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NAME
grep - search a file for a pattern
SYNOPSIS
grep [-E| -F][-c| -l| -q][-insvx] -e pattern_list...
[-f pattern_file]...[file...]
grep [-E| -F][-c| -l| -q][-insvx][-e pattern_list]...
-f pattern_file...[file...]
grep [-E| -F][-c| -l| -q][-insvx] pattern_list[file...]
DESCRIPTION
The grep utility shall search the input files, selecting lines matching one or more patterns; the types
of patterns are controlled by the options specified. The patterns are specified by the -e option, -f
option, or the pattern_list operand. The pattern_list's value shall consist of one or more patterns
separated by <newline>s; the pattern_file's contents shall consist of one or more patterns terminated by
<newline>. By default, an input line shall be selected if any pattern, treated as an entire basic regular
expression (BRE) as described in the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section 9.3, Basic
Regular Expressions, matches any part of the line excluding the terminating <newline>; a null BRE shall
match every line. By default, each selected input line shall be written to the standard output.
Regular expression matching shall be based on text lines. Since a <newline> separates or terminates
patterns (see the -e and -f options below), regular expressions cannot contain a <newline>. Similarly,
since patterns are matched against individual lines (excluding the terminating <newline>s) of the input,
there is no way for a pattern to match a <newline> found in the input.
OPTIONS
The grep utility shall conform to the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section 12.2,
Utility Syntax Guidelines.
The following options shall be supported:
-E Match using extended regular expressions. Treat each pattern specified as an ERE, as described in
the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section 9.4, Extended Regular Expressions.
If any entire ERE pattern matches some part of an input line excluding the terminating <newline>,
the line shall be matched. A null ERE shall match every line.
-F Match using fixed strings. Treat each pattern specified as a string instead of a regular
expression. If an input line contains any of the patterns as a contiguous sequence of bytes, the
line shall be matched. A null string shall match every line.
-c Write only a count of selected lines to standard output.
-e pattern_list
Specify one or more patterns to be used during the search for input. The application shall ensure
that patterns in pattern_list are separated by a <newline>. A null pattern can be specified by two
adjacent <newline>s in pattern_list. Unless the -E or -F option is also specified, each pattern
shall be treated as a BRE, as described in the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001,
Section 9.3, Basic Regular Expressions. Multiple -e and -f options shall be accepted by the grep
utility. All of the specified patterns shall be used when matching lines, but the order of
evaluation is unspecified.
-f pattern_file
Read one or more patterns from the file named by the pathname pattern_file. Patterns in
pattern_file shall be terminated by a <newline>. A null pattern can be specified by an empty line
in pattern_file. Unless the -E or -F option is also specified, each pattern shall be treated as a
BRE, as described in the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section 9.3, Basic
Regular Expressions.
-i Perform pattern matching in searches without regard to case; see the Base Definitions volume of
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section 9.2, Regular Expression General Requirements.
-l (The letter ell.) Write only the names of files containing selected lines to standard output.
Pathnames shall be written once per file searched. If the standard input is searched, a pathname
of "(standard input)" shall be written, in the POSIX locale. In other locales, "standard input"
may be replaced by something more appropriate in those locales.
-n Precede each output line by its relative line number in the file, each file starting at line 1.
The line number counter shall be reset for each file processed.
-q Quiet. Nothing shall be written to the standard output, regardless of matching lines. Exit with
zero status if an input line is selected.
-s Suppress the error messages ordinarily written for nonexistent or unreadable files. Other error
messages shall not be suppressed.
-v Select lines not matching any of the specified patterns. If the -v option is not specified,
selected lines shall be those that match any of the specified patterns.
-x Consider only input lines that use all characters in the line excluding the terminating <newline>
to match an entire fixed string or regular expression to be matching lines.
OPERANDS
The following operands shall be supported:
pattern_list
Specify one or more patterns to be used during the search for input. This operand shall be
treated as if it were specified as -e pattern_list.
file A pathname of a file to be searched for the patterns. If no file operands are specified, the
standard input shall be used.
STDIN
The standard input shall be used only if no file operands are specified. See the INPUT FILES section.
INPUT FILES
The input files shall be text files.
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
The following environment variables shall affect the execution of grep:
LANG Provide a default value for the internationalization variables that are unset or null. (See the
Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section 8.2, Internationalization Variables for
the precedence of internationalization variables used to determine the values of locale
categories.)
LC_ALL If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all the other internationalization
variables.
LC_COLLATE
Determine the locale for the behavior of ranges, equivalence classes, and multi-character
collating elements within regular expressions.
LC_CTYPE
Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes of text data as characters (for
example, single-byte as opposed to multi-byte characters in arguments and input files) and the
behavior of character classes within regular expressions.
LC_MESSAGES
Determine the locale that should be used to affect the format and contents of diagnostic messages
written to standard error.
NLSPATH
Determine the location of message catalogs for the processing of LC_MESSAGES .
ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS
Default.
STDOUT
If the -l option is in effect, and the -q option is not, the following shall be written for each file
containing at least one selected input line:
"%s\n", <file>
Otherwise, if more than one file argument appears, and -q is not specified, the grep utility shall prefix
each output line by:
"%s:", <file>
The remainder of each output line shall depend on the other options specified:
* If the -c option is in effect, the remainder of each output line shall contain:
"%d\n", <count>
* Otherwise, if -c is not in effect and the -n option is in effect, the following shall be written to
standard output:
"%d:", <line number>
* Finally, the following shall be written to standard output:
"%s", <selected-line contents>
STDERR
The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic messages.
OUTPUT FILES
None.
EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
None.
EXIT STATUS
The following exit values shall be returned:
0 One or more lines were selected.
1 No lines were selected.
>1 An error occurred.
CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS
If the -q option is specified, the exit status shall be zero if an input line is selected, even if an
error was detected. Otherwise, default actions shall be performed.
The following sections are informative.
APPLICATION USAGE
Care should be taken when using characters in pattern_list that may also be meaningful to the command
interpreter. It is safest to enclose the entire pattern_list argument in single quotes:
'...'
The -e pattern_list option has the same effect as the pattern_list operand, but is useful when
pattern_list begins with the hyphen delimiter. It is also useful when it is more convenient to provide
multiple patterns as separate arguments.
Multiple -e and -f options are accepted and grep uses all of the patterns it is given while matching
input text lines. (Note that the order of evaluation is not specified. If an implementation finds a null
string as a pattern, it is allowed to use that pattern first, matching every line, and effectively ignore
any other patterns.)
The -q option provides a means of easily determining whether or not a pattern (or string) exists in a
group of files. When searching several files, it provides a performance improvement (because it can quit
as soon as it finds the first match) and requires less care by the user in choosing the set of files to
supply as arguments (because it exits zero if it finds a match even if grep detected an access or read
error on earlier file operands).
EXAMPLES
1. To find all uses of the word "Posix" (in any case) in file text.mm and write with line numbers:
grep -i -n posix text.mm
2. To find all empty lines in the standard input:
grep ^$
or:
grep -v .
3. Both of the following commands print all lines containing strings "abc" or "def" or both:
grep -E 'abc|def'
grep -F 'abc
def'
4. Both of the following commands print all lines matching exactly "abc" or "def" :
grep -E '^abc$|^def$'
grep -F -x 'abc
def'
RATIONALE
This grep has been enhanced in an upwards-compatible way to provide the exact functionality of the
historical egrep and fgrep commands as well. It was the clear intention of the standard developers to
consolidate the three greps into a single command.
The old egrep and fgrep commands are likely to be supported for many years to come as implementation
extensions, allowing historical applications to operate unmodified.
Historical implementations usually silently ignored all but one of multiply-specified -e and -f options,
but were not consistent as to which specification was actually used.
The -b option was omitted from the OPTIONS section because block numbers are implementation-defined.
The System V restriction on using - to mean standard input was omitted.
A definition of action taken when given a null BRE or ERE is specified. This is an error condition in
some historical implementations.
The -l option previously indicated that its use was undefined when no files were explicitly named. This
behavior was historical and placed an unnecessary restriction on future implementations. It has been
removed.
The historical BSD grep -s option practice is easily duplicated by redirecting standard output to
/dev/null. The -s option required here is from System V.
The -x option, historically available only with fgrep, is available here for all of the non-obsolescent
versions.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
None.
SEE ALSO
sed
COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition,
Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,
Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The
original Standard can be obtained online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .