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NAME

       aio - POSIX asynchronous I/O overview

DESCRIPTION

       The POSIX asynchronous I/O (AIO) interface allows applications to initiate one or more I/O
       operations that are performed asynchronously (i.e., in the background).   The  application
       can  elect  to  be  notified  of  completion of the I/O operation in a variety of ways: by
       delivery of a signal, by instantiation of a thread, or no notification at all.

       The POSIX AIO interface consists of the following functions:

       aio_read(3)
              Enqueue a read request.  This is the asynchronous analog of read(2).

       aio_write(3)
              Enqueue a write request.  This is the asynchronous analog of write(2).

       aio_fsync(3)
              Enqueue a sync request for the I/O operations on a file descriptor.   This  is  the
              asynchronous analog of fsync(2) and fdatasync(2).

       aio_error(3)
              Obtain the error status of an enqueued I/O request.

       aio_return(3)
              Obtain the return status of a completed I/O request.

       aio_suspend(3)
              Suspend the caller until one or more of a specified set of I/O requests completes.

       aio_cancel(3)
              Attempt to cancel outstanding I/O requests on a specified file descriptor.

       lio_listio(3)
              Enqueue multiple I/O requests using a single function call.

       The  aiocb ("asynchronous I/O control block") structure defines parameters that control an
       I/O operation.  An argument of this type is employed with  all  of  the  functions  listed
       above.  This structure has the following form:

           #include <aiocb.h>

           struct aiocb {
               /* The order of these fields is implementation-dependent */

               int             aio_fildes;     /* File descriptor */
               off_t           aio_offset;     /* File offset */
               volatile void  *aio_buf;        /* Location of buffer */
               size_t          aio_nbytes;     /* Length of transfer */
               int             aio_reqprio;    /* Request priority */
               struct sigevent aio_sigevent;   /* Notification method */
               int             aio_lio_opcode; /* Operation to be performed;
                                                  lio_listio() only */

               /* Various implementation-internal fields not shown */
           };

           /* Operation codes for 'aio_lio_opcode': */

           enum { LIO_READ, LIO_WRITE, LIO_NOP };

       The fields of this structure are as follows:

       aio_fildes
              The file descriptor on which the I/O operation is to be performed.

       aio_offset
              This is the file offset at which the I/O operation is to be performed.

       aio_buf
              This is the buffer used to transfer data for a read or write operation.

       aio_nbytes
              This is the size of the buffer pointed to by aio_buf.

       aio_reqprio
              This field specifies a value that is subtracted from the calling thread's real-time
              priority in order to determine the priority for execution of this I/O request  (see
              pthread_setschedparam(3)).   The  specified  value  must be between 0 and the value
              returned by  sysconf(_SC_AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX).   This  field  is  ignored  for  file
              synchronization operations.

       aio_sigevent
              This  field is a structure that specifies how the caller is to be notified when the
              asynchronous     I/O     operation     completes.      Possible     values      for
              aio_sigevent.sigev_notify  are  SIGEV_NONE,  SIGEV_SIGNAL,  and  SIGEV_THREAD.  See
              sigevent(3type) for further details.

       aio_lio_opcode
              The type of operation to be performed; used only for lio_listio(3).

       In addition to the standard functions  listed  above,  the  GNU  C  library  provides  the
       following extension to the POSIX AIO API:

       aio_init(3)
              Set parameters for tuning the behavior of the glibc POSIX AIO implementation.

ERRORS

       EINVAL The  aio_reqprio  field of the aiocb structure was less than 0, or was greater than
              the limit returned by the call sysconf(_SC_AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX).

STANDARDS

       POSIX.1-2008.

HISTORY

       POSIX.1-2001.  glibc 2.1.

NOTES

       It is a good idea to zero out the control block buffer before use  (see  memset(3)).   The
       control  block  buffer  and the buffer pointed to by aio_buf must not be changed while the
       I/O operation is in progress.  These buffers must remain valid  until  the  I/O  operation
       completes.

       Simultaneous  asynchronous  read  or write operations using the same aiocb structure yield
       undefined results.

       The current Linux POSIX AIO implementation is provided in user space by glibc.  This has a
       number  of  limitations,  most  notably  that  maintaining multiple threads to perform I/O
       operations is expensive and scales poorly.  Work has been in progress for some time  on  a
       kernel   state-machine-based   implementation   of  asynchronous  I/O  (see  io_submit(2),
       io_setup(2), io_cancel(2), io_destroy(2), io_getevents(2)), but this implementation hasn't
       yet   matured  to  the  point  where  the  POSIX  AIO  implementation  can  be  completely
       reimplemented using the kernel system calls.

EXAMPLES

       The program below opens each of the files named in its command-line arguments and queues a
       request  on  the  resulting  file  descriptor  using aio_read(3).  The program then loops,
       periodically monitoring each of the  I/O  operations  that  is  still  in  progress  using
       aio_error(3).  Each of the I/O requests is set up to provide notification by delivery of a
       signal.  After all I/O requests have completed, the program retrieves their  status  using
       aio_return(3).

       The  SIGQUIT  signal  (generated  by  typing  control-\)  causes  the  program  to request
       cancelation of each of the outstanding requests using aio_cancel(3).

       Here is an example of what we might see when running this program.  In this  example,  the
       program  queues  two  requests  to standard input, and these are satisfied by two lines of
       input containing "abc" and "x".

           $ ./a.out /dev/stdin /dev/stdin
           opened /dev/stdin on descriptor 3
           opened /dev/stdin on descriptor 4
           aio_error():
               for request 0 (descriptor 3): In progress
               for request 1 (descriptor 4): In progress
           abc
           I/O completion signal received
           aio_error():
               for request 0 (descriptor 3): I/O succeeded
               for request 1 (descriptor 4): In progress
           aio_error():
               for request 1 (descriptor 4): In progress
           x
           I/O completion signal received
           aio_error():
               for request 1 (descriptor 4): I/O succeeded
           All I/O requests completed
           aio_return():
               for request 0 (descriptor 3): 4
               for request 1 (descriptor 4): 2

   Program source

       #include <fcntl.h>
       #include <stdlib.h>
       #include <unistd.h>
       #include <stdio.h>
       #include <errno.h>
       #include <aio.h>
       #include <signal.h>

       #define BUF_SIZE 20     /* Size of buffers for read operations */

       #define errExit(msg) do { perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } while (0)

       struct ioRequest {      /* Application-defined structure for tracking
                                  I/O requests */
           int           reqNum;
           int           status;
           struct aiocb *aiocbp;
       };

       static volatile sig_atomic_t gotSIGQUIT = 0;
                               /* On delivery of SIGQUIT, we attempt to
                                  cancel all outstanding I/O requests */

       static void             /* Handler for SIGQUIT */
       quitHandler(int sig)
       {
           gotSIGQUIT = 1;
       }

       #define IO_SIGNAL SIGUSR1   /* Signal used to notify I/O completion */

       static void                 /* Handler for I/O completion signal */
       aioSigHandler(int sig, siginfo_t *si, void *ucontext)
       {
           if (si->si_code == SI_ASYNCIO) {
               write(STDOUT_FILENO, "I/O completion signal received\n", 31);

               /* The corresponding ioRequest structure would be available as
                      struct ioRequest *ioReq = si->si_value.sival_ptr;
                  and the file descriptor would then be available via
                      ioReq->aiocbp->aio_fildes */
           }
       }

       int
       main(int argc, char *argv[])
       {
           struct sigaction sa;
           int s;
           int numReqs;        /* Total number of queued I/O requests */
           int openReqs;       /* Number of I/O requests still in progress */

           if (argc < 2) {
               fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <pathname> <pathname>...\n",
                       argv[0]);
               exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
           }

           numReqs = argc - 1;

           /* Allocate our arrays. */

           struct ioRequest *ioList = calloc(numReqs, sizeof(*ioList));
           if (ioList == NULL)
               errExit("calloc");

           struct aiocb *aiocbList = calloc(numReqs, sizeof(*aiocbList));
           if (aiocbList == NULL)
               errExit("calloc");

           /* Establish handlers for SIGQUIT and the I/O completion signal. */

           sa.sa_flags = SA_RESTART;
           sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask);

           sa.sa_handler = quitHandler;
           if (sigaction(SIGQUIT, &sa, NULL) == -1)
               errExit("sigaction");

           sa.sa_flags = SA_RESTART | SA_SIGINFO;
           sa.sa_sigaction = aioSigHandler;
           if (sigaction(IO_SIGNAL, &sa, NULL) == -1)
               errExit("sigaction");

           /* Open each file specified on the command line, and queue
              a read request on the resulting file descriptor. */

           for (size_t j = 0; j < numReqs; j++) {
               ioList[j].reqNum = j;
               ioList[j].status = EINPROGRESS;
               ioList[j].aiocbp = &aiocbList[j];

               ioList[j].aiocbp->aio_fildes = open(argv[j + 1], O_RDONLY);
               if (ioList[j].aiocbp->aio_fildes == -1)
                   errExit("open");
               printf("opened %s on descriptor %d\n", argv[j + 1],
                       ioList[j].aiocbp->aio_fildes);

               ioList[j].aiocbp->aio_buf = malloc(BUF_SIZE);
               if (ioList[j].aiocbp->aio_buf == NULL)
                   errExit("malloc");

               ioList[j].aiocbp->aio_nbytes = BUF_SIZE;
               ioList[j].aiocbp->aio_reqprio = 0;
               ioList[j].aiocbp->aio_offset = 0;
               ioList[j].aiocbp->aio_sigevent.sigev_notify = SIGEV_SIGNAL;
               ioList[j].aiocbp->aio_sigevent.sigev_signo = IO_SIGNAL;
               ioList[j].aiocbp->aio_sigevent.sigev_value.sival_ptr =
                                       &ioList[j];

               s = aio_read(ioList[j].aiocbp);
               if (s == -1)
                   errExit("aio_read");
           }

           openReqs = numReqs;

           /* Loop, monitoring status of I/O requests. */

           while (openReqs > 0) {
               sleep(3);       /* Delay between each monitoring step */

               if (gotSIGQUIT) {

                   /* On receipt of SIGQUIT, attempt to cancel each of the
                      outstanding I/O requests, and display status returned
                      from the cancelation requests. */

                   printf("got SIGQUIT; canceling I/O requests: \n");

                   for (size_t j = 0; j < numReqs; j++) {
                       if (ioList[j].status == EINPROGRESS) {
                           printf("    Request %zu on descriptor %d:", j,
                                   ioList[j].aiocbp->aio_fildes);
                           s = aio_cancel(ioList[j].aiocbp->aio_fildes,
                                   ioList[j].aiocbp);
                           if (s == AIO_CANCELED)
                               printf("I/O canceled\n");
                           else if (s == AIO_NOTCANCELED)
                               printf("I/O not canceled\n");
                           else if (s == AIO_ALLDONE)
                               printf("I/O all done\n");
                           else
                               perror("aio_cancel");
                       }
                   }

                   gotSIGQUIT = 0;
               }

               /* Check the status of each I/O request that is still
                  in progress. */

               printf("aio_error():\n");
               for (size_t j = 0; j < numReqs; j++) {
                   if (ioList[j].status == EINPROGRESS) {
                       printf("    for request %zu (descriptor %d): ",
                               j, ioList[j].aiocbp->aio_fildes);
                       ioList[j].status = aio_error(ioList[j].aiocbp);

                       switch (ioList[j].status) {
                       case 0:
                           printf("I/O succeeded\n");
                           break;
                       case EINPROGRESS:
                           printf("In progress\n");
                           break;
                       case ECANCELED:
                           printf("Canceled\n");
                           break;
                       default:
                           perror("aio_error");
                           break;
                       }

                       if (ioList[j].status != EINPROGRESS)
                           openReqs--;
                   }
               }
           }

           printf("All I/O requests completed\n");

           /* Check status return of all I/O requests. */

           printf("aio_return():\n");
           for (size_t j = 0; j < numReqs; j++) {
               ssize_t s;

               s = aio_return(ioList[j].aiocbp);
               printf("    for request %zu (descriptor %d): %zd\n",
                       j, ioList[j].aiocbp->aio_fildes, s);
           }

           exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
       }

SEE ALSO

       io_cancel(2), io_destroy(2), io_getevents(2), io_setup(2), io_submit(2), aio_cancel(3),
       aio_error(3), aio_init(3), aio_read(3), aio_return(3), aio_write(3), lio_listio(3)

       "Asynchronous I/O Support in Linux 2.5", Bhattacharya, Pratt, Pulavarty, and Morgan,
       Proceedings of the Linux Symposium, 2003,
       ⟨https://www.kernel.org/doc/ols/2003/ols2003-pages-351-366.pdf⟩