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NAME

       AS - the portable GNU assembler.

SYNOPSIS

       as [-a[cdhlns][=file]] [--alternate] [-D]
        [--defsym sym=val] [-f] [-g] [--gstabs] [--gstabs+]
        [--gdwarf-2] [--help] [-I dir] [-J] [-K] [-L]
        [--listing-lhs-width=NUM] [--listing-lhs-width2=NUM]
        [--listing-rhs-width=NUM] [--listing-cont-lines=NUM]
        [--keep-locals] [-o objfile] [-R] [--statistics] [-v]
        [-version] [--version] [-W] [--warn] [--fatal-warnings]
        [-w] [-x] [-Z] [--target-help] [target-options]
        [--files ...]

       Target Alpha options:
          [-mcpu]
          [-mdebug-no-mdebug]
          [-relax] [-g] [-Gsize]
          [-F] [-32addr]

       Target ARC options:
          [-marc[5⎪6⎪7⎪8]]
          [-EB-EL]

       Target ARM options:
          [-mcpu=processor[+extension...]]
          [-march=architecture[+extension...]]
          [-mfpu=floating-point-format]
          [-mfloat-abi=abi]
          [-meabi=ver]
          [-mthumb]
          [-EB-EL]
          [-mapcs-32-mapcs-26-mapcs-float-mapcs-reentrant]
          [-mthumb-interwork] [-k]

       Target CRIS options:
          [--underscore--no-underscore]
          [--pic] [-N]
          [--emulation=criself--emulation=crisaout]
          [--march=v0_v10--march=v10--march=v32--march=common_v10_v32]

       Target D10V options:
          [-O]

       Target D30V options:
          [-O-n-N]

       Target i386 options:
          [--32--64] [-n]

       Target i960 options:
          [-ACA-ACA_A-ACB-ACC-AKA-AKB-AKC-AMC]
          [-b] [-no-relax]

       Target IA-64 options:
          [-mconstant-gp-mauto-pic]
          [-milp32-milp64-mlp64-mp64]
          [-mlembe]
          [-munwind-check=warning-munwind-check=error]
          [-mhint.b=ok-mhint.b=warning-mhint.b=error]
          [-x-xexplicit] [-xauto] [-xdebug]

       Target IP2K options:
          [-mip2022-mip2022ext]

       Target M32R options:
          [--m32rx--[no-]warn-explicit-parallel-conflicts--W[n]p]

       Target M680X0 options:
          [-l] [-m68000-m68010-m68020⎪...]

       Target M68HC11 options:
          [-m68hc11-m68hc12-m68hcs12]
          [-mshort-mlong]
          [-mshort-double-mlong-double]
          [--force-long-branchs] [--short-branchs]
          [--strict-direct-mode] [--print-insn-syntax]
          [--print-opcodes] [--generate-example]

       Target MCORE options:
          [-jsri2bsr] [-sifilter] [-relax]
          [-mcpu=[210⎪340]]

       Target MIPS options:
          [-nocpp] [-EL] [-EB] [-O[optimization level]]
          [-g[debug level]] [-G num] [-KPIC] [-call_shared]
          [-non_shared] [-xgot]
          [-mabi=ABI] [-32] [-n32] [-64] [-mfp32] [-mgp32]
          [-march=CPU] [-mtune=CPU] [-mips1] [-mips2]
          [-mips3] [-mips4] [-mips5] [-mips32] [-mips32r2]
          [-mips64] [-mips64r2]
          [-construct-floats] [-no-construct-floats]
          [-trap] [-no-break] [-break] [-no-trap]
          [-mfix7000] [-mno-fix7000]
          [-mips16] [-no-mips16]
          [-mips3d] [-no-mips3d]
          [-mdmx] [-no-mdmx]
          [-mdebug] [-no-mdebug]
          [-mpdr] [-mno-pdr]

       Target MMIX options:
          [--fixed-special-register-names] [--globalize-symbols]
          [--gnu-syntax] [--relax] [--no-predefined-symbols]
          [--no-expand] [--no-merge-gregs] [-x]
          [--linker-allocated-gregs]

