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HISTORY & INTRODUCTION
HFSC - Hierarchical Fair Service Curve was first presented at
SIGCOMM'97. Developed as a part of ALTQ (ALTernative Queuing) on
NetBSD, found its way quickly to other BSD systems, and then a few
years ago became part of the linux kernel. Still, it's not the most
popular scheduling algorithm - especially if compared to HTB - and it's
not well documented from enduser's perspective. This introduction aims
to explain how HFSC works without going to deep into math side of
things (although some if it will be inevitable).
In short HFSC aims to:
1) guarantee precise bandwidth and delay allocation for all leaf
classes (realtime criterion)
2) allocate excess bandwidth fairly as specified by class
hierarchy (linkshare & upperlimit criterion)
3) minimize any discrepancy between the service curve and the
actual amount of service provided during linksharing
The main "selling" point of HFSC is feature (1), which is achieved by
using nonlinear service curves (more about what it actually is later).
This is particularly useful in VoIP or games, where not only guarantee
of consistent bandwidth is important, but initial delay of a data
stream as well. Note that it matters only for leaf classes (where the
actual queues are) - thus class hierarchy is ignored in realtime case.
Feature (2) is well, obvious - any algorithm featuring class hierarchy
(such as HTB or CBQ) strives to achieve that. HFSC does that well,
although you might end with unusual situations, if you define service
curves carelessly - see section CORNER CASES for examples.
Feature (3) is mentioned due to the nature of the problem. There may be
situations where it's either not possible to guarantee service of all
curves at the same time, and/or it's impossible to do so fairly. Both
will be explained later. Note that this is mainly related to interior
(aka aggregate) classes, as the leafs are already handled by (1). Still
- it's perfectly possible to create a leaf class w/o realtime service,
and in such case - the caveats will naturally extend to leaf classes as
well.
ABBREVIATIONS
For the remaining part of the document, we'll use following shortcuts:
RT - realtime
LS - linkshare
UL - upperlimit
SC - service curve
BASICS OF HFSC
To understand how HFSC works, we must first introduce a service curve.
Overall, it's a nondecreasing function of some time unit, returning
amount of service (allowed or allocated amount of bandwidth) by some
specific point in time. The purpose of it should be subconsciously
obvious - if a class was allowed to transfer not less than the amount
specified by its service curve - then service curve is not violated.
Still - we need more elaborate criterion than just the above (although
in most generic case it can be reduced to it). The criterion has to
take two things into account:
o idling periods
o ability to "look back", so if during current active period
service curve is violated, maybe it isn't if we count excess
bandwidth received during earlier active period(s)
Let's define the criterion as follows:
(1) For each t1, there must exist t0 in set B, so S(t1-t0) <= w(t0,t1)
Here 'w' denotes the amount of service received during some time period
between t0 and t1. B is a set of all times, where a session becomes
active after idling period (further denoted as 'becoming backlogged').
For a clearer picture, imagine two situations:
a) our session was active during two periods, with a small time
gap between them
b) as in (a), but with a larger gap
Consider (a) - if the service received during both periods meets (1),
then all is good. But what if it doesn't do so during the 2nd period ?
If the amount of service received during the 1st period is bigger than
the service curve, then it might compensate for smaller service during
the 2nd period and the gap - if the gap is small enough.
If the gap is larger (b) - then it's less likely to happen (unless the
excess bandwidth allocated during the 1st part was really large).
Still, the larger the gap - the less interesting is what happened in
the past (e.g. 10 minutes ago) - what matters is the current traffic
that just started.
From HFSC's perspective, more interesting is answering the following
question: when should we start transferring packets, so a service curve
of a class is not violated. Or rephrasing it: How much X() amount of
service should a session receive by time t, so the service curve is not
violated. Function X() defined as below is the basic building block of
HFSC, used in: eligible, deadline, virtual-time and fit-time curves. Of
course, X() is based on equation (1) and is defined recursively:
o At the 1st backlogged period beginning function X is
initialized to generic service curve assigned to a class
o At any subsequent backlogged period, X() is:
min(X() from previous period ; w(t0)+S(t-t0) for t>=t0),
... where t0 denotes the beginning of the current backlogged
period.
HFSC uses either linear, or two-piece linear service curves. In case of
linear or two-piece linear convex functions (first slope < second
slope), min() in X's definition reduces to the 2nd argument. But in
case of two-piece concave functions, the 1st argument might quickly
become lesser for some t>=t0. Note, that for some backlogged period,
X() is defined only from that period's beginning. We also define
X^(-1)(w) as smallest t>=t0, for which X(t) = w. We have to define it
this way, as X() is usually not an injection.
The above generic X() can be one of the following:
E() In realtime criterion, selects packets eligible for sending. If
none are eligible, HFSC will use linkshare criterion. Eligible
time 'et' is calculated with reference to packets' heads (
et = E^(-1)(w) ). It's based on RT service curve, but in case
of a convex curve, uses its 2nd slope only.
D() In realtime criterion, selects the most suitable packet from
the ones chosen by E(). Deadline time 'dt' corresponds to
packets' tails (dt = D^(-1)(w+l), where 'l' is packet's
length). Based on RT service curve.
V() In linkshare criterion, arbitrates which packet to send next.
Note that V() is function of a virtual time - see LINKSHARE
CRITERION section for details. Virtual time 'vt' corresponds to
packets' heads (vt = V^(-1)(w)). Based on LS service curve.
F() An extension to linkshare criterion, used to limit at which
speed linkshare criterion is allowed to dequeue. Fit-time 'ft'
corresponds to packets' heads as well (ft = F^(-1)(w)). Based
on UL service curve.
Be sure to make clean distinction between session's RT, LS and UL
service curves and the above "utility" functions.
REALTIME CRITERION
RT criterion ignores class hierarchy and guarantees precise bandwidth
and delay allocation. We say that packet is eligible for sending, when
current real time is bigger than eligible time. From all packets
eligible, the one most suited for sending, is the one with the smallest
deadline time. Sounds simply, but consider following example:
Interface 10mbit, two classes, both with two-piece linear service
curves:
o 1st class - 2mbit for 100ms, then 7mbit (convex - 1st slope <
2nd slope)
o 2nd class - 7mbit for 100ms, then 2mbit (concave - 1st slope >
2nd slope)
Assume for a moment, that we only use D() for both finding eligible
packets, and choosing the most fitting one, thus eligible time would be
computed as D^(-1)(w) and deadline time would be computed as
D^(-1)(w+l). If the 2nd class starts sending packets 1 second after the
1st class, it's of course impossible to guarantee 14mbit, as the
interface capability is only 10mbit. The only workaround in this
scenario is to allow the 1st class to send the packets earlier that
would normally be allowed. That's where separate E() comes to help.
Putting all the math aside (see HFSC paper for details), E() for RT
concave service curve is just like D(), but for the RT convex service
curve - it's constructed using only RT service curve's 2nd slope (in
our example - 7mbit).
The effect of such E() - packets will be sent earlier, and at the same
time D() will be updated - so current deadline time calculated from it
will be bigger. Thus, when the 2nd class starts sending packets later,
both the 1st and the 2nd class will be eligible, but the 2nd session's
deadline time will be smaller and its packets will be sent first. When
the 1st class becomes idle at some later point, the 2nd class will be
able to "buffer" up again for later active period of the 1st class.
A short remark - in a situation, where the total amount of bandwidth
available on the interface is bigger than the allocated total realtime
parts (imagine interface 10 mbit, but 1mbit/2mbit and 2mbit/1mbit
classes), the sole speed of the interface could suffice to guarantee
the times.
Important part of RT criterion is that apart from updating its D() and
E(), also V() used by LS criterion is updated. Generally the RT
criterion is secondary to LS one, and used only if there's a risk of
violating precise realtime requirements. Still, the "participation" in
bandwidth distributed by LS criterion is there, so V() has to be
updated along the way. LS criterion can than properly compensate for
non-ideal fair sharing situation, caused by RT scheduling. If you use
UL service curve its F() will be updated as well (UL service curve is
an extension to LS one - see UPPERLIMIT CRITERION section).
Anyway - careless specification of LS and RT service curves can lead to
potentially undesired situations (see CORNER CASES for examples). This
wasn't the case in HFSC paper where LS and RT service curves couldn't
be specified separately.
LINKSHARING CRITERION
LS criterion's task is to distribute bandwidth according to specified
class hierarchy. Contrary to RT criterion, there're no comparisons
between current real time and virtual time - the decision is based
solely on direct comparison of virtual times of all active subclasses -
the one with the smallest vt wins and gets scheduled. One immediate
conclusion from this fact is that absolute values don't matter - only
ratios between them (so for example, two children classes with simple
linear 1mbit service curves will get the same treatment from LS
criterion's perspective, as if they were 5mbit). The other conclusion
is, that in perfectly fluid system with linear curves, all virtual
times across whole class hierarchy would be equal.
Why is VC defined in term of virtual time (and what is it) ?
Imagine an example: class A with two children - A1 and A2, both with
let's say 10mbit SCs. If A2 is idle, A1 receives all the bandwidth of A
(and update its V() in the process). When A2 becomes active, A1's
virtual time is already far bigger than A2's one. Considering the type
of decision made by LS criterion, A1 would become idle for a lot of
time. We can workaround this situation by adjusting virtual time of the
class becoming active - we do that by getting such time "up to date".
HFSC uses a mean of the smallest and the biggest virtual time of
currently active children fit for sending. As it's not real time
anymore (excluding trivial case of situation where all classes become
active at the same time, and never become idle), it's called virtual
time.
Such approach has its price though. The problem is analogous to what
was presented in previous section and is caused by non-linearity of
service curves:
1) either it's impossible to guarantee service curves and satisfy
fairness during certain time periods:
Recall the example from RT section, slightly modified (with 3mbit
slopes instead of 2mbit ones):
o 1st class - 3mbit for 100ms, then 7mbit (convex - 1st slope <
2nd slope)
o 2nd class - 7mbit for 100ms, then 3mbit (concave - 1st slope >
2nd slope)
They sum up nicely to 10mbit - interface's capacity. But if we
wanted to only use LS for guarantees and fairness - it simply won't
work. In LS context, only V() is used for making decision which
class to schedule. If the 2nd class becomes active when the 1st one
is in its second slope, the fairness will be preserved - ratio will
be 1:1 (7mbit:7mbit), but LS itself is of course unable to
guarantee the absolute values themselves - as it would have to go
beyond of what the interface is capable of.
2) and/or it's impossible to guarantee service curves of all classes
at the same time [fairly or not]:
This is similar to the above case, but a bit more subtle. We will
consider two subtrees, arbitrated by their common (root here)
parent:
R (root) - 10mbit
A - 7mbit, then 3mbit
A1 - 5mbit, then 2mbit
A2 - 2mbit, then 1mbit
B - 3mbit, then 7mbit
R arbitrates between left subtree (A) and right (B). Assume that A2
and B are constantly backlogged, and at some later point A1 becomes
backlogged (when all other classes are in their 2nd linear part).
What happens now ? B (choice made by R) will always get 7 mbit as R
is only (obviously) concerned with the ratio between its direct
children. Thus A subtree gets 3mbit, but its children would want
(at the point when A1 became backlogged) 5mbit + 1mbit. That's of
course impossible, as they can only get 3mbit due to interface
limitation.
In the left subtree - we have the same situation as previously
(fair split between A1 and A2, but violated guarantees), but in the
whole tree - there's no fairness (B got 7mbit, but A1 and A2 have
to fit together in 3mbit) and there's no guarantees for all classes
(only B got what it wanted). Even if we violated fairness in the A
subtree and set A2's service curve to 0, A1 would still not get the
required bandwidth.
UPPERLIMIT CRITERION
UL criterion is an extensions to LS one, that permits sending packets
only if current real time is bigger than fit-time ('ft'). So the
modified LS criterion becomes: choose the smallest virtual time from
all active children, such that fit-time < current real time also holds.
Fit-time is calculated from F(), which is based on UL service curve. As
you can see, it's role is kinda similar to E() used in RT criterion.
Also, for obvious reasons - you can't specify UL service curve without
LS one.
Main purpose of UL service curve is to limit HFSC to bandwidth
available on the upstream router (think adsl home modem/router, and
linux server as nat/firewall/etc. with 100mbit+ connection to mentioned
modem/router). Typically, it's used to create a single class directly
under root, setting linear UL service curve to available bandwidth -
and then creating your class structure from that class downwards. Of
course, you're free to add UL service (linear or not) curve to any
class with LS criterion.
Important part about UL service curve is, that whenever at some point
in time a class doesn't qualify for linksharing due to its fit-time,
the next time it does qualify, it will update its virtual time to the
smallest virtual time of all active children fit for linksharing. This
way, one of the main things LS criterion tries to achieve - equality of
all virtual times across whole hierarchy - is preserved (in perfectly
fluid system with only linear curves, all virtual times would be
equal).
