Provided by: groff-base_1.22.2-5_amd64 bug

NAME

       grops - PostScript driver for groff

SYNOPSIS

       grops [-glmv] [-b n] [-c n] [-F dir] [-I dir] [-p papersize] [-P prologue] [-w n] [files
             ...]

DESCRIPTION

       grops translates the output of GNU troff to PostScript.  Normally grops should be  invoked
       by using the groff command with a -Tps option.  (Actually, this is the default for groff.)
       If no files are given, grops reads the standard input.  A filename of - also causes  grops
       to  read  the  standard input.  PostScript output is written to the standard output.  When
       grops is run by groff options can be passed to grops using groff's -P option.

       Note that grops doesn't produce a valid document structure  (conforming  to  the  Document
       Structuring   Convention)   if  called  with  multiple  file  arguments.   To  print  such
       concatenated output it is necessary to deactivate DSC handling in the printing program  or
       previewer.   See  section  FONT  INSTALLATION  below  for a guide how to install fonts for
       grops.

OPTIONS

       It is possible to have whitespace between a command line option and its parameter.

       -bn    Provide workarounds for older printers, broken spoolers, and previewers.   Normally
              grops  produces  output at PostScript LanguageLevel 2 that conforms to the Document
              Structuring Conventions version 3.0.  Some older printers, spoolers, and previewers
              can't  handle  such  output.   The  value of n controls what grops does to make its
              output acceptable to such programs.  A value of 0 causes grops not  to  employ  any
              workarounds.

              Add  1  if  no  %%BeginDocumentSetup  and  %%EndDocumentSetup  comments  should  be
              generated; this is needed for early versions of TranScript  that  get  confused  by
              anything between the %%EndProlog comment and the first %%Page comment.

              Add  2 if lines in included files beginning with %! should be stripped out; this is
              needed for Sun's pageview previewer.

              Add 4 if %%Page, %%Trailer and %%EndProlog  comments  should  be  stripped  out  of
              included  files;  this  is  needed  for spoolers that don't understand the %%Begin‐
              Document and %%EndDocument comments.

              Add 8 if the first line of the PostScript output should  be  %!PS-Adobe-2.0  rather
              than  %!PS-Adobe-3.0; this is needed when using Sun's Newsprint with a printer that
              requires page reversal.

              Add 16 if no media size information should be included in the  document  (this  is,
              neither  use  %%DocumentMedia  nor the setpagedevice PostScript command).  This was
              the behaviour of groff version 1.18.1 and earlier; it is needed for older  printers
              which  don't  understand  PostScript  LanguageLevel 2.  It is also necessary if the
              output is further processed to get an encapsulated PS (EPS) file – see below.

              The default value can be specified by a

                     broken n

              command in the DESC file.  Otherwise the default value is 0.

       -cn    Print n copies of each page.

       -Fdir  Prepend directory dir/devname to the search path for  prologue,  font,  and  device
              description files; name is the name of the device, usually ps.

       -g     Guess  the  page  length.   This  generates  PostScript  code that guesses the page
              length.  The guess is correct only if the imageable area is vertically centered  on
              the page.  This option allows you to generate documents that can be printed both on
              letter (8.5×11) paper and on A4 paper without change.

       -Idir  This option may be used to add a directory to the search  path  for  files  on  the
              command  line  and  files  named  in  \X'ps: import' and \X'ps: file' escapes.  The
              search path is  initialized  with  the  current  directory.   This  option  may  be
              specified  more than once; the directories are then searched in the order specified
              (but before the current directory).  If you want to make the current  directory  be
              read before other directories, add -I. at the appropriate place.

              No directory search is performed for files with an absolute file name.

       -l     Print the document in landscape format.

       -m     Turn manual feed on for the document.

       -ppaper-size
              Set   physical   dimension   of  output  medium.   This  overrides  the  papersize,
              paperlength, and paperwidth  commands  in  the  DESC  file;  it  accepts  the  same
              arguments as the papersize command.  See groff_font (5) for details.

       -Pprologue-file
              Use  the  file  prologue-file  (in  the  font  path) as the prologue instead of the
              default prologue file prologue.  This option  overrides  the  environment  variable
              GROPS_PROLOGUE.

       -wn    Lines  should be drawn using a thickness of n thousandths of an em.  If this option
              is not given, the line thickness defaults to 0.04 em.

       -v     Print the version number.

USAGE

       The input to grops must be in the  format  output  by  troff(1).   This  is  described  in
       groff_out(5).

       In  addition,  the device and font description files for the device used must meet certain
       requirements: The resolution must be an integer multiple of 72 times the  sizescale.   The
       ps device uses a resolution of 72000 and a sizescale of 1000.

