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NAME
tr - translate characters
SYNOPSIS
tr [-c | -C][-s] string1 string2
tr -s [-c | -C] string1
tr -d [-c | -C] string1
tr -ds [-c | -C] string1 string2
DESCRIPTION
The tr utility shall copy the standard input to the standard output with substitution or
deletion of selected characters. The options specified and the string1 and string2
operands shall control translations that occur while copying characters and single-
character collating elements.
OPTIONS
The tr utility shall conform to the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001,
Section 12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines.
The following options shall be supported:
-c Complement the set of values specified by string1. See the EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
section.
-C Complement the set of characters specified by string1. See the EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
section.
-d Delete all occurrences of input characters that are specified by string1.
-s Replace instances of repeated characters with a single character, as described in
the EXTENDED DESCRIPTION section.
OPERANDS
The following operands shall be supported:
string1, string2
Translation control strings. Each string shall represent a set of characters to be
converted into an array of characters used for the translation. For a detailed
description of how the strings are interpreted, see the EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
section.
STDIN
The standard input can be any type of file.
INPUT FILES
None.
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
The following environment variables shall affect the execution of tr:
LANG Provide a default value for the internationalization variables that are unset or
null. (See the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section 8.2,
Internationalization Variables for the precedence of internationalization variables
used to determine the values of locale categories.)
LC_ALL If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all the other
internationalization variables.
LC_COLLATE
Determine the locale for the behavior of range expressions and equivalence classes.
LC_CTYPE
Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes of text data as
characters (for example, single-byte as opposed to multi-byte characters in
arguments) and the behavior of character classes.
LC_MESSAGES
Determine the locale that should be used to affect the format and contents of
diagnostic messages written to standard error.
NLSPATH
Determine the location of message catalogs for the processing of LC_MESSAGES .
ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS
Default.
STDOUT
The tr output shall be identical to the input, with the exception of the specified
transformations.
STDERR
The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic messages.
OUTPUT FILES
None.
EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
The operands string1 and string2 (if specified) define two arrays of characters. The
constructs in the following list can be used to specify characters or single-character
collating elements. If any of the constructs result in multi-character collating elements,
tr shall exclude, without a diagnostic, those multi-character elements from the resulting
array.
character
Any character not described by one of the conventions below shall represent itself.
\octal Octal sequences can be used to represent characters with specific coded values. An
octal sequence shall consist of a backslash followed by the longest sequence of
one, two, or three-octal-digit characters (01234567). The sequence shall cause the
value whose encoding is represented by the one, two, or three-digit octal integer
to be placed into the array. If the size of a byte on the system is greater than
nine bits, the valid escape sequence used to represent a byte is implementation-
defined. Multi-byte characters require multiple, concatenated escape sequences of
this type, including the leading '\' for each byte.
\character
The backslash-escape sequences in the Base Definitions volume of
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Table 5-1, Escape Sequences and Associated Actions ( '\\' ,
'\a' , '\b' , '\f' , '\n' , '\r' , '\t' , '\v' ) shall be supported. The results of
using any other character, other than an octal digit, following the backslash are
unspecified.
c-c In the POSIX locale, this construct shall represent the range of collating elements
between the range endpoints (as long as neither endpoint is an octal sequence of
the form \octal), inclusive, as defined by the collation sequence. The characters
or collating elements in the range shall be placed in the array in ascending
collation sequence. If the second endpoint precedes the starting endpoint in the
collation sequence, it is unspecified whether the range of collating elements is
empty, or this construct is treated as invalid. In locales other than the POSIX
locale, this construct has unspecified behavior.
If either or both of the range endpoints are octal sequences of the form \octal, this
shall represent the range of specific coded values between the two range endpoints,
inclusive.
:class:
Represents all characters belonging to the defined character class, as defined by
the current setting of the LC_CTYPE locale category. The following character class
names shall be accepted when specified in string1:
alnum blank digit lower punct upper
alpha cntrl graph print space xdigit
In addition, character class expressions of the form [: name:] shall be recognized in
those locales where the name keyword has been given a charclass definition in the LC_CTYPE
category.