       Target PDP11 options:
          [-mpic-mno-pic] [-mall] [-mno-extensions]
          [-mextension-mno-extension]
          [-mcpu] [-mmachine]

       Target picoJava options:
          [-mb-me]

       Target PowerPC options:
          [-mpwrx-mpwr2-mpwr-m601-mppc-mppc32-m603-m604-m403-m405-mppc64-m620-mppc64bridge-mbooke-mbooke32-mbooke64]
          [-mcom-many-maltivec] [-memb]
          [-mregnames-mno-regnames]
          [-mrelocatable-mrelocatable-lib]
          [-mlittle-mlittle-endian-mbig-mbig-endian]
          [-msolaris-mno-solaris]

       Target SPARC options:
          [-Av6-Av7-Av8-Asparclet-Asparclite
           -Av8plus-Av8plusa-Av9-Av9a]
          [-xarch=v8plus-xarch=v8plusa] [-bump]
          [-32-64]

       Target TIC54X options:
        [-mcpu=54[123589]-mcpu=54[56]lp] [-mfar-mode-mf]
        [-merrors-to-file <filename>-me <filename>]

       Target Xtensa options:
        [--[no-]text-section-literals] [--[no-]absolute-literals]
        [--[no-]target-align] [--[no-]longcalls]
        [--[no-]transform]
        [--rename-section oldname=newname]

DESCRIPTION

       GNU  as  is really a family of assemblers.  If you use (or have used) the GNU assembler on
       one architecture, you should find a fairly similar environment when you use it on  another
       architecture.   Each  version  has  much  in common with the others, including object file
       formats, most assembler directives (often called pseudo-ops) and assembler syntax.

       as is primarily intended to assemble the output of the GNU C compiler "gcc" for use by the
       linker  "ld".   Nevertheless,  we've  tried  to make as assemble correctly everything that
       other assemblers for the same machine  would  assemble.   Any  exceptions  are  documented
       explicitly.  This doesn't mean as always uses the same syntax as another assembler for the
       same architecture; for example, we know of several incompatible versions of 680x0 assembly
       language syntax.

       Each  time you run as it assembles exactly one source program.  The source program is made
       up of one or more files.  (The standard input is also a file.)

       You give as a command line that has zero or more input file names.  The  input  files  are
       read  (from  left file name to right).  A command line argument (in any position) that has
       no special meaning is taken to be an input file name.

       If you give as no file names it attempts to read one  input  file  from  the  as  standard
       input, which is normally your terminal.  You may have to type ctl-D to tell as there is no
       more program to assemble.

       Use -- if you need to explicitly name the standard input file in your command line.

       If the source is empty, as produces a small, empty object file.

       as may write warnings and  error  messages  to  the  standard  error  file  (usually  your
       terminal).   This  should  not  happen  when   a compiler runs as automatically.  Warnings
       report an assumption made so that as could keep assembling a flawed program; errors report
       a grave problem that stops the assembly.

       If  you  are  invoking  as  via  the  GNU  C  compiler, you can use the -Wa option to pass
       arguments through to the assembler.  The assembler arguments must be separated  from  each
       other (and the -Wa) by commas.  For example:

               gcc -c -g -O -Wa,-alh,-L file.c

       This  passes  two  options  to the assembler: -alh (emit a listing to standard output with
       high-level and assembly source) and -L (retain local symbols in the symbol table).

       Usually you do not need to use  this  -Wa  mechanism,  since  many  compiler  command-line
       options  are automatically passed to the assembler by the compiler.  (You can call the GNU
       compiler driver with the -v option to  see  precisely  what  options  it  passes  to  each
       compilation pass, including the assembler.)

OPTIONS

       -a[cdhlmns]
           Turn on listings, in any of a variety of ways:

           -ac omit false conditionals

           -ad omit debugging directives

           -ah include high-level source

           -al include assembly

           -am include macro expansions

           -an omit forms processing

           -as include symbols

           =file
               set the name of the listing file

           You  may  combine  these  options;  for example, use -aln for assembly listing without
           forms processing.  The =file option, if used, must be the last  one.   By  itself,  -a
           defaults to -ahls.

