. Up to eight or seven
              such sheets can be read by multiple input_sheet_v07t= options.   Each  will  define
              one CD-TEXT language block.
              The  first  line of a sheet file decides whether more than one sheet may be defined
              by the file. If it is
                Input Sheet Version = 0.7T
              then each further line with that text switches to  the  next  sheet  for  the  next
              block.  If it is not, then all definitions apply to a single block.
              The information in such a sheet is given by text lines of the following form:
                purpose specifier [whitespace] = [whitespace] content text
              [whitespace]  is  zero  or  more ASCII 32 (space) or ASCII 9 (tab) characters.  The
              purpose specifier tells the meaning of the content text.  Empty content  text  does
              not cause a CD-TEXT attribute to be attached.
              The following purpose specifiers apply to the session as a whole:
                Purpose specifier   | Content example
                -------------------------------------------------------------
                Text Code           = 8859
                Language Code       = English
                Album Title         = Joyful Nights
                Artist Name         = United Cat Orchestra
                Songwriter          = Various Songwriters
                Composer            = Various Composers
                Arranger            = Tom Cat
                Album Message       = For all our fans
                Catalog Number      = 1234567890
                Genre Code          = Classical
                Genre Information   = Feline classic music
                Closed Information  = This is not to be shown by CD players
                UPC / EAN           = 1234567890123
                Text Data Copy Protection = OFF
                First Track Number  = 1
                Last Track Number   = 3
              The following purpose specifiers apply to particular tracks:
                Purpose specifier   | Content example
                -------------------------------------------------------------
                Track 01 Title      = Song of Joy
                Track 01 Artist     = Felix and The Purrs
                Track 01 Songwriter = Friedrich Schiller
                Track 01 Composer   = Ludwig van Beethoven
                Track 01 Arranger   = Tom Cat
                Track 01 Message    = Fritz and Louie once were punks
                ISRC 01             = XYCRR1101234
              Track  numbers  are  decimal  despite  the leading 0. There should be as many track
              definitions as there are track source files given.
              See libburn's doc/cdtext.txt for a detailed definition of  0.7T  and  the  possible
              values for Text Code, Language Code, Genre Code, Text Data Copy Protection.
              The  Q  sub-channel settings by "UPC / EAN" and "ISRC" may be overridden by options
              mcn= and isrc=.  This will not  affect  their  appearance  as  CD-TEXT.   They  may
              override cuefile= commands CATALOG and ISRC in the same way.
              If options -text cuefile= are given and if the cue sheet file defines CD-TEXT, then
              only seven input_sheet_v07t= options may be given. They will then be  used  as  CD-
              TEXT language blocks 1 to 7.
              This  option  will get into effect only if no option textfile= is given.  The write
              mode must be SAO on CD. All tracks must be -audio tracks.
              The track numbers may be overridden by option cd_start_tno=.

       --list_formats
              List the available format descriptors as reported  by  the  drive  for  the  loaded
              media.  Each  descriptor  line  begins  with "Format idx" and the descriptor's list
              index, followed by a ":", the format type, the number of payload  blocks  and  that
              same number converted to MiB.
              The  meaning of the format types is defined by the MMC standard with command FORMAT
              UNIT. A user will more be interested in the sizes than in the types.

       --list_ignored_options
              List all ignored cdrecord options. The "-" options cannot be used as  addresses  of
              track  sources.  No  track  source address may begin with a text equal to an option
              which ends by "=". The list is ended by an empty line.

       --list_speeds
              Put out a list of speed values as reported by the  output  drive  with  the  loaded
              medium.  This  does  not necessarily mean that the medium is writable or that these
              speeds are actually achievable. Especially the lists reported with empty  drive  or
              with ROM media obviously advertise speeds for other media.
              It  is  not  mandatory  to  use speed values out of the listed range.  The drive is
              supposed to choose a safe speed that is as near to the desired speed as possible.
              At the end of the list, "Write speed L" and "Write speed H" are  the  best  guesses
              for  lower  and  upper speed limit.  "Write speed l" and "Write speed h" may appear
              only with CD and eventually override the list of other speed offers.
              Only if the drive reports contradicting speed information there will appear  "Write
              speed  0"  or "Write speed-1", which tell the outcome of speed selection by options
              speed=0 or speed=-1, if it deviates from  "Write  speed  L"  or  "Write  speed  H",
              respectively.