       The  device  description  file must contain a valid paper size; see groff_font(5) for more
       information.

       Each font description file must contain a command

              internalname psname

       which says that the PostScript name of the font is psname.  It may also contain a command

              encoding enc_file

       which says that the PostScript font should be reencoded using the  encoding  described  in
       enc_file; this file should consist of a sequence of lines of the form:

              pschar code

       where  pschar  is  the  PostScript  name of the character, and code is its position in the
       encoding expressed as a decimal integer; valid values are in the range 0  to  255.   Lines
       starting  with  #  and  blank lines are ignored.  The code for each character given in the
       font file must correspond to the code for the character in encoding file, or to  the  code
       in  the default encoding for the font if the PostScript font is not to be reencoded.  This
       code can be used with the \N escape sequence in troff to select the character, even if the
       character  does not have a groff name.  Every character in the font file must exist in the
       PostScript font, and the widths given in the font file must match the widths used  in  the
       PostScript  font.   grops  assumes  that  a  character with a groff name of space is blank
       (makes no marks on the page); it can make  use  of  such  a  character  to  generate  more
       efficient and compact PostScript output.

       Note  that  grops  is  able  to  display  all  glyphs  in a PostScript font, not only 256.
       enc_file (or the default encoding if no encoding file specified) just defines the order of
       glyphs  for  the  first  256  characters;  all  other  glyphs are accessed with additional
       encoding vectors which grops produces on the fly.

       grops can automatically include the downloadable fonts necessary to  print  the  document.
       Such  fonts must be in PFA format.  Use pfbtops(1) to convert a Type 1 font in PFB format.
       Any downloadable fonts which should, when required, be included by grops must be listed in
       the  file /usr/share/groff/1.22.2/font/devps/download; this should consist of lines of the
       form

              font filename

       where font is the PostScript name of the font, and  filename  is  the  name  of  the  file
       containing  the  font;  lines  beginning with # and blank lines are ignored; fields may be
       separated by tabs or spaces; filename is searched for using the  same  mechanism  that  is
       used  for  groff  font  metric files.  The download file itself is also searched for using
       this mechanism; currently, only the first found file in the font path is used.

       If the file containing a downloadable font or imported  document  conforms  to  the  Adobe
       Document  Structuring  Conventions,  then  grops  interprets  any  comments  in  the files
       sufficiently to ensure that its own output is conforming.  It  also  supplies  any  needed
       font  resources that are listed in the download file as well as any needed file resources.
       It is also able to handle inter-resource dependencies.  For example, suppose that you have
       a  downloadable font called Garamond, and also a downloadable font called Garamond-Outline
       which depends on  Garamond  (typically  it  would  be  defined  to  copy  Garamond's  font
       dictionary,  and change the PaintType), then it is necessary for Garamond to appear before
       Garamond-Outline in the PostScript document.  grops handles  this  automatically  provided
       that  the downloadable font file for Garamond-Outline indicates its dependence on Garamond
       by means of the Document Structuring  Conventions,  for  example  by  beginning  with  the
       following lines

              %!PS-Adobe-3.0 Resource-Font
              %%DocumentNeededResources: font Garamond
              %%EndComments
              %%IncludeResource: font Garamond

       In  this  case  both Garamond and Garamond-Outline would need to be listed in the download
       file.  A downloadable font should not  include  its  own  name  in  a  %%DocumentSupplied‐
       Resources comment.

       grops   does  not  interpret  %%DocumentFonts  comments.   The  %%DocumentNeededResources,
       %%DocumentSuppliedResources,   %%IncludeResource,   %%BeginResource,   and   %%EndResource
       comments  (or  possibly the old %%DocumentNeededFonts, %%DocumentSuppliedFonts, %%Include‐
       Font, %%BeginFont, and %%EndFont comments) should be used.

       In the default setup there are styles called R, I, B, and BI mounted at font  positions  1
       to  4.  The fonts are grouped into families A, BM, C, H, HN, N, P, and T having members in
       each of these styles:

              AR     AvantGarde-Book
              AI     AvantGarde-BookOblique
              AB     AvantGarde-Demi
              ABI    AvantGarde-DemiOblique
              BMR    Bookman-Light
              BMI    Bookman-LightItalic
              BMB    Bookman-Demi
              BMBI   Bookman-DemiItalic
              CR     Courier
              CI     Courier-Oblique
              CB     Courier-Bold
              CBI    Courier-BoldOblique
              HR     Helvetica
              HI     Helvetica-Oblique
              HB     Helvetica-Bold
              HBI    Helvetica-BoldOblique
              HNR    Helvetica-Narrow
              HNI    Helvetica-Narrow-Oblique
              HNB    Helvetica-Narrow-Bold
              HNBI   Helvetica-Narrow-BoldOblique
              NR     NewCenturySchlbk-Roman
              NI     NewCenturySchlbk-Italic
              NB     NewCenturySchlbk-Bold
              NBI    NewCenturySchlbk-BoldItalic
              PR     Palatino-Roman
              PI     Palatino-Italic
              PB     Palatino-Bold
              PBI    Palatino-BoldItalic
              TR     Times-Roman
              TI     Times-Italic
              TB     Times-Bold
              TBI    Times-BoldItalic

       There is also the following font which is not a member of a family:

              ZCMI   ZapfChancery-MediumItalic

       There are also some special fonts called S for the PS  Symbol  font,  and  SS,  containing
       slanted  lowercase  Greek letters taken from PS Symbol.  Zapf Dingbats is available as ZD,
       and a reversed version of ZapfDingbats (with symbols pointing in the  opposite  direction)
       is available as ZDR; most characters in these fonts are unnamed and must be accessed using
       \N.

       The default color for \m and \M is black; for colors defined  in  the  `rgb'  color  space
       setrgbcolor is used, for `cmy' and `cmyk' setcmykcolor, and for `gray' setgray.  Note that
       setcmykcolor is a PostScript LanguageLevel 2 command and thus not available on some  older
       printers.

       grops  understands  various  X  commands produced using the \X escape sequence; grops only
       interprets commands that begin with a ps: tag.

       \X'ps: exec code'
              This  executes  the  arbitrary  PostScript  commands  in  code.    The   PostScript
              currentpoint  is  set to the position of the \X command before executing code.  The
              origin is at the top left corner of the page, and y coordinates increase  down  the
              page.   A procedure u is defined that converts groff units to the coordinate system
              in effect (provided the user doesn't change the scale).  For example,

                     .nr x 1i
                     \X'ps: exec \nx u 0 rlineto stroke'

              draws a horizontal line one inch long.  code  may  make  changes  to  the  graphics
              state,  but  any  changes  persist  only  to  the  end  of  the page.  A dictionary
              containing the definitions specified  by  the  def  and  mdef  is  on  top  of  the
              dictionary  stack.   If  your  code adds definitions to this dictionary, you should
              allocate space for them using \X'ps mdef n'.  Any definitions  persist  only  until
              the end of the page.  If you use the \Y escape sequence with an argument that names
              a macro, code can extend over multiple lines.  For example,

                     .nr x 1i
                     .de y
                     ps: exec
                     \nx u 0 rlineto
                     stroke
                     ..
                     \Yy

              is another way to draw a horizontal line one inch long.  Note the single  backslash
              before `nx' – the only reason to use a number register while defining the macro `y'
              is to convert a user-specified dimension `1i' to internal groff units which are  in
              turn converted to PS units with the u procedure.

              grops  wraps  user-specified  PostScript  code into a dictionary, nothing more.  In
              particular, it doesn't start and end the  inserted  code  with  save  and  restore,
              respectively.  This must be supplied by the user, if necessary.

       \X'ps: file name'
              This  is  the same as the exec command except that the PostScript code is read from
              file name.

       \X'ps: def code'
              Place a PostScript definition contained in code in the prologue.  There  should  be
              at  most one definition per \X command.  Long definitions can be split over several
              \X commands; all the  code  arguments  are  simply  joined  together  separated  by
              newlines.  The definitions are placed in a dictionary which is automatically pushed
              on the dictionary stack when an exec command is executed.  If you use the \Y escape
              sequence with an argument that names a macro, code can extend over multiple lines.

       \X'ps: mdef n code'
              Like  def,  except  that code may contain up to n definitions.  grops needs to know
              how many definitions code contains so that it can  create  an  appropriately  sized
              PostScript dictionary to contain them.

       \X'ps: import file llx lly urx ury width [ height ]'
              Import  a  PostScript graphic from file.  The arguments llx, lly, urx, and ury give
              the bounding box of the graphic in the default PostScript coordinate  system;  they
              should  all  be integers; llx and lly are the x and y coordinates of the lower left
              corner of the graphic; urx and ury are the x and y coordinates of the  upper  right
              corner  of  the  graphic; width and height are integers that give the desired width
              and height in groff units of the graphic.

              The graphic is scaled so that it has this width and height and translated  so  that
              the  lower left corner of the graphic is located at the position associated with \X
              command.  If the height argument is omitted it is scaled uniformly  in  the  x  and
              y directions so that it has the specified width.

              Note  that the contents of the \X command are not interpreted by troff; so vertical
              space for the graphic  is  not  automatically  added,  and  the  width  and  height
              arguments are not allowed to have attached scaling indicators.

              If the PostScript file complies with the Adobe Document Structuring Conventions and
              contains a %%BoundingBox comment,  then  the  bounding  box  can  be  automatically
              extracted from within groff by using the psbb request.

              See  groff_tmac(5) for a description of the PSPIC macro which provides a convenient
              high-level interface for inclusion of PostScript graphics.

       \X'ps: invis'
       \X'ps: endinvis'
              No output is generated for text and drawing commands that are bracketed with  these
              \X  commands.   These  commands  are  intended  for  use  when output from troff is
              previewed before being processed with grops; if the previewer is unable to  display
              certain  characters  or  other  constructs,  then  other  substitute  characters or
              constructs can be used for previewing by bracketing them with these \X commands.

              For example, gxditview is not able to display a proper \(em character  because  the
              standard X11 fonts do not provide it; this problem can be overcome by executing the
              following request

                     .char \(em \X'ps: invis'\
                     \Z'\v'-.25m'\h'.05m'\D'l .9m 0'\h'.05m''\
                     \X'ps: endinvis'\(em

              In this case, gxditview is unable to display the \(em character and draws the line,
              whereas  grops prints the \(em character and ignores the line (this code is already
              in file Xps.tmac which is loaded if a document intended for grops is previewed with
              gxditview).

       If  a  PostScript  procedure  BPhook has been defined via a `ps: def' or `ps: mdef' device
       command, it is executed at the beginning of  every  page  (before  anything  is  drawn  or
       written  by  groff).   For example, to underlay the page contents with the word `DRAFT' in
       light gray, you might use

              .de XX
              ps: def
              /BPhook
              { gsave .9 setgray clippath pathbbox exch 2 copy
                .5 mul exch .5 mul translate atan rotate pop pop
                /NewCenturySchlbk-Roman findfont 200 scalefont setfont
                (DRAFT) dup stringwidth pop -.5 mul -70 moveto show
                grestore }
              def
              ..
              .devicem XX

       Or, to cause lines and polygons to be drawn with square  linecaps  and  mitered  linejoins
       instead of the round linecaps and linejoins normally used by grops, use

              .de XX
              ps: def
              /BPhook { 2 setlinecap 0 setlinejoin } def
              ..
              .devicem XX

       (square  linecaps,  as opposed to butt linecaps (0 setlinecap), give true corners in boxed
       tables even though the lines are drawn unconnected).

   Encapsulated PostScript
       grops itself doesn't emit bounding box information.  With  the  help  of  Ghostscript  the
       following simple script, groff2eps, produces an encapsulated PS file.

              #! /bin/sh
              groff -P-b16 $1 >$1.ps
              gs -dNOPAUSE -sDEVICE=bbox -- $1.ps 2>$1.bbox
              cat $1.ps \
              | sed -e "/^%%Orientation/r$1.bbox" \
                    -e "/^%!PS-Adobe-3.0/s/$/ EPSF-3.0/" >$1.eps
              rm $1.ps $1.bbox

       Just say

              groff2eps foo

       to convert file foo to foo.eps.

   TrueType and other font formats
       TrueType  fonts  can  be  used  with grops if converted first to Type 42 format, a special
       PostScript wrapper equivalent to the  PFA  format  mentioned  in  pfbtops(1).   There  are
       several different methods to generate a type42 wrapper and most of them involve the use of
       a PostScript interpreter such as Ghostscript – see gs(1).

       Yet, the easiest method involves the use of the  application  ttftot42(1).   This  program
       uses  freetype(3)  (version  1.3.1)  to  generate type42 font wrappers and well-formed AFM
       files that can be fed to the afmtodit(1) script to create appropriate metric  files.   The
       resulting font wrappers should be added to the download file.  ttftot42 source code can be
       downloaded  from   ftp://www.giga.or.at/pub/nih/ttftot42/ftp://www.giga.or.at/pub/nih/
       ttftot42/⟩.

       Another  solution for creating type42 wrappers is to use FontForge, available from http://
       fontforge.sf.net ⟨http://fontforge.sf.net⟩.  This font editor  can  convert  most  outline
       font formats.

FONT INSTALLATION

       This  section  gives  a  summary of the above explanations; it can serve as a step-by-step
       font installation guide for grops.

        •  Convert your font to something groff understands.  This is either a PostScript Type  1
           font in PFA format or a PostScript Type 42 font, together with an AFM file.