When both the -d and -s options are specified, any of the character class names shall be
accepted in string2. Otherwise, only character class names lower or upper are valid in
string2 and then only if the corresponding character class ( upper and lower,
respectively) is specified in the same relative position in string1. Such a specification
shall be interpreted as a request for case conversion. When [: lower:] appears in string1
and [: upper:] appears in string2, the arrays shall contain the characters from the
toupper mapping in the LC_CTYPE category of the current locale. When [: upper:] appears in
string1 and [: lower:] appears in string2, the arrays shall contain the characters from
the tolower mapping in the LC_CTYPE category of the current locale. The first character
from each mapping pair shall be in the array for string1 and the second character from
each mapping pair shall be in the array for string2 in the same relative position.
Except for case conversion, the characters specified by a character class expression shall
be placed in the array in an unspecified order.
If the name specified for class does not define a valid character class in the current
locale, the behavior is undefined.
=equiv=
Represents all characters or collating elements belonging to the same equivalence
class as equiv, as defined by the current setting of the LC_COLLATE locale
category. An equivalence class expression shall be allowed only in string1, or in
string2 when it is being used by the combined -d and -s options. The characters
belonging to the equivalence class shall be placed in the array in an unspecified
order.
x*n Represents n repeated occurrences of the character x. Because this expression is
used to map multiple characters to one, it is only valid when it occurs in string2.
If n is omitted or is zero, it shall be interpreted as large enough to extend the
string2-based sequence to the length of the string1-based sequence. If n has a
leading zero, it shall be interpreted as an octal value. Otherwise, it shall be
interpreted as a decimal value.
When the -d option is not specified:
* Each input character found in the array specified by string1 shall be replaced by the
character in the same relative position in the array specified by string2. When the
array specified by string2 is shorter that the one specified by string1, the results
are unspecified.
* If the -C option is specified, the complements of the characters specified by string1
(the set of all characters in the current character set, as defined by the current
setting of LC_CTYPE , except for those actually specified in the string1 operand) shall
be placed in the array in ascending collation sequence, as defined by the current
setting of LC_COLLATE .
* If the -c option is specified, the complement of the values specified by string1 shall
be placed in the array in ascending order by binary value.
* Because the order in which characters specified by character class expressions or
equivalence class expressions is undefined, such expressions should only be used if the
intent is to map several characters into one. An exception is case conversion, as
described previously.
When the -d option is specified:
* Input characters found in the array specified by string1 shall be deleted.
* When the -C option is specified with -d, all characters except those specified by
string1 shall be deleted. The contents of string2 are ignored, unless the -s option is
also specified.
* When the -c option is specified with -d, all values except those specified by string1
shall be deleted. The contents of string2 shall be ignored, unless the -s option is
also specified.
* The same string cannot be used for both the -d and the -s option; when both options are
specified, both string1 (used for deletion) and string2 (used for squeezing) shall be
required.
When the -s option is specified, after any deletions or translations have taken place,
repeated sequences of the same character shall be replaced by one occurrence of the same
character, if the character is found in the array specified by the last operand. If the
last operand contains a character class, such as the following example:
tr -s '[:space:]'
the last operand's array shall contain all of the characters in that character class.
However, in a case conversion, as described previously, such as:
tr -s '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]'
the last operand's array shall contain only those characters defined as the second
characters in each of the toupper or tolower character pairs, as appropriate.
An empty string used for string1 or string2 produces undefined results.
EXIT STATUS
The following exit values shall be returned:
0 All input was processed successfully.
>0 An error occurred.
CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS
Default.
The following sections are informative.
APPLICATION USAGE
If necessary, string1 and string2 can be quoted to avoid pattern matching by the shell.
If an ordinary digit (representing itself) is to follow an octal sequence, the octal
sequence must use the full three digits to avoid ambiguity.
When string2 is shorter than string1, a difference results between historical System V and
BSD systems. A BSD system pads string2 with the last character found in string2. Thus, it
is possible to do the following:
tr 0123456789 d
which would translate all digits to the letter 'd' . Since this area is specifically
unspecified in this volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, both the BSD and System V behaviors
are allowed, but a conforming application cannot rely on the BSD behavior. It would have
to code the example in the following way:
tr 0123456789 '[d*]'
It should be noted that, despite similarities in appearance, the string operands used by
tr are not regular expressions.