       --long_toc
              Like  option  -toc  but marking each session start by a line "first: X last: Y" and
              each session end by "track:lout ...".

       --no_load
              When aquiring the optical drive, do not try to load its tray. This yields the  same
              behavior  for  desktop  drives  with tray loader as is shown by laptop drives which
              usually lack a motorized tray loader.

       --no_rc
              Only if used as first command  line  argument  this  option  prevents  reading  and
              interpretation of eventual startup files. See section FILES below.

       --pacifier_with_newline
              Adds  a  newline character to each pacifier line that would elsewise be overwritten
              by the next pacifier line.  Such  lines  are  emitted  during  a  run  of  writing,
              formatting, or blanking if option -v is given.

       --prodvd_cli_compatible
              Activates  behavior  modifications  with  some  DVD  situations which bring cdrskin
              nearer to the behavior of cdrecord-ProDVD:
              Option -multi with unsuitable media is not an error but simply has no effect.
              Options blank=fast and blank=all deformat overwriteable DVD-RW media.
              Option blank=fast does indeed minmal blanking with DVD-RW.  This  may  yield  media
              which can only do DAO but not Incremental Streaming.

       --single_track
              Accept only the last argument of the command line as track source address.

       stdio_sync=on|off|number
              Set the number of bytes after which to force output to drives with prefix "stdio:".
              This forcing keeps the memory from being clogged with lots of pending data for slow
              devices.  Default  "on"  is  the  same  as "16m".  Forced output can be disabled by
              "off".

       stream_recording=on|off|number
              By setting "on" request that compliance to the desired speed setting  is  preferred
              over management of write errors. With DVD-RAM and BD this can bring effective write
              speed near to the nominal write speed of the media.  But it will also  disable  the
              automatic  use  of  replacement  blocks  if write errors occur. It might as well be
              disliked or ignored by the drive.
              If a number is given, then error management stays enabled for  all  byte  addresses
              below that number. Any number below 16s is the same as "off".

       tao_to_sao_tsize=size
              Set an exact fixed size for the next track to be in effect only if the track source
              cannot deliver a size prediction and no tsize= was specified  and  an  exact  track
              size prediction is demanded by the write mode.
              This  was  the  fallback from bad old times when cdrskin was unable to burn in mode
              -tao . It came back with minimally blanked  DVD-RW,  which  cannot  do  Incremental
              Streaming  (-tao),  and  with  explicitly selected write mode -sao for best DVD-ROM
              compatibility.
              If the track source delivers less bytes than announced then the missing  ones  will
              be filled with zeros.

       --tell_media_space
              Prepare  a  recording  session,  do  not  perform it but rather inquire the maximum
              number of 2048 byte data blocks which may be written in the current state of  media
              with  the  prepared  setup.  So this option disables recording of data. It does not
              disable blanking, though, and will measure space afterwards.
              It is not mandatory to give track  sources  but  their  nature  may  influence  the
              available  capacity.  So  for  most  realistic results one may set up the full burn
              session and add --tell_media_space. But if one has  to  expect  a  cdrskin  version
              prior to 0.3.3 no track source should be given in order not to start an involuntary
              burn session.  In this case set at least -sao or -tao explicitly.
              The result gets printed to standard output. It is 0  or  empty  if  no  writing  is
              possible  with  the  given  options.   This  option redirects to stderr all message
              output except its own result string and eventual output of -msinfo.

       textfile_to_v07t=path
              Read a CD-TEXT pack file (e.g. cdtext.dat from a run with -v -v -toc) and print its
              content   in   the   human   readable   format   that   is  described  with  option
              input_sheet_v07t=.
              The program run ends immediately thereafter.  No drive  scan  will  happen  and  no
              drive will be acquired.
              To avoid the cdrskin start message in the output, run:
                cdrskin textfile_to_v07t=cdtext.dat | grep -v '^cdrskin'

       --two_channel
              Indicate for subsequent tracks that they were mastered with two channels.

       write_start_address=byte_offset
              Set  the address on media where to start writing the track. With DVD+RW, DVD-RAM or
              BD-RE byte_offset must be aligned to 2 kiB blocks, but better is 32 kiB.  With DVD-
              RW 32 kiB alignment is mandatory.
              Other media are not suitable for this option yet.

       modesty_on_drive=<mode>[:parameter=<value>[:parameter=<value>...]]
              Mode  1 keeps the program from trying to write to the burner drive while its buffer
              is in danger to be filled by more than parameter "max_percent".  If this filling is
              exceeded  then  the  program  will  wait  until the filling is at most the value of
              parameter "min_percent".
              Percentages are permissible in the range of 25 to 100.
              This can ease the load on operating system and drive controller and thus help  with
              achieving  better  input  bandwidth  if  disk  and  burner  are  not on independent
              controllers (like hda and hdb). Unsufficient input bandwidth is indicated by output
              "(fifo  xy%)" of option -v if xy is lower than 90 for some time.  modesty_on_drive=
              might hamper output bandwidth and cause buffer underruns.
              A new use case is to work around the poor simultaneous performance of multiple burn
              runs  on  Linux  kernel  3.16  and alike. Here it is not about giving the hard disk
              enough time to fill the fifo, but about keeping ioctl(SG_IO) from  blocking  for  a
              longer time and thus blocking all other burn runs.
              To  have  max_percent larger than the burner's best actual buffer fill has the same
              effect as min_percent==max_percent. Some burners do not use their full buffer  with
              all  media types. Watch output "[buf xy%]" of option -v to get an impression of the
              actual buffer usage. Some burners are not suitable because they report buffer  fill
              with  granularity  too large in size or time, or because they go to full speed only
              when their buffer is full.
              If a write attempt is delayed, the program will wait for a number  of  microseconds
              which  is  given by parameter "min_usec" before inquiring the buffer again. If more
              retries occur, this waiting time between inquiries increases up  to  the  value  of
              parameter "max_usec".
              If  the  delay  lasts  longer  than  the  number  of  seconds  given  by  parameter
              "timeout_sec", then mode 1 is set 0 and normal burning goes on.
              Mode 0 disables this feature. Mode -1 keeps it unchanged. Default is:
                0:min_percent=65:max_percent=95:timeout_sec=120:
                min_usec=10000:max_usec=100000
              The defaults of cdrskin are good for IDE  problems.  With  concurrent  Linux  SG_IO
              problems  on  modern hardware, higher min_percent and lower usec might yield better
              buffer fills while still avoiding the problem:
                min_percent=90:max_percent=95:min_usec=5000:max_usec=25000

       Alphabetical list of options which are only intended for very special situations  and  not
       for  normal use:

       --abort_handler
              Establish  default signal handling not to leave a drive in busy state but rather to
              shut it down and to wait until it has ended the final operations.  This  option  is
              only needed for revoking eventual --ignore_signals or --no_abort_handler.

       --allow_untested_media
              Enable  the  use  of media profiles which have been implemented but not yet tested.
              Currently this option is without effect because  no  media  types  are  under  test
              reservation.
              (If  you really test experimental media, then please report the outcome on libburn-
              hackers@pykix.org)

       --cdtext_dummy
              Prepare a burn run, report the effective array of CD-TEXT packs to stdout, and then
              end  the  program  run without starting to burn the session.  A blank CD-R or CD-RW
              has to be present in the drive, nevertheless.
              The output is formatted in lines which describe 18 bytes as 2-digit hex numbers  or
              as  single  printable  characters.   See  libburn document doc/cdtext.txt about the
              format of these records.

       --cdtext_verbose
              Like --cdtext_dummy but without preventing the burn  run.  Combinable  with  option
              -dummy to exercise a CD burn run with no persistent impact on the medium.

       dev_translation=<sep><from><sep><to>
              Set  drive  address  alias.  This  was  necessary  before cdrskin-0.2.4 to manually
              translate cdrecord addresses into cdrskin addresses.
              <sep> is a single character which may not  occur  in  the  address  string  <from>.
              <from>  is  an address as expected to be given by the user via option dev=. <to> is
              the address to be used instead whenever <from> is given.  More than one translation
              instruction can be given in one cdrskin run.
              E.g.: dev_translation=+ATA:1,0,0+/dev/sr1 dev_translation=+ATA:1,1,0+/dev/sr2

       --drive_abort_on_busy
              Linux specific: Abort process if a busy drive is encountered.

       --drive_blocking
              Linux  specific:  Try  to  wait  for  a  busy  drive  to  become free.  This is not
              guaranteed to work with all drivers. Some need nonblocking i/o.

       --drive_f_setlk
              Linux specific: Try to get exclusive lock on drive device file via fcntl(2).

       --drive_not_exclusive
              Linux specific: Combine --drive_not_f_setlk and --drive_not_o_excl.

       --drive_not_f_setlk
              Linux specific: Do not try to get exclusive lock on drive device file via fcntl(2).

       --drive_not_o_excl
              Linux specific: Do not ask the operating system to  prevent  opening  busy  drives.
              Whether this leads to senseful behavior depends on operating system and kernel.

       drive_scsi_dev_family=sr|scd|sg
              Linux  specific:  Select  a  SCSI  device  file family to be scanned for by options
              --devices, --device_links and  -scanbus.   Normally  this  is  /dev/sgN  on  kernel
              versions  <  2.6  and /dev/srN on kernels >= 2.6 . This option explicitly overrides
              that default in order to meet other programs at  a  common  device  file  for  each
              drive.  On kernel 2.4 families sr and scd will find no drives.
              Device file family /dev/hdX on kernel >= 2.6 is not affected by this setting.

       --drive_scsi_exclusive
              Linux  specific:  Try  to  exclusively  reserve  device  files /dev/srN, /dev/scdM,
              /dev/sgK of drives.  This would be  helpful  to  protect  against  collisions  with
              program  growisofs.   Regrettably  on Linux kernel 2.4 with ide-scsi emulation this
              seems not to work. Whether it becomes helpful with new  Linux  systems  has  to  be
              evaluated.

       --fifo_disable
              Disable fifo despite any fs=.

       --fifo_per_track
              Use a separate fifo for each track.

       --fill_up_media
              Expand  the  last  track  of  the session to occupy all remaining free space on the
              media.
              This option overrides option -multi. It will not fill up media if  option  -sao  is
              given with CD media.
              Caution:  With multi-session media this option might increase readatibility on DVD-
              ROM drives but with some DVD recorders and  media  types  it  might  also  fail  to
              produce readable media at all. "Your mileage may vary".
              You  can  expect  the  best possible read compatibility if you do not use -multi at
              all.

       grab_drive_and_wait=seconds
              Open the addressed drive, wait the given number of seconds, release the drive,  and
              do normal work as indicated by the other options used. This option helps to explore
              the program behavior when faced with busy drives. Just start a second cdrskin  with
              option --devices while grab_drive_and_wait= is still active.

       --ignore_signals
              Try to ignore any signals rather than to abort the program. This is not a very good
              idea. You might end up waiting a very long time for cdrskin to finish.

       --list_features
              List the SCSI/MMC features which were obtained from the  drive  when  it  was  last
              acquired  or  re-assessed.  Although  this is better readable than the raw reply to
              SCSI command GET CONFIGURATION, the MMC specification  text  is  still  needed  for
              interpreting it.
              The list consists of line groups of the form
                Code +/- : Name : Version,P/N
                           Raw feature data bytes as hex numbers
                           Parsed info as Name=Value pairs
              The  headline is the only one which has no blank at its start.  Code is given as 16
              bit hex number.
              "+" marks a currently offered feature. "-" marks those which may be  offered  under
              different circumstances.
              Name is the feature name as listed in MMC specs.
              "P" marks persistent features. "N" marks non-persistent features.
              The Raw data can occupy more than one line. No "=" occurs in such lines.  If no raw
              data are present, one line with some blanks is listed instead.
              The Parsed info shows some extracted field values with  names  which  resemble  the
              names  used  in  the  MMC  description of the particular feature. Parsed info lines
              contain at least one Name=Value pair. More than one line is possible.  If no parsed
              info is produced, one line with some blanks is listed instead.
              Example:
                0107 - : Real Time Streaming : 4,N
                         1f 00 00 00
                         RBCB=1 , SCS=1 , MP2A=1 , WSPD=1 , SW=1

       --no_abort_handler
              On  signals  exit even if the drive is in busy state. This is not a very good idea.
              You might end up with a stuck drive that refuses to hand out the media.

       --no_blank_appendable
              Refuse to blank appendable CD-RW or DVD-RW. This is a feature that was once builtin
              with libburn. No information available for what use case it was needed.

       --no_convert_fs_adr
              Do  only  literal  translations  of  dev=.  This prevents cdrskin from test-opening
              device files in order to find one that matches the given dev= specifier.
              Partly Linux specific: Such opening is needed for Bus,Target,Lun  addresses  unless
              option  --old_pseudo_scsi_adr  is  given.  It is also needed to resolve device file
              addresses which are not listed with cdrskin --devices but nevertheless point  to  a
              usable drive. (Like /dev/sg0 using the same SCSI address as /dev/sr0.)

       --obs_pad
              Pad  the  data  of  the  last  write  operation  of a DVD-R[W] DAO session, or BD-R
              session, or stdio: pseudo-drive session up to the full size  of  an  output  chunk.
              This  padding  has to be applied automatically to the other DVD and BD media types,
              where it causes e.g. ISO images to have trailing unclaimed blocks.  Whether  it  is
              applied automatically to BD-R depends on option --bdr_obs_exempt.
              Use  this option if there is the suspicion that DVD-R[W] DAO or BD-R sessions abort
              with your kernel and/or DVD drive, if their size is not a multiple of 16 blocks.
              This option may also get enabled at compile time of libburn.

       --bdr_obs_exempt
              Exempt BD-R media from automatic unconditional transaction  end  padding,  provided
              that  this  padding  is  not requested by --obs_pad and that no stream_recording is
              requested.
              This is a new feature introduced with version 1.5.6. It  might  become  default  in
              later versions.

       --old_pseudo_scsi_adr
              Linux  specific:  Use  and report literal Bus,Target,Lun addresses rather than real
              SCSI and pseudo ATA addresses. This method is outdated  and  was  never  compatible
              with original cdrecord.

       sao_postgap=off|number
              Define  whether  a  post-gap  shall be written at the end of the track and how many
              sectors this gap shall have. A post-gap occupies the range of an  additional  index
              of  the  track.  It contains zeros. No bytes from the track source will be read for
              writing the post-gap.
              This setting affects only CD SAO write runs.

       sao_pregap=off|number
              Define whether a pre-gap shall be written before the track  and  how  many  sectors
              this  pre-gap  shall  have.  A pre-gap is written in the range of track index 0 and
              contains zeros. No bytes from the track source will be read for  writing  the  pre-
              gap.
              This setting affects only CD SAO write runs.
              The  first track automatically gets a pre-gap of at least 150 sectors. Its size can
              only be enlarged by this call.

       use_immed_bit=on|off|default
              Control whether several long lasting SCSI commands shall be executed with the Immed
              bit,  which  makes  the commands end early while the drive operation is still going
              on. cdrskin then inquires progress indication until the drive reports to  be  ready
              again.  If  this  feature  is turned off, then blanking and formatting will show no
              progress indication.
              It may depend on the operating system whether use_immed_bit= is  set  to  "off"  by
              default.

       --xa1-ignore
              Silently  interpret  option -xa1 as -data. This may be necessary if a frontend does
              not prepare -xa1 block headers but insists in using option -xa1.

EXAMPLES

   Get an overview of drives and their addresses:
       cdrskin -scanbus
       cdrskin dev=ATA -scanbus
       cdrskin --device_links

   Get info about a particular drive or loaded media:
       cdrskin dev=0,1,0 -checkdrive
       cdrskin dev=ATA:1,0,0 -v -atip
       cdrskin dev=/dev/hdc -minfo

   Prepare CD-RW or DVD-RW for re-use, DVD-RAM or BD-RE for first use:
       cdrskin -v dev=/dev/sg1 blank=as_needed -eject

   Format DVD-RW to avoid need for blanking before re-use:
       cdrskin -v dev=/dev/sr0 blank=format_overwrite

   De-format DVD-RW to make it capable of multi-session again:
       cdrskin -v dev=/dev/sr0 blank=deformat_sequential

   Write ISO-9660 filesystem image as only one to blank or formatted media:
       cdrskin -v dev=/dev/hdc speed=12 fs=8m \
         blank=as_needed -eject padsize=300k my_image.iso

   Write compressed afio archive on-the-fly (not possible with minimally blanked DVD-RW or  DVD-R
       DL):
       find . | afio -oZ - | \
       cdrskin -v dev=0,1,0 fs=32m speed=8 \
         blank=as_needed padsize=300k -

   Write multi-session to the same CD, DVD-R[W], DVD+R[/DL], or BD-R:
       cdrskin dev=/dev/sr0 -v padsize=300k -multi 1.iso
       cdrskin dev=/dev/sr0 -v padsize=300k -multi 2.iso
       cdrskin dev=/dev/sr0 -v padsize=300k -multi 3.iso
       cdrskin dev=/dev/sr0 -v padsize=300k 4.iso

   Get multi-session info for option -C of program mkisofs:
       c_values=$(cdrskin dev=/dev/hdc -msinfo 2>/dev/null)
       mkisofs ... -C "$c_values" ...

   Inquire free space on media for a -multi run:
       x=$(cdrskin dev=/dev/sr0 -multi \
         --tell_media_space 2>/dev/null)
       echo "Available: $x blocks of 2048 data bytes"

   Write audio tracks and CD-TEXT to CD:
       cdrskin -v dev=ATA:1,0,0 speed=48 -sao \
         input_sheet_v07t=cdtext.v07t \
         track1.wav track2.au -audio -swab track3.raw

   Extract audio tracks and CD-TEXT from CD into directory /home/me/my_cd:
       mkdir /home/me/my_cd
       cdrskin -v dev=/dev/sr0 extract_audio_to=/home/me/my_cd \
         cdtext_to_v07t=/home/me/my_cd/cdtext.v07t

FILES

   Startup files:
       If not --no_rc is given as the first argument then cdrskin attempts on startup to read the
       arguments from the following files:

       /etc/default/cdrskin
       /etc/opt/cdrskin/rc
       /etc/cdrskin/cdrskin.conf
       $HOME/.cdrskinrc

       The files are read in the sequence given above, but none of them is required  for  cdrskin
       to  function  properly.  Each  readable  line  is treated as one single argument. No extra
       blanks.  A first character '#' marks a comment, empty lines are ignored.
       Example content of a startup file:
       # This is the default device
       dev=0,1,0
       # Some more options
       fifo_start_at=0
       fs=16m

   Disabling superuser safety precautions:
       The superuser is normally banned from using any other emulated drive but  /dev/null.  This
       ban can be lifted by the existence of file

       /root/cdrskin_permissions/allow_emulated_drives

       where  the  directory  must be owned by the superuser and must not offer w-permissions for
       group or others.
       Warning: Superusers must take care not to spoil their hard disk via its raw  block  device
       (like stdio:/dev/hda or stdio:/dev/sd0).

SEE ALSO

       Formatting data track sources for cdrskin:
              mkisofs(8), genisoimage(8), xorriso(1), afio(1), star(1)

       Other CD/DVD/BD burn programs:
              cdrecord(1), wodim(1), xorriso(1)

       For DVD/BD burning (also tutor of libburn's DVD/BD capabilities):
              growisofs(1)

AUTHOR

       cdrskin was written by Thomas Schmitt <scdbackup@gmx.net>.

       This  manual  page was started by George Danchev <danchev@spnet.net> and is now maintained
       by Thomas Schmitt.

                                   Version 1.5.6, Jun 07, 2023                         CDRSKIN(1)