Provided by: netsniff-ng_0.6.8-3build2_amd64 bug

NAME

       trafgen - a fast, multithreaded network packet generator

SYNOPSIS

       trafgen [options] [packet]

DESCRIPTION

       trafgen  is  a  fast,  zero-copy  network  traffic  generator  for  debugging, performance
       evaluation, and fuzz-testing. trafgen utilizes the packet(7)  socket  interface  of  Linux
       which  postpones complete control over packet data and packet headers into the user space.
       It has a powerful packet configuration language, which is rather low-level and not limited
       to particular protocols.  Thus, trafgen can be used for many purposes. Its only limitation
       is that it cannot mimic full streams resp.  sessions.  However,  it  is  very  useful  for
       various  kinds  of  load  testing  in  order  to  analyze and subsequently improve systems
       behaviour under DoS attack scenarios, for instance.

       trafgen is Linux specific, meaning there is no support for other operating  systems,  same
       as  netsniff-ng(8),  thus  we  can keep the code footprint quite minimal and to the point.
       trafgen makes use of packet(7) socket's TX_RING interface of the Linux kernel, which is  a
       mmap(2)'ed ring buffer shared between user and kernel space.

       By default, trafgen starts as many processes as available CPUs, pins each of them to their
       respective CPU and sets up the ring buffer each in their own process  space  after  having
       compiled  a  list of packets to transmit. Thus, this is likely the fastest one can get out
       of the box in terms of transmission performance from user space, without  having  to  load
       unsupported or non-mainline third-party kernel modules. On Gigabit Ethernet, trafgen has a
       comparable performance to pktgen, the built-in Linux kernel traffic generator, except that
       trafgen  is  more  flexible in terms of packet configuration possibilities. On 10-Gigabit-
       per-second Ethernet, trafgen might be slower than pktgen  due  to  the  user/kernel  space
       overhead but still has a fairly high performance for out of the box kernels.

       trafgen  has the potential to do fuzz testing, meaning a packet configuration can be built
       with random numbers on all or certain packet offsets that are freshly generated each  time
       a  packet is sent out. With a built-in IPv4 ping, trafgen can send out an ICMP probe after
       each packet injection to the remote host in order to test if it is still responsive/alive.
       Assuming  there is no answer from the remote host after a certain threshold of probes, the
       machine is considered dead and the last sent packet is printed together  with  the  random
       seed  that  was  used  by  trafgen.  You might not really get lucky fuzz-testing the Linux
       kernel, but presumably there are buggy closed-source embedded systems or network  driver's
       firmware files that are prone to bugs, where trafgen could help in finding them.

       trafgen's configuration language is quite powerful, also due to the fact, that it supports
       C preprocessor macros. A stddef.h is being shipped with trafgen for this purpose, so  that
       well  known  defines  from  Linux  kernel  or  network  programming can be reused. After a
       configuration file has passed the C preprocessor stage, it is  processed  by  the  trafgen
       packet  compiler.  The  language itself supports a couple of features that are useful when
       assembling packets, such as built-in runtime checksum support for IP, UDP and TCP. Also it
       has  an  expression  evaluator  where  arithmetic  (basic  operations, bit operations, bit
       shifting, ...) on constant expressions is being reduced to a single  constant  on  compile
       time.  Other  features are ''fill'' macros, where a packet can be filled with n bytes by a
       constant, a compile-time random number or run-time random number (as mentioned  with  fuzz
       testing). Also, netsniff-ng(8) is able to convert a pcap file into a trafgen configuration
       file, thus such a configuration can be further tweaked for a given scenario.

OPTIONS

       -i <cfg|pcap|->, -c <cfg|->, --in <cfg|pcap|->, --conf <cfg|->
              Defines the input configuration file that can either be passed as  a  normal  plain
              text  file  or via stdin (''-''). Note that currently, if a configuration is passed
              through stdin, only 1 CPU will be used.  It is also possible to specify  PCAP  file
              with  .pcap  extension  via -i/--in option, by default packets will be sent at rate
              considering timestamp from PCAP file which might be reset via the -b or -t option.

       -o <dev|.pcap|.cfg>, -d <dev|.pcap|.cfg>, --out <dev|.pcap|.cfg>, --dev <dev|.pcap|.cfg>
              Defines the outgoing networking device such as eth0, wlan0 and others or  a  *.pcap
              or *.cfg file. Pcap and configuration files are identified by extension.

       -p, --cpp
              Pass the packet configuration to the C preprocessor before reading it into trafgen.
              This allows #define and #include  directives  (e.g.  to  include  definitions  from
              system headers) to be used in the trafgen configuration file.

       -D <name>=<definition>, --define <name>=<definition>
              Add  macro  definition  for  the C preprocessor to use it within trafgen file. This
              option is used in combination with the -p/--cpp option.

       -J, --jumbo-support
              By default trafgen's ring buffer frames are of a fixed size of  2048  bytes.   This
              means that if you're expecting jumbo frames or even super jumbo frames to pass your
              line, then you will need to enable support for that with the help of  this  option.
              However,  this has the disadvantage of a performance regression and a bigger memory
              footprint for the ring buffer.

       -R, --rfraw
              In case the output networking device is a wireless  device,  it  is  possible  with
              trafgen to turn this into monitor mode and create a mon<X> device that trafgen will
              be transmitting on instead of wlan<X>, for instance. This enables trafgen to inject
              raw 802.11 frames. In case if the output is a pcap file the link type is set to 127
              (ieee80211 radio tap).

       -s <ipv4>, --smoke-test <ipv4>
              In case this option is enabled, trafgen will perform a smoke test. In other  words,
              it  will  probe  the  remote  end,  specified  by  an <ipv4> address, that is being
              ''attacked'' with trafgen network traffic, if it is  still  alive  and  responsive.
              That  means,  after each transmitted packet that has been configured, trafgen sends
              out ICMP echo requests and waits for an answer before it continues.   In  case  the
              remote  end  stays  unresponsive,  trafgen assumes that the machine has crashed and
              will print out the content of the last packet as a trafgen packet configuration and
              the random seed that has been used in order to reproduce a possible bug. This might
              be useful when testing proprietary embedded devices. It is recommended  to  have  a
              direct  link  between  the  host  running  trafgen  and  the host being attacked by
              trafgen.

       -n <0|uint>, --num <0|uint>
              Process a number of packets and then exit. If the number of packets is 0, then this
              is equivalent to infinite packets resp. processing until interrupted.  Otherwise, a
              number given as an unsigned integer will limit processing.

       -r, --rand
              Randomize the packet selection of the configuration file. By default, if more  than
              one  packet  is  defined  in  a  packet  configuration,  packets  are scheduled for
              transmission in a round robin fashion. With this option, they are selected randomly
              instread.

       -P <uint>, --cpus <uint>
              Specify  the number of processes trafgen shall fork(2) off. By default trafgen will
              start as many processes as CPUs that are online and pin them to each, respectively.
              Allowed value must be within interval [1,CPUs].

       -t <time>, --gap <time>
              Specify  a  static  inter-packet timegap in seconds, milliseconds, microseconds, or
              nanoseconds: ''<num>s/ms/us/ns''. If no postfix is given default  to  microseconds.
              If  this  option  is  given, then instead of packet(7)'s TX_RING interface, trafgen
              will use sendto(2) I/O for network packets, even if the <time> argument is 0.  This
              option is useful for a couple of reasons:

                1) comparison between sendto(2) and TX_RING performance,
                2) low-traffic packet probing for a given interval,
                3) ping-like debugging with specific payload patterns.

              Furthermore, the TX_RING interface does not cope with interpacket gaps.

       -b <rate>, --rate <rate>
              Specify  the packet send rate <num>pps/B/kB/MB/GB/kbit/Mbit/Gbit/KiB/MiB/GiB units.
              Like with the -t/--gap option, the packets are sent in slow mode.

       -S <size>, --ring-size <size>
              Manually define the TX_RING resp. TX_RING size in ''<num>KiB/MiB/GiB''. By  default
              the size is being determined based on the network connectivity rate.

       -E <uint>, --seed <uint>
              Manually  set  the  seed  for  pseudo random number generator (PRNG) in trafgen. By
              default, a random seed from /dev/urandom is used to  feed  glibc's  PRNG.  If  that
              fails,  it  falls  back  to  the  unix  timestamp. It can be useful to set the seed
              manually in order to be able to  reproduce  a  trafgen  session,  e.g.  after  fuzz
              testing.

       -u <uid>, --user <uid> resp. -g <gid>, --group <gid>
              After ring setup, drop privileges to a non-root user/group combination.

       -H, --prio-high
              Set this process as a high priority process in order to achieve a higher scheduling
              rate resp. CPU time. This is however not the default setting, since it  could  lead
              to starvation of other processes, for example low priority kernel threads.

       -A, --no-sock-mem
              Do  not change systems default socket memory setting during testrun.  Default is to
              boost socket buffer memory during the test to:

                /proc/sys/net/core/rmem_default:4194304
                /proc/sys/net/core/wmem_default:4194304
                /proc/sys/net/core/rmem_max:104857600
                /proc/sys/net/core/wmem_max:104857600

       -Q, --notouch-irq
              Do not reassign the NIC's IRQ CPU affinity settings.

       -q, --qdisc-path
              Since Linux 3.14, the kernel supports a socket  option  PACKET_QDISC_BYPASS,  which
              trafgen  enables  by  default. This options disables the qdisc bypass, and uses the
              normal send path through the kernel's qdisc (traffic control) layer, which  can  be
              usefully for testing the qdisc path.

       -V, --verbose
              Let  trafgen  be  more talkative and let it print the parsed configuration and some
              ring buffer statistics.

       -e, --example
              Show a built-in packet configuration example. This might be a good  starting  point
              for an initial packet configuration scenario.

       -C, --no-cpu-stats
              Do not print CPU time statistics on exit.

       -v, --version
              Show version information and exit.

       -h, --help
              Show user help and exit.

SYNTAX

       trafgen's packet configuration syntax is fairly simple. The very basic things one needs to
       know is that a configuration file is a simple plain text file where packets  are  defined.
       It  can  contain  one or more packets. Packets are enclosed by opening '{' and closing '}'
       braces, for example:

          { /* packet 1 content goes here ... */ }
          { /* packet 2 content goes here ... */ }

       Alternatively, packets can also be specified directly on the command line, using the  same
       syntax as used in the configuration files.

       When  trafgen is started using multiple CPUs (default), then each of those packets will be
       scheduled for transmission on all CPUs by default. However, it is possible to tell trafgen
       to schedule a packet only on a particular CPU:

          cpu(1): { /* packet 1 content goes here ... */ }
          cpu(2-3): { /* packet 2 content goes here ... */ }

       Thus,  in case we have a 4 core machine with CPU0-CPU3, packet 1 will be scheduled only on
       CPU1, packet 2 on CPU2 and  CPU3.  When  using  trafgen  with  --num  option,  then  these
       constraints will still be valid and the packet is fairly distributed among those CPUs.

       Packet content is delimited either by a comma or whitespace, or both:

          { 0xca, 0xfe, 0xba 0xbe }

       Packet content can be of the following:

          hex bytes:   0xca, xff
          decimal:     42
          binary:      0b11110000, b11110000
          octal:       011
          character:   'a'
          string:      "hello world"
          shellcode:   "\x31\xdb\x8d\x43\x17\x99\xcd\x80\x31\xc9"

       Thus,  a quite useless packet configuration might look like this (one can verify this when
       running this with trafgen in combination with -V):

          { 0xca, 42, 0b11110000, 011, 'a', "hello world",
            "\x31\xdb\x8d\x43\x17\x99\xcd\x80\x31\xc9" }

       There are a couple of helper functions in trafgen's language to make life easier to  write
       configurations:

       i) Fill with garbage functions:

          byte fill function:      fill(<content>, <times>): fill(0xca, 128)
          compile-time random:     rnd(<times>): rnd(128), rnd()
          runtime random numbers:  drnd(<times>): drnd(128), drnd()
          compile-time counter:    seqinc(<start-val>, <increment>, <times>)
                                   seqdec(<start-val>, <decrement>, <times>)
          runtime counter (1byte): dinc(<min-val>, <max-val>, <increment>)
                                   ddec(<min-val>, <max-val>, <decrement>)

       ii) Checksum helper functions (packet offsets start with 0):

          IP/ICMP checksum:        csumip/csumicmp(<off-from>, <off-to>)
          UDP checksum:            csumudp(<off-iphdr>, <off-udpdr>)
          TCP checksum:            csumtcp(<off-iphdr>, <off-tcphdr>)
          UDP checksum (IPv6):     csumudp6(<off-ip6hdr>, <off-udpdr>)
          TCP checksum (IPv6):     csumtcp6(<off-ip6hdr>, <off-tcphdr>)

       iii) Multibyte functions, compile-time expression evaluation:

          const8(<content>), c8(<content>), const16(<content>), c16(<content>),
          const32(<content>), c32(<content>), const64(<content>), c64(<content>)

          These functions write their result in network byte order into the packet configuration,
       e.g. const16(0xaa) will result in ''00 aa''. Within c*() functions, it is possible  to  do
       some  arithmetics:  -,+,*,/,%,&,|,<<,>>,^  E.g.  const16((((1<<8)+0x32)|0b110)*2)  will be
       evaluated to ''02 6c''.

       iv) Protocol header functions:
           The protocol header functions allow to fill protocol header fields by using  following
           generic syntax:

               <proto>(<field>=<value>,<field2>=<value2>,...,<field3>,...)

           If  a field is not specified, then a default value will be used (usually 0).  Protocol
           fields might be set in any order. However, the offset of the fields in  the  resulting
           packet is according to the respective protocol.

           Each  field  might  be  set  with a function which generates field value at runtime by
           increment  or  randomize  it.  For  L3/L4  protocols  the   checksum   is   calculated
           automatically  if  the  field  was  changed  dynamically  by  specified function.  The
           following field functions are supported:

               dinc - increment field value at runtime. By default increment step  is  '1'.   min
               and  max  parameters  are  used to increment field only in the specified range, by
               default original field value is used. If the field length is greater than  4  then
               last 4 bytes are incremented only (useful for MAC and IPv6 addresses):

                   <field> = dinc() | dinc(min, max) | dinc(min, max, step)

               drnd  -  randomize  field  value  at  runtime.  min and max parameters are used to
               randomize field only in the specified range:

                   <field> = drnd() | drnd(min, max)

               Example of using dynamic functions:

               {
                     eth(saddr=aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff, saddr=dinc()),
                     ipv4(saddr=dinc()),
                     udp(sport=dinc(1, 13, 2), dport=drnd(80, 100))
               }

           Fields might be further manipulated with a function at a specific offset:

               <field>[<index>] | <field>[<index>:<length>]

                   <index> - relative field offset with range 0..<field.len> - 1

                   <length> - length/size of the value which will be set; either 1, 2 or 4  bytes
                   (default: 1)

               The <index> starts from the field's first byte in network order.

               The  syntax  is  similar  to  the  one  used in pcap filters (man pcap-filter) for
               matching header field at a specified offset.

               Examples of using field offset (showing the effect  in  a  shortenet  output  from
               netsniff-ng):

                   1)  trafgen  -o  lo  --cpus 1 -n 3 '{ eth(da=11:22:33:44:55:66, da[0]=dinc()),
                   tcp() }'

                       [ Eth MAC (00:00:00:00:00:00 => 11:22:33:44:55:66)

                       [ Eth MAC (00:00:00:00:00:00 => 12:22:33:44:55:66)

                       [ Eth MAC (00:00:00:00:00:00 => 13:22:33:44:55:66)

                   2) trafgen -o lo --cpus 1 -n 3 '{ ipv4(da=1.2.3.4, da[0]=dinc()), tcp() }'

                       [ IPv4 Addr (127.0.0.1 => 1.2.3.4)

                       [ IPv4 Addr (127.0.0.1 => 2.2.3.4)

                       [ IPv4 Addr (127.0.0.1 => 3.2.3.4)

           All required lower layer headers  will  be  filled  automatically  if  they  were  not
           specified  by  the  user. The headers will be filled in the order they were specified.
           Each header will be filled with some mimimum required set of fields.

           Supported protocol headers:

           Ethernet : eth(da=<mac>, sa=<mac>, type=<number>)

               da|daddr - Destination MAC address (default: 00:00:00:00:00:00)

               sa|saddr - Source MAC address (default: device MAC address)

               etype|type|prot|proto - Ethernet type (default: 0)

           PAUSE (IEEE 802.3X) : pause(code=<number>, time=<number>)

               code - MAC Control opcode (default: 0x0001)

               time - Pause time (default: 0)

               By default Ethernet header is added with a fields:

                   Ethernet type - 0x8808

                   Destination MAC address - 01:80:C2:00:00:01

           PFC : pfc(pri|prio(<number>)=<number>, time(<number>)=<number>)

               code - MAC Control opcode (default: 0x0101)

               pri|prio - Priority enable vector (default: 0)

               pri|prio(<number>) - Enable/disable (0 - disable, 1 - enable) pause  for  priority
               <number> (default: 0)

               time(<number>) - Set pause time for priority <number> (default: 0)

               By default Ethernet header is added with a fields:

                   Ethernet type - 0x8808

                   Destination MAC address - 01:80:C2:00:00:01

           VLAN  : vlan(tpid=<number>, id=<number>, dei=<number>, tci=<number>, pcp=<number>, 1q,
           1ad)

               tpid|prot|proto - Tag Protocol Identifier (TPID) (default: 0x8100)

               tci - Tag Control Information (TCI) field (VLAN Id + PCP + DEI) (default: 0)

               dei|cfi - Drop Eligible Indicator (DEI), formerly Canonical Format Indicator (CFI)
               (default: 0)

               pcp - Priority code point (PCP) (default: 0)

               id - VLAN Identifier (default: 0)

               1q - Set 802.1q header (TPID: 0x8100)

               1ad - Set 802.1ad header (TPID: 0x88a8)

           By  default,  if  the  lower  level header is Ethernet, its EtherType is set to 0x8100
           (802.1q).

           MPLS : mpls(label=<number>, tc|exp=<number>, last=<number>, ttl=<number>)

               label|lbl - MPLS label value (default: 0)

               tclass|tc|exp - Traffic Class for QoS field (default: 0)

               last - Bottom of stack S-flag (default: 1 for most last label)

               ttl - Time To Live (TTL) (default: 0)

           By default, if the lower level header is Ethernet, its  EtherType  is  set  to  0x8847
           (MPLS Unicast). S-flag is set automatically to 1 for the last label and resets to 0 if
           the lower MPLS label was added after.

           ARP : arp(htype=<number>, ptype=<number>, op=<request|reply|number>,  request,  reply,
           smac=<mac>, sip=<ip4_addr>, tmac=<mac>, tip=<ip4_addr>)

               htype - ARP hardware type (default: 1 [Ethernet])

               ptype - ARP protocol type (default: 0x0800 [IPv4])

               op - ARP operation type (request/reply) (default: request)

               req|request - ARP Request operation type

               reply - ARP Reply operation type

               smac|sha - Sender hardware (MAC) address (default: device MAC address)

               sip|spa - Sender protocol (IPv4) address (default: device IPv4 address)

               tmac|tha - Target hardware (MAC) address (default: 00:00:00:00:00:00)

               tip|tpa - Target protocol (IPv4) address (default: device IPv4 address)

           By default, the ARP operation field is set to request and the Ethernet destination MAC
           address is set to the broadcast address (ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff).

           IPv4 : ip4|ipv4(ihl=<number>, ver=<number>, len=<number>, csum=<number>, ttl=<number>,
           tos=<number>, dscp=<number>, ecn=<number>,
                           id=<number>,  flags=<number>,  frag=<number>,  df,  mf, da=<ip4_addr>,
                           sa=<ip4_addr>, prot[o]=<number>)

               ver|version - Version field (default: 4)

               ihl - Header length in number of 32-bit words (default: 5)

               tos - Type of Service (ToS) field (default: 0)

               dscp - Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP, DiffServ) field (default: 0)

               ecn - Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) field (default: 0)

               len|length - Total length of header and payload (calculated by default)

               id - IPv4 datagram identification (default: 0)

               flags - IPv4 flags value (DF, MF) (default: 0)

               df - Don't fragment (DF) flag (default: 0)

               mf - More fragments (MF) flag (default: 0)

               frag - Fragment offset field in number of 8 byte blocks (default: 0)

               ttl - Time to live (TTL) field (default: 0)

               csum - Header checksum (calculated by default)

               sa|saddr - Source IPv4 address (default: device IPv4 address)

               da|daddr - Destination IPv4 address (default: 0.0.0.0)

               prot|proto - IPv4 protocol number (default: 0)

           By default, if the lower level header is Ethernet,  its  EtherType  field  is  set  to
           0x0800  (IPv4).  If  the  lower level header is IPv4, its protocol field is set to 0x4
           (IP-in-IP).

           IPv6   :   ip6|ipv6(ver=<number>,    class=<number>,    flow=<number>    len=<number>,
           nexthdr=<number>, hoplimit=<number>,
                           da=<ip6_addr>, sa=<ip6_addr>)

               ver|version - Version field (default: 6)

               tc|tclass - Traffic class (default: 0)

               fl|flow - Flow label (default: 0)

               len|length - Payload length (calculated by default)

               nh|nexthdr  -  Type of next header, i.e. transport layer protocol number (default:
               0)

               hl|hoplimit|ttl - Hop limit, i.e. time to live (default: 0)

               sa|saddr - Source IPv6 address (default: device IPv6 address)

               da|daddr - Destination IPv6 address (default: 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0)

           By default, if the lower level header is Ethernet,  its  EtherType  field  is  set  to
           0x86DD (IPv6).

           ICMPv4    :   icmp4|icmpv4(type=<number>,   code=<number>,   echorequest,   echoreply,
           csum=<number>, mtu=<number>, seq=<number>, id=<number>, addr=<ip4_addr>)

               type - Message type (default: 0 - Echo reply)

               code - Message code (default: 0)

               echorequest - ICMPv4 echo (ping) request (type: 8, code: 0)

               echoreply - ICMPv4 echo (ping) reply (type: 0, code: 0)

               csum - Checksum of ICMPv4 header and payload (calculated by default)

               mtu - Next-hop MTU field used in 'Datagram is too big' message type (default; 0)

               seq - Sequence number used in Echo/Timestamp/Address mask messages (default: 0)

               id - Identifier used in Echo/Timestamp/Address mask messages (default: 0)

               addr - IPv4 address used in Redirect messages (default: 0.0.0.0)

           Example ICMP echo request (ping):

               { icmpv4(echorequest, seq=1, id=1326) }

           ICMPv6   :   icmp6|icmpv6(type=<number>,   echorequest,   echoreply,    code=<number>,
           csum=<number>)

               type - Message type (default: 0)

               code - Code (default: 0)

               echorequest - ICMPv6 echo (ping) request

               echoreply - ICMPv6 echo (ping) reply

               csum - Message checksum (calculated by default)

           By  default,  if  the  lower  level header is IPv6, its Next Header field is set to 58
           (ICMPv6).

           UDP : udp(sp=<number>, dp=<number>, len=<number>, csum=<number>)

               sp|sport - Source port (default: 0)

               dp|dport - Destination port (default: 0)

               len|length - Length of UDP header and data (calculated by default)

               csum - Checksum field over IPv4 pseudo header (calculated by default)

           By default, if the lower level header is IPv4, its  protocol  field  is  set  to  0x11
           (UDP).

           TCP    :    tcp(sp=<number>,    dp=<number>,    seq=<number>,    aseq|ackseq=<number>,
           doff|hlen=<number>, cwr, ece|ecn, urg, ack, psh, rst, syn,  fin,  win|window=<number>,
           csum=<number>, urgptr=<number>)

               sp|sport - Source port (default: 0)

               dp|dport - Destination port (default: 0)

               seq - Sequence number (default: 0)

               aseq|ackseq - Acknowledgement number (default: 0)

               doff|hlen - Header size (data offset) in number of 32-bit words (default: 5)

               cwr - Congestion Window Reduced (CWR) flag (default: 0)

               ece|ecn - ECN-Echo (ECE) flag (default: 0)

               urg - Urgent flag (default: 0)

               ack - Acknowledgement flag (default: 0)

               psh - Push flag (default: 0)

               rst - Reset flag (default: 0)

               syn - Synchronize flag (default: 0)

               fin - Finish flag (default: 0)

               win|window - Receive window size (default: 0)

               csum - Checksum field over IPv4 pseudo header (calculated by default)

               urgptr - Urgent pointer (default: 0)

           By default, if the lower level header is IPv4, its protocol field is set to 0x6 (TCP).

           Simple example of a UDP Echo packet:

               {
                 eth(da=11:22:33:44:55:66),
                 ipv4(daddr=1.2.3.4)
                 udp(dp=7),
                 "Hello world"
               }

       Furthermore, there are two types of comments in trafgen configuration files:

         1. Multi-line C-style comments:        /* put comment here */
         2. Single-line Shell-style comments:   #  put comment here

       Next  to  all of this, a configuration can be passed through the C preprocessor before the
       trafgen compiler gets to see it with option --cpp. To give you a taste of a more  advanced
       example, run ''trafgen -e'', fields are commented:

          /* Note: dynamic elements make trafgen slower! */
          #include <stddef.h>

          {
            /* MAC Destination */
            fill(0xff, ETH_ALEN),
            /* MAC Source */
            0x00, 0x02, 0xb3, drnd(3),
            /* IPv4 Protocol */
            c16(ETH_P_IP),
            /* IPv4 Version, IHL, TOS */
            0b01000101, 0,
            /* IPv4 Total Len */
            c16(59),
            /* IPv4 Ident */
            drnd(2),
            /* IPv4 Flags, Frag Off */
            0b01000000, 0,
            /* IPv4 TTL */
            64,
            /* Proto TCP */
            0x06,
            /* IPv4 Checksum (IP header from, to) */
            csumip(14, 33),
            /* Source IP */
            drnd(4),
            /* Dest IP */
            drnd(4),
            /* TCP Source Port */
            drnd(2),
            /* TCP Dest Port */
            c16(80),
            /* TCP Sequence Number */
            drnd(4),
            /* TCP Ackn. Number */
            c32(0),
            /* TCP Header length + TCP SYN/ECN Flag */
            c16((8 << 12) | TCP_FLAG_SYN | TCP_FLAG_ECE)
            /* Window Size */
            c16(16),
            /* TCP Checksum (offset IP, offset TCP) */
            csumtcp(14, 34),
            /* TCP Options */
            0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x01, 0x08, 0x0a, 0x06,
            0x91, 0x68, 0x7d, 0x06, 0x91, 0x68, 0x6f,
            /* Data blob */
            "gotcha!",
          }

       Another real-world example by Jesper Dangaard Brouer [1]:

          {
            # --- ethernet header ---
            0x00, 0x1b, 0x21, 0x3c, 0x9d, 0xf8,  # mac destination
            0x90, 0xe2, 0xba, 0x0a, 0x56, 0xb4,  # mac source
            const16(0x0800), # protocol
            # --- ip header ---
            # ipv4 version (4-bit) + ihl (4-bit), tos
            0b01000101, 0,
            # ipv4 total len
            const16(40),
            # id (note: runtime dynamic random)
            drnd(2),
            # ipv4 3-bit flags + 13-bit fragment offset
            # 001 = more fragments
            0b00100000, 0,
            64, # ttl
            17, # proto udp
            # dynamic ip checksum (note: offsets are zero indexed)
            csumip(14, 33),
            192, 168, 51, 1, # source ip
            192, 168, 51, 2, # dest ip
            # --- udp header ---
            # as this is a fragment the below stuff does not matter too much
            const16(48054), # src port
            const16(43514), # dst port
            const16(20),    # udp length
            # udp checksum can be dyn calc via csumudp(offset ip, offset tcp)
            # which is csumudp(14, 34), but for udp its allowed to be zero
            const16(0),
            # payload
            'A',  fill(0x41, 11),
          }

          [1] https://marc.info/?l=linux-netdev&m=135903630614184

       The above example rewritten using the header generation functions:

          {
            # --- ethernet header ---
            eth(da=00:1b:21:3c:9d:f8, da=90:e2:ba:0a:56:b4)
            # --- ip header ---
            ipv4(id=drnd(), mf, ttl=64, sa=192.168.51.1, da=192.168.51.2)
            # --- udp header ---
            udp(sport=48054, dport=43514, csum=0)
            # payload
            'A',  fill(0x41, 11),
          }

USAGE EXAMPLE

       trafgen --dev eth0 --conf trafgen.cfg
              This  is  the  most  simple  and, probably, the most common use of trafgen. It will
              generate traffic defined in the configuration  file  ''trafgen.cfg''  and  transmit
              this via the ''eth0'' networking device. All online CPUs are used.

       trafgen -e | trafgen -i - -o lo --cpp -n 1
              This  is  an  example  where we send one packet of the built-in example through the
              loopback device. The example configuration is passed via stdin and also through the
              C preprocessor before trafgen's packet compiler will see it.

       trafgen --dev eth0 --conf fuzzing.cfg --smoke-test 10.0.0.1
              Read  the  ''fuzzing.cfg''  packet configuration file (which contains drnd() calls)
              and send out the generated packets to the ''eth0'' device. After each sent  packet,
              ping  probe  the  attacked host with address 10.0.0.1 to check if it's still alive.
              This also means, that we utilize 1 CPU only,  and  do  not  use  the  TX_RING,  but
              sendto(2) packet I/O due to ''slow mode''.

       trafgen --dev wlan0 --rfraw --conf beacon-test.txf -V --cpus 2
              As  an  output  device  ''wlan0'' is used and put into monitoring mode, thus we are
              going to transmit raw 802.11 frames through the air.  Use  the  ''beacon-test.txf''
              configuration file, set trafgen into verbose mode and use only 2 CPUs.

       trafgen --dev em1 --conf frag_dos.cfg --rand --gap 1000us
              Use  trafgen  in  sendto(2)  mode instead of TX_RING mode and sleep after each sent
              packet a static timegap for 1000us.  Generate  packets  from  ''frag_dos.cfg''  and
              select  next packets to send randomly instead of a round-robin fashion.  The output
              device for packets is ''em1''.

       trafgen --dev eth0 --conf icmp.cfg --rand --num 1400000 -k1000
              Send only 1400000 packets using the ''icmp.cfg'' configuration file and  then  exit
              trafgen.  Select packets randomly from that file for transmission and send them out
              via ''eth0''. Also, trigger the kernel every 1000us for batching  the  ring  frames
              from user space (default is 10us).

       trafgen --dev eth0 --conf tcp_syn.cfg -u `id -u bob` -g `id -g bob`
              Send  out  packets  generated  from  the configuration file ''tcp_syn.cfg'' via the
              ''eth0'' networking device. After  setting  up  the  ring  for  transmission,  drop
              credentials to the non-root user/group bob/bob.

       trafgen --dev eth0 '{ fill(0xff, 6), 0x00, 0x02, 0xb3, rnd(3), c16(0x0800), fill(0xca, 64)
       }' -n 1
              Send out 1 invaid IPv4 packet built from command line to all hosts.

NOTE

       trafgen can saturate a Gigabit Ethernet link without problems. As always, of course,  this
       depends  on  your  hardware  as well. Not everywhere where it says Gigabit Ethernet on the
       box, will you reach almost physical line rate!  Please also read  the  netsniff-ng(8)  man
       page, section NOTE for further details about tuning your system e.g. with tuned(8).

       If  you  intend  to  use  trafgen  on  a 10-Gbit/s Ethernet NIC, make sure you are using a
       multiqueue tc(8) discipline, and make sure that the packets you generate with trafgen will
       have a good distribution among tx_hashes so that you'll actually make use of multiqueues.

       For  introducing  bit  errors, delays with random variation and more, there is no built-in
       option in trafgen. Rather, one should reuse existing  methods  for  that  which  integrate
       nicely with trafgen, such as tc(8) with its different disciplines, i.e. netem.

       For  more complex packet configurations, it is recommended to use high-level scripting for
       generating trafgen packet configurations in a more automated  way,  i.e.  also  to  create
       different traffic distributions that are common for industrial benchmarking:

           Traffic model              Distribution

           IMIX                       64:7,  570:4,  1518:1
           Tolly                      64:55,  78:5,   576:17, 1518:23
           Cisco                      64:7,  594:4,  1518:1
           RPR Trimodal               64:60, 512:20, 1518:20
           RPR Quadrimodal            64:50, 512:15, 1518:15, 9218:20

       The  low-level  nature  of trafgen makes trafgen rather protocol independent and therefore
       useful in many scenarios when stress testing  is  needed,  for  instance.  However,  if  a
       traffic  generator  with  higher  level  packet  descriptions  is  desired,  netsniff-ng's
       mausezahn(8) can be of good use as well.

       For smoke/fuzz testing with trafgen, it is recommended to have a direct link  between  the
       host  you  want  to  analyze  (''victim''  machine)  and  the  host  you  run  trafgen  on
       (''attacker'' machine). If the ICMP reply from the victim fails, we assume  that  probably
       its  kernel  crashed,  thus  we print the last sent packet together with the seed and quit
       probing. It might be very unlikely to find such a ping-of-death on modern  Linux  systems.
       However,  there  might  be  a  good  chance to find it on some proprietary (e.g. embedded)
       systems or buggy driver firmwares that are in the wild. Also, fuzz testing can be done  on
       raw  802.11  frames,  of course. In case you find a ping-of-death, please mention that you
       were using trafgen in your commit message of the fix!

BUGS

       For old trafgen versions only, there could occur kernel crashes: we have fixed this bug in
       the  mainline and stable kernels under commit 7f5c3e3a8 (''af_packet: remove BUG statement
       in tpacket_destruct_skb'') and also in trafgen.

       Probably the best is if you upgrade trafgen to the latest version.

LEGAL

       trafgen is licensed under the GNU GPL version 2.0.

HISTORY

       trafgen was originally written for the netsniff-ng  toolkit  by  Daniel  Borkmann.  It  is
       currently   maintained   by  Tobias  Klauser  <tklauser@distanz.ch>  and  Daniel  Borkmann
       <dborkma@tik.ee.ethz.ch>.

SEE ALSO

       netsniff-ng(8), mausezahn(8), ifpps(8), bpfc(8), flowtop(8), astraceroute(8), curvetun(8)

AUTHOR

       Manpage was written by Daniel Borkmann.

COLOPHON

       This page is part of the Linux netsniff-ng toolkit project. A description of the  project,
       and information about reporting bugs, can be found at http://netsniff-ng.org/.