Without that, 'vt' would lag behind other virtual times, and could
cause problems. Consider interface with capacity 10mbit, and following
leaf classes (just in case you're skipping this text quickly - this
example shows behavior that doesn't happen):
A - ls 5.0mbit
B - ls 2.5mbit
C - ls 2.5mbit, ul 2.5mbit
If B was idle, while A and C were constantly backlogged, they would
normally (as far as LS criterion is concerned) divide bandwidth in 2:1
ratio. But due to UL service curve in place, C would get at most
2.5mbit, and A would get the remaining 7.5mbit. The longer the
backlogged period, the more virtual times of A and C would drift apart.
If B became backlogged at some later point in time, its virtual time
would be set to (A's vt + C's vt)/2, thus blocking A from sending any
traffic, until B's virtual time catches up with A.
SEPARATE LS / RT SCs
Another difference from original HFSC paper, is that RT and LS SCs can
be specified separately. Moreover - leaf classes are allowed to have
only either RT SC or LS SC. For interior classes, only LS SCs make
sense - Any RT SC will be ignored.
CORNER CASES
Separate service curves for LS and RT criteria can lead to certain
traps, that come from "fighting" between ideal linksharing and enforced
realtime guarantees. Those situations didn't exist in original HFSC
paper, where specifying separate LS / RT service curves was not
discussed.
Consider interface with capacity 10mbit, with following leaf classes:
A - ls 5.0mbit, rt 8mbit
B - ls 2.5mbit
C - ls 2.5mbit
Imagine A and C are constantly backlogged. As B is idle, A and C would
divide bandwidth in 2:1 ratio, considering LS service curve (so in
theory - 6.66 and 3.33). Alas RT criterion takes priority, so A will
get 8mbit and LS will be able to compensate class C for only 2 mbit -
this will cause discrepancy between virtual times of A and C.
Assume this situation lasts for a lot of time with no idle periods, and
suddenly B becomes active. B's virtual time will be updated to
(A's vt + C's vt)/2, effectively landing in the middle between A's and
C's virtual time. The effect - B, having no RT guarantees, will be
punished and will not be allowed to transfer until C's virtual time
catches up.
If the interface had higher capacity - for example 100mbit, this
example would behave perfectly fine though.
Let's look a bit closer at the above example - it "cleverly"
invalidates one of the basic things LS criterion tries to achieve -
equality of all virtual times across class hierarchy. Leaf classes
without RT service curves are literally left to their own fate
(governed by messed up virtual times).
Also - it doesn't make much sense. Class A will always be guaranteed up
to 8mbit, and this is more than any absolute bandwidth that could
happen from its LS criterion (excluding trivial case of only A being
active). If the bandwidth taken by A is smaller than absolute value
from LS criterion, the unused part will be automatically assigned to
other active classes (as A has idling periods in such case). The only
"advantage" is, that even in case of low bandwidth on average, bursts
would be handled at the speed defined by RT criterion. Still, if extra
speed is needed (e.g. due to latency), non linear service curves should
be used in such case.
In the other words - LS criterion is meaningless in the above example.
You can quickly "workaround" it by making sure each leaf class has RT
service curve assigned (thus guaranteeing all of them will get some
bandwidth), but it doesn't make it any more valid.
Keep in mind - if you use nonlinear curves and irregularities explained
above happen only in the first segment, then there's little wrong with
"overusing" RT curve a bit:
A - ls 5.0mbit, rt 9mbit/30ms, then 1mbit
B - ls 2.5mbit
C - ls 2.5mbit
Here, the vt of A will "spike" in the initial period, but then A will
never get more than 1mbit, until B & C catch up. Then everything will
be back to normal.
LINUX AND TIMER RESOLUTION
In certain situations, the scheduler can throttle itself and setup so
called watchdog to wakeup dequeue function at some time later. In case
of HFSC it happens when for example no packet is eligible for
scheduling, and UL service curve is used to limit the speed at which LS
criterion is allowed to dequeue packets. It's called throttling, and
accuracy of it is dependent on how the kernel is compiled.
There're 3 important options in modern kernels, as far as timers'
resolution goes: 'tickless system', 'high resolution timer support' and
'timer frequency'.
If you have 'tickless system' enabled, then the timer interrupt will
trigger as slowly as possible, but each time a scheduler throttles
itself (or any other part of the kernel needs better accuracy), the
rate will be increased as needed / possible. The ceiling is either
'timer frequency' if 'high resolution timer support' is not available
or not compiled in, or it's hardware dependent and can go far beyond
the highest 'timer frequency' setting available.