       --alternate
           Begin in alternate macro mode, see @ref{Altmacro,,".altmacro"}.

       -D  Ignored.   This  option  is  accepted  for  script  compatibility  with calls to other
           assemblers.

       --defsym sym=value
           Define the symbol sym to be value before assembling the input file.  value must be  an
           integer  constant.  As in C, a leading 0x indicates a hexadecimal value, and a leading
           0 indicates an octal value.

       -f  ``fast''---skip whitespace  and  comment  preprocessing  (assume  source  is  compiler
           output).

       -g
       --gen-debug
           Generate  debugging  information  for each assembler source line using whichever debug
           format is preferred by the target.   This  currently  means  either  STABS,  ECOFF  or
           DWARF2.

       --gstabs
           Generate stabs debugging information for each assembler line.  This may help debugging
           assembler code, if the debugger can handle it.

       --gstabs+
           Generate stabs debugging information for each assembler line, with GNU extensions that
           probably  only  gdb can handle, and that could make other debuggers crash or refuse to
           read your program.  This may help debugging assembler code.  Currently  the  only  GNU
           extension is the location of the current working directory at assembling time.

       --gdwarf-2
           Generate  DWARF2  debugging  information  for  each  assembler  line.   This  may help
           debugging assembler code, if the debugger can handle it.  Note---this option  is  only
           supported by some targets, not all of them.

       --help
           Print a summary of the command line options and exit.

       --target-help
           Print a summary of all target specific options and exit.

       -I dir
           Add directory dir to the search list for ".include" directives.

       -J  Don't warn about signed overflow.

       -K  Issue warnings when difference tables altered for long displacements.

       -L
       --keep-locals
           Keep  (in  the  symbol table) local symbols.  On traditional a.out systems these start
           with L, but different systems have different local label prefixes.

       --listing-lhs-width=number
           Set the maximum width, in words, of the output data column for an assembler listing to
           number.

       --listing-lhs-width2=number
           Set  the  maximum width, in words, of the output data column for continuation lines in
           an assembler listing to number.

       --listing-rhs-width=number
           Set the maximum width of an input source line, as displayed in a  listing,  to  number
           bytes.

       --listing-cont-lines=number
           Set  the  maximum  number  of lines printed in a listing for a single line of input to
           number + 1.

       -o objfile
           Name the object-file output from as objfile.

       -R  Fold the data section into the text section.

       --statistics
           Print the maximum space (in bytes) and total time (in seconds) used by assembly.

       --strip-local-absolute
           Remove local absolute symbols from the outgoing symbol table.

       -v
       -version
           Print the as version.

       --version
           Print the as version and exit.

       -W
       --no-warn
           Suppress warning messages.

       --fatal-warnings
           Treat warnings as errors.

       --warn
           Don't suppress warning messages or treat them as errors.

       -w  Ignored.

       -x  Ignored.

       -Z  Generate an object file even after errors.

       --  files ...
           Standard input, or source files to assemble.

       The following options are available when as is configured for an ARC processor.

       -marc[5⎪6⎪7⎪8]
           This option selects the core processor variant.

       -EB  -EL
           Select either big-endian (-EB) or little-endian (-EL) output.

       The following options are available when as is configured for the ARM processor family.

       -mcpu=processor[+extension...]
           Specify which ARM processor variant is the target.

       -march=architecture[+extension...]
           Specify which ARM architecture variant is used by the target.

       -mfpu=floating-point-format
           Select which Floating Point architecture is the target.

       -mfloat-abi=abi
           Select which floating point ABI is in use.

       -mthumb
           Enable Thumb only instruction decoding.

       -mapcs-32  -mapcs-26  -mapcs-float  -mapcs-reentrant
           Select which procedure calling convention is in use.

       -EB  -EL
           Select either big-endian (-EB) or little-endian (-EL) output.

       -mthumb-interwork
           Specify that the code has been generated with interworking between Thumb and ARM  code
           in mind.

       -k  Specify that PIC code has been generated.

       See the info pages for documentation of the CRIS-specific options.

       The following options are available when as is configured for a D10V processor.

       -O  Optimize output by parallelizing instructions.

       The following options are available when as is configured for a D30V processor.

       -O  Optimize output by parallelizing instructions.

       -n  Warn when nops are generated.

       -N  Warn when a nop after a 32-bit multiply instruction is generated.

       The following options are available when as is configured for the Intel 80960 processor.

       -ACA  -ACA_A  -ACB  -ACC  -AKA  -AKB  -AKC  -AMC
           Specify which variant of the 960 architecture is the target.

       -b  Add code to collect statistics about branches taken.

       -no-relax
           Do  not  alter  compare-and-branch  instructions  for  long  displacements;  error  if
           necessary.

       The following options are available when as is configured for the Ubicom IP2K series.

       -mip2022ext
           Specifies that the extended IP2022 instructions are allowed.

       -mip2022
           Restores the default behaviour, which restricts the permitted instructions to just the
           basic IP2022 ones.

       The  following  options are available when as is configured for the Renesas M32R (formerly
       Mitsubishi M32R) series.

       --m32rx
           Specify which processor in the M32R family is the target.  The default is normally the
           M32R, but this option changes it to the M32RX.

       --warn-explicit-parallel-conflicts or --Wp
           Produce warning messages when questionable parallel constructs are encountered.

       --no-warn-explicit-parallel-conflicts or --Wnp
           Do not produce warning messages when questionable parallel constructs are encountered.

       The following options are available when as is configured for the Motorola 68000 series.

       -l  Shorten references to undefined symbols, to one word instead of two.

       -m68000  -m68008  -m68010  -m68020  -m68030
        -m68040  -m68060  -m68302  -m68331  -m68332
        -m68333  -m68340  -mcpu32  -m5200
           Specify what processor in the 68000 family is the target.  The default is normally the
           68020, but this can be changed at configuration time.

       -m68881  -m68882  -mno-68881  -mno-68882
           The target machine does (or does not) have a floating-point coprocessor.  The  default
           is  to  assume a coprocessor for 68020, 68030, and cpu32.  Although the basic 68000 is
           not compatible with the 68881, a combination of the two can be specified,  since  it's
           possible to do emulation of the coprocessor instructions with the main processor.

       -m68851  -mno-68851
           The  target machine does (or does not) have a memory-management unit coprocessor.  The
           default is to assume an MMU for 68020 and up.

       For details about the PDP-11 machine dependent features options, see @ref{PDP-11-Options}.

       -mpic  -mno-pic
           Generate position-independent (or position-dependent) code.  The default is -mpic.

       -mall
       -mall-extensions
           Enable all instruction set extensions.  This is the default.

       -mno-extensions
           Disable all instruction set extensions.

       -mextension  -mno-extension
           Enable (or disable) a particular instruction set extension.

       -mcpu
           Enable the instruction set extensions supported by a particular CPU, and  disable  all
           other extensions.

       -mmachine
           Enable  the  instruction  set  extensions supported by a particular machine model, and
           disable all other extensions.

       The following options are available when as is configured for a picoJava processor.

       -mb Generate ``big endian'' format output.

       -ml Generate ``little endian'' format output.

       The following options are available when as is  configured  for  the  Motorola  68HC11  or
       68HC12 series.

       -m68hc11  -m68hc12  -m68hcs12
           Specify  what  processor  is  the target.  The default is defined by the configuration
           option when building the assembler.

       -mshort
           Specify to use the 16-bit integer ABI.

       -mlong
           Specify to use the 32-bit integer ABI.

       -mshort-double
           Specify to use the 32-bit double ABI.

       -mlong-double
           Specify to use the 64-bit double ABI.

       --force-long-branchs
           Relative branches are turned into absolute ones. This concerns  conditional  branches,
           unconditional branches and branches to a sub routine.

       -S  --short-branchs
           Do not turn relative branchs into absolute ones when the offset is out of range.

       --strict-direct-mode
           Do  not  turn  the  direct  addressing  mode  into  extended  addressing mode when the
           instruction does not support direct addressing mode.

       --print-insn-syntax
           Print the syntax of instruction in case of error.

       --print-opcodes
           print the list of instructions with syntax and then exit.

       --generate-example
           print an example of instruction for each possible instruction  and  then  exit.   This
           option is only useful for testing as.

       The following options are available when as is configured for the SPARC architecture:

       -Av6  -Av7  -Av8  -Asparclet  -Asparclite
       -Av8plus  -Av8plusa  -Av9  -Av9a
           Explicitly select a variant of the SPARC architecture.

           -Av8plus  and  -Av8plusa  select a 32 bit environment.  -Av9 and -Av9a select a 64 bit
           environment.

           -Av8plusa and -Av9a enable the SPARC V9 instruction set with UltraSPARC extensions.

       -xarch=v8plus  -xarch=v8plusa
           For compatibility with the Solaris v9 assembler.   These  options  are  equivalent  to
           -Av8plus and -Av8plusa, respectively.

       -bump
           Warn when the assembler switches to another architecture.

       The following options are available when as is configured for the 'c54x architecture.

       -mfar-mode
           Enable  extended  addressing mode.  All addresses and relocations will assume extended
           addressing (usually 23 bits).

       -mcpu=CPU_VERSION
           Sets the CPU version being compiled for.

       -merrors-to-file FILENAME
           Redirect error output to a file, for broken systems which don't support such behaviour
           in the shell.

       The following options are available when as is configured for a MIPS processor.

       -G num
           This  option sets the largest size of an object that can be referenced implicitly with
           the "gp" register.  It is only accepted for targets that use ECOFF format, such  as  a
           DECstation running Ultrix.  The default value is 8.

       -EB Generate ``big endian'' format output.

       -EL Generate ``little endian'' format output.

       -mips1
       -mips2
       -mips3
       -mips4
       -mips5
       -mips32
       -mips32r2
       -mips64
       -mips64r2
           Generate  code for a particular MIPS Instruction Set Architecture level.  -mips1 is an
           alias for -march=r3000, -mips2 is an alias for -march=r6000, -mips3 is  an  alias  for
           -march=r4000  and  -mips4  is  an alias for -march=r8000.  -mips5, -mips32, -mips32r2,
           -mips64, and -mips64r2 correspond to generic MIPS V, MIPS32, MIPS32 Release 2, MIPS64,
           and MIPS64 Release 2 ISA processors, respectively.

       -march=CPU
           Generate code for a particular MIPS cpu.

       -mtune=cpu
           Schedule and tune for a particular MIPS cpu.

       -mfix7000
       -mno-fix7000
           Cause  nops  to be inserted if the read of the destination register of an mfhi or mflo
           instruction occurs in the following two instructions.

       -mdebug
       -no-mdebug
           Cause stabs-style debugging output to go into an ECOFF-style .mdebug  section  instead
           of the standard ELF .stabs sections.

       -mpdr
       -mno-pdr
           Control generation of ".pdr" sections.

       -mgp32
       -mfp32
           The register sizes are normally inferred from the ISA and ABI, but these flags force a
           certain group of registers to be treated  as  32  bits  wide  at  all  times.   -mgp32
           controls  the  size  of  general-purpose  registers  and  -mfp32  controls the size of
           floating-point registers.

       -mips16
       -no-mips16
           Generate code for the MIPS 16 processor.  This is equivalent to putting ".set  mips16"
           at the start of the assembly file.  -no-mips16 turns off this option.

       -mips3d
       -no-mips3d
           Generate  code  for  the  MIPS-3D  Application  Specific  Extension.   This  tells the
           assembler to accept MIPS-3D instructions.  -no-mips3d turns off this option.

       -mdmx
       -no-mdmx
           Generate code for the MDMX Application Specific Extension.  This tells  the  assembler
           to accept MDMX instructions.  -no-mdmx turns off this option.

       --construct-floats
       --no-construct-floats
           The  --no-construct-floats  option  disables the construction of double width floating
           point constants by loading the two halves of the  value  into  the  two  single  width
           floating  point  registers  that  make  up  the  double  width  register.   By default
           --construct-floats  is  selected,  allowing  construction  of  these  floating   point
           constants.

       --emulation=name
           This option causes as to emulate as configured for some other target, in all respects,
           including output format (choosing between ELF and ECOFF  only),  handling  of  pseudo-
           opcodes  which  may  generate debugging information or store symbol table information,
           and default endianness.  The available configuration names  are:  mipsecoff,  mipself,
           mipslecoff,  mipsbecoff,  mipslelf,  mipsbelf.  The first two do not alter the default
           endianness from that of the primary target for which the assembler was configured; the
           others  change  the default to little- or big-endian as indicated by the b or l in the
           name.  Using -EB or -EL will override the endianness selection in any case.

           This option is currently supported only when the primary target as is  configured  for
           is  a  MIPS  ELF or ECOFF target.  Furthermore, the primary target or others specified
           with --enable-targets=... at configuration time must include  support  for  the  other
           format,  if  both are to be available.  For example, the Irix 5 configuration includes
           support for both.

           Eventually, this option will  support  more  configurations,  with  more  fine-grained
           control over the assembler's behavior, and will be supported for more processors.

       -nocpp
           as ignores this option.  It is accepted for compatibility with the native tools.

       --trap
       --no-trap
       --break
       --no-break
           Control  how  to  deal  with  multiplication overflow and division by zero.  --trap or
           --no-break (which are synonyms) take a trap exception (and only work  for  Instruction
           Set  Architecture  level  2  and higher); --break or --no-trap (also synonyms, and the
           default) take a break exception.

       -n  When this option is used, as will issue a  warning  every  time  it  generates  a  nop
           instruction from a macro.

       The following options are available when as is configured for an MCore processor.

       -jsri2bsr
       -nojsri2bsr
           Enable  or  disable  the JSRI to BSR transformation.  By default this is enabled.  The
           command line option -nojsri2bsr can be used to disable it.

       -sifilter
       -nosifilter
           Enable or disable the silicon filter behaviour.  By default  this  is  disabled.   The
           default can be overridden by the -sifilter command line option.

       -relax
           Alter jump instructions for long displacements.

       -mcpu=[210⎪340]
           Select  the  cpu type on the target hardware.  This controls which instructions can be
           assembled.

       -EB Assemble for a big endian target.

       -EL Assemble for a little endian target.

       See the info pages for documentation of the MMIX-specific options.

       The following options are available when as is configured for an Xtensa processor.

       --text-section-literals  --no-text-section-literals
           With --text-section-literals, literal pools are interspersed in the text section.  The
           default  is --no-text-section-literals, which places literals in a separate section in
           the output file.  These options only affect literals referenced via PC-relative "L32R"
           instructions; literals for absolute mode "L32R" instructions are handled separately.

       --absolute-literals  --no-absolute-literals
           Indicate  to  the  assembler  whether  "L32R" instructions use absolute or PC-relative
           addressing.  The default is to assume absolute  addressing  if  the  Xtensa  processor
           includes  the  absolute  "L32R"  addressing  option.   Otherwise, only the PC-relative
           "L32R" mode can be used.

       --target-align  --no-target-align
           Enable or disable automatic alignment to reduce branch penalties  at  the  expense  of
           some code density.  The default is --target-align.

       --longcalls  --no-longcalls
           Enable  or disable transformation of call instructions to allow calls across a greater
           range of addresses.  The default is --no-longcalls.

       --transform  --no-transform
           Enable or disable all assembler transformations of Xtensa instructions.   The  default
           is  --transform;  --no-transform  should  be  used  only  in  the  rare cases when the
           instructions must be exactly as specified in the assembly source.

SEE ALSO

       gcc(1), ld(1), and the Info entries for binutils and ld.

COPYRIGHT

       Copyright (C) 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96,  97,  98,  99,  2000,  2001,  2002  Free  Software
       Foundation, Inc.

       Permission  is  granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of
       the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free
       Software  Foundation;  with  no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
       Back-Cover Texts.  A copy of the license is included in the section  entitled  ``GNU  Free
       Documentation License''.