           The very first characters in a PFA file look like this:

                  %!PS-AdobeFont-1.0:

           A  PFB  file  has  this  also  in the first line, but the string is preceded with some
           binary bytes.

           The very first characters in a Type 42 font file look like this:

                  %!PS-TrueTypeFont

           This is a wrapper format for TrueType fonts.  Old PS printers  might  not  support  it
           (this is, they don't have a built-in TrueType font interpreter).

           If your font is in PFB format (such fonts normally have `.pfb' as the file extension),
           you might use groff's pfbtops(1) program to convert it to PFA.   For  TrueType  fonts,
           try ttftot42 or fontforge.  For all other font formats use fontforge which can convert
           most outline font formats.

        •  Convert the AFM file to a groff font description file with  the  afmtodit(1)  program.
           An example call is

                  afmtodit Foo-Bar-Bold.afm textmap FBB

           which  converts  the  metric  file `Foo-Bar-Bold.afm' to the groff font `FBB'.  If you
           have a font family which comes with normal, bold, italic, and bold italic faces, it is
           recommended  to  use  the  letters  R, B, I, and BI, respectively, as postfixes in the
           groff font names to make groff's `.fam' request work.  An example is groff's  built-in
           Times-Roman  font: The font family name is T, and the groff font names are TR, TB, TI,
           and TBI.

        •  Install both the groff font description files and the fonts in a `devps'  subdirectory
           of  the  font path which groff finds.  See the ENVIRONMENT section in the troff(1) man
           page which lists the actual value of the font path.  Note that groff doesn't  use  the
           AFM files (but it is a good idea to store them anyway).

        •  Register  all  fonts  which  must be downloaded to the printer in the `devps/download'
           file.  Only the first occurrence of this file in the font path is  read.   This  means
           that  you  should copy the default `download' file to the first directory in your font
           path and add your fonts there.  To continue the above example we assume  that  the  PS
           font name for Foo-Bar-Bold.pfa is `XY-Foo-Bar-Bold' (the PS font name is stored in the
           internalname field in the `FBB' file), thus the following  line  should  be  added  to
           `download'.

                  XY-Foo-Bar-Bold Foo-Bar-Bold.pfa

OLD FONTS

       groff  versions  1.19.2  and earlier contain a slightly different set of the 35 Adobe core
       fonts; the difference is mainly the lack of the `Euro' glyph and a reduced set of  kerning
       pairs.  For backwards compatibility, these old fonts are installed also in the

              /usr/share/groff/1.22.2/oldfont/devps

       directory.

       To  use  them,  make sure that grops finds the fonts before the default system fonts (with
       the same names): Either add command line option -F to grops

              groff -Tps -P-F -P/usr/share/groff/1.22.2/oldfont ...

       or add the directory to groff's font path environment variable

              GROFF_FONT_PATH=/usr/share/groff/1.22.2/oldfont

ENVIRONMENT

       GROPS_PROLOGUE
              If this is set to foo, then grops uses the file foo (in the font path)  instead  of
              the  default  prologue  file  prologue.   The  option -P overrides this environment
              variable.

       GROFF_FONT_PATH
              A list of directories in which to search for the devname directory in  addition  to
              the default ones.  See troff(1) and groff_font(5) for more details.

FILES

       /usr/share/groff/1.22.2/font/devps/DESC      Device description file.

       /usr/share/groff/1.22.2/font/devps/F         Font description file for font F.

       /usr/share/groff/1.22.2/font/devps/download  List of downloadable fonts.

       /usr/share/groff/1.22.2/font/devps/text.enc  Encoding used for text fonts.

       /usr/share/groff/1.22.2/tmac/ps.tmac         Macros  for  use  with  grops;  automatically
                                                    loaded by troffrc

       /usr/share/groff/1.22.2/tmac/pspic.tmac      Definition  of  PSPIC  macro,   automatically
                                                    loaded by ps.tmac.

       /usr/share/groff/1.22.2/tmac/psold.tmac      Macros  to  disable  use  of  characters  not
                                                    present in older PostScript  printers  (e.g.,
                                                    `eth' or `thorn').

       /tmp/gropsXXXXXX                             Temporary  file.  See groff(1) for details on
                                                    the location of temporary files.

SEE ALSO

       afmtodit(1), groff(1), troff(1), pfbtops(1), groff_out(5),  groff_font(5),  groff_char(7),
       groff_tmac(5)

       PostScript    Language    Document    Structuring   Conventions   Specification   ⟨http://
       partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/ps/5001.DSC_Spec.pdf⟩