If 'tickless system' is not enabled, the timer will trigger at a fixed
rate specified by 'timer frequency' - regardless if high resolution
timers are or aren't available.
This is important to keep those settings in mind, as in scenario like:
no tickless, no HR timers, frequency set to 100hz - throttling accuracy
would be at 10ms. It doesn't automatically mean you would be limited to
~0.8mbit/s (assuming packets at ~1KB) - as long as your queues are
prepared to cover for timer inaccuracy. Of course, in case of e.g.
locally generated udp traffic - appropriate socket size is needed as
well. Short example to make it more understandable (assume hardcore
anti-schedule settings - HZ=100, no HR timers, no tickless):
tc qdisc add dev eth0 root handle 1:0 hfsc default 1
tc class add dev eth0 parent 1:0 classid 1:1 hfsc rt m2 10mbit
Assuming packet of ~1KB size and HZ=100, that averages to ~0.8mbit -
anything beyond it (e.g. the above example with specified rate over 10x
bigger) will require appropriate queuing and cause bursts every ~10 ms.
As you can imagine, any HFSC's RT guarantees will be seriously
invalidated by that. Aforementioned example is mainly important if you
deal with old hardware - as it's particularly popular for home server
chores. Even then, you can easily set HZ=1000 and have very accurate
scheduling for typical adsl speeds.
Anything modern (apic or even hpet msi based timers + 'tickless
system') will provide enough accuracy for superb 1gbit scheduling. For
example, on one of basically cheap dual core AMD boards I have with
following settings:
tc qdisc add dev eth0 parent root handle 1:0 hfsc default 1
tc class add dev eth0 paretn 1:0 classid 1:1 hfsc rt m2 300mbit
And simple:
nc -u dst.host.com 54321 </dev/zero
nc -l -p 54321 >/dev/null
...will yield following effects over period of ~10 seconds (taken from
/proc/interrupts):
319: 42124229 0 HPET_MSI-edge hpet2 (before)
319: 42436214 0 HPET_MSI-edge hpet2 (after 10s.)
That's roughly 31000/s. Now compare it with HZ=1000 setting. The
obvious drawback of it is that cpu load can be rather extensive with
servicing that many timer interrupts. Example with 300mbit RT service
curve on 1gbit link is particularly ugly, as it requires a lot of
throttling with minuscule delays.
Also note that it's just an example showing capability of current
hardware. The above example (essentially 300mbit TBF emulator) is
pointless on internal interface to begin with - you will pretty much
always want regular LS service curve there, and in such scenario HFSC
simply doesn't throttle at all.
300mbit RT service curve (selected columns from mpstat -P ALL 1):
10:56:43 PM CPU %sys %irq %soft %idle
10:56:44 PM all 20.10 6.53 34.67 37.19
10:56:44 PM 0 35.00 0.00 63.00 0.00
10:56:44 PM 1 4.95 12.87 6.93 73.27
So, in rare case you need those speeds with only RT service curve, or
with UL service curve - remember about drawbacks.
CAVEAT: RANDOM ONLINE EXAMPLES
For reasons unknown (though well guessed), many examples you can google
love to overuse UL criterion and stuff it in every node possible. This
makes no sense and works against what HFSC tries to do (and does pretty
damn well). Use UL where it makes sense - on the uppermost node to
match upstream router's uplink capacity. Or - in special cases, such as
testing (limit certain subtree to some speed) or customers that must
never get more than certain speed. In the last case you can usually
achieve the same by just using RT criterion without LS+UL on leaf
nodes.
As for router case - remember it's good to differentiate between
"traffic to router" (remote console, web config, etc.) and "outgoing
traffic", so for example:
tc qdisc add dev eth0 root handle 1:0 hfsc default 0x8002
tc class add dev eth0 parent 1:0 classid 1:999 hfsc rt m2 50mbit
tc class add dev eth0 parent 1:0 classid 1:1 hfsc ls m2 2mbit ul m2 2mbit
... so "internet" tree under 1:1 and "router itself" as 1:999
LAYER2 ADAPTATION
Please refer to tc-stab(8)
SEE ALSO
tc(8), tc-hfsc(8), tc-stab(8)
Please direct bugreports and patches to: <net...@vger.kernel.org>
AUTHOR
Manpage created by Michal Soltys (sol...@ziu.info)