Unlike some historical implementations, this definition of the tr utility correctly
processes NUL characters in its input stream. NUL characters can be stripped by using:
tr -d '\000'
EXAMPLES
1. The following example creates a list of all words in file1 one per line in file2,
where a word is taken to be a maximal string of letters.
tr -cs "[:alpha:]" "[\n*]" <file1 >file2
2. The next example translates all lowercase characters in file1 to uppercase and writes
the results to standard output.
tr "[:lower:]" "[:upper:]" <file1
3. This example uses an equivalence class to identify accented variants of the base
character 'e' in file1, which are stripped of diacritical marks and written to file2.
tr "[=e=]" e <file1 >file2
RATIONALE
In some early proposals, an explicit option -n was added to disable the historical
behavior of stripping NUL characters from the input. It was considered that automatically
stripping NUL characters from the input was not correct functionality. However, the
removal of -n in a later proposal does not remove the requirement that tr correctly
process NUL characters in its input stream. NUL characters can be stripped by using tr -d
'\000'.
Historical implementations of tr differ widely in syntax and behavior. For example, the
BSD version has not needed the bracket characters for the repetition sequence. The tr
utility syntax is based more closely on the System V and XPG3 model while attempting to
accommodate historical BSD implementations. In the case of the short string2 padding, the
decision was to unspecify the behavior and preserve System V and XPG3 scripts, which might
find difficulty with the BSD method. The assumption was made that BSD users of tr have to
make accommodations to meet the syntax defined here. Since it is possible to use the
repetition sequence to duplicate the desired behavior, whereas there is no simple way to
achieve the System V method, this was the correct, if not desirable, approach.
The use of octal values to specify control characters, while having historical precedents,
is not portable. The introduction of escape sequences for control characters should
provide the necessary portability. It is recognized that this may cause some historical
scripts to break.
An early proposal included support for multi-character collating elements. It was pointed
out that, while tr does employ some syntactical elements from REs, the aim of tr is quite
different; ranges, for example, do not have a similar meaning (``any of the chars in the
range matches", versus "translate each character in the range to the output counterpart").
As a result, the previously included support for multi-character collating elements has
been removed. What remains are ranges in current collation order (to support, for example,
accented characters), character classes, and equivalence classes.
In XPG3 the [: class:] and [= equiv=] conventions are shown with double brackets, as in RE
syntax. However, tr does not implement RE principles; it just borrows part of the syntax.
Consequently, [: class:] and [= equiv=] should be regarded as syntactical elements on a
par with [ x* n], which is not an RE bracket expression.
The standard developers will consider changes to tr that allow it to translate characters
between different character encodings, or they will consider providing a new utility to
accomplish this.
On historical System V systems, a range expression requires enclosing square-brackets,
such as:
tr '[a-z]' '[A-Z]'
However, BSD-based systems did not require the brackets, and this convention is used here
to avoid breaking large numbers of BSD scripts:
tr a-z A-Z
The preceding System V script will continue to work because the brackets, treated as
regular characters, are translated to themselves. However, any System V script that relied
on "a-z" representing the three characters 'a' , '-' , and 'z' have to be rewritten as
"az-" .
The ISO POSIX-2:1993 standard had a -c option that behaved similarly to the -C option, but
did not supply functionality equivalent to the -c option specified in
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001. This meant that historical practice of being able to specify tr
-d\200-\377 (which would delete all bytes with the top bit set) would have no effect
because, in the C locale, bytes with the values octal 200 to octal 377 are not characters.
The earlier version also said that octal sequences referred to collating elements and
could be placed adjacent to each other to specify multi-byte characters. However, it was
noted that this caused ambiguities because tr would not be able to tell whether adjacent
octal sequences were intending to specify multi-byte characters or multiple single byte
characters. IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 specifies that octal sequences always refer to single
byte binary values.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
None.
SEE ALSO
sed
COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form from IEEE Std
1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System
Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by
the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and The Open Group
Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The
original Standard can be obtained online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .