Provided by: grass-doc_6.4.3-3_all 
NAME
r.cost - Creates a raster map showing the cumulative cost of moving between different
geographic locations on an input raster map whose cell category values represent cost.
KEYWORDS
raster, cost surface, cumulative costs
SYNOPSIS
r.cost
r.cost help
r.cost [-knrv] input=name output=name [outdir=string] [start_points=name]
[stop_points=name] [start_rast=name] [coordinate=x,y[,x,y,...]]
[stop_coordinate=x,y[,x,y,...]] [max_cost=cost] [null_cost=null cost]
[percent_memory=percent memory] [--overwrite] [--verbose] [--quiet]
Flags:
-k
Use the 'Knight's move'; slower, but more accurate
-n
Keep null values in output raster map
-r
Start with values in raster map
-v
Run verbosely
--overwrite
Allow output files to overwrite existing files
--verbose
Verbose module output
--quiet
Quiet module output
Parameters:
input=name
Name of raster map containing grid cell cost information
output=name
Name for output raster map
outdir=string
Name of output raster map to contain movement directions
start_points=name
Name of starting vector points map
stop_points=name
Name of stop vector points map
start_rast=name
Name of starting raster points map
coordinate=x,y[,x,y,...]
Map grid coordinates of a starting point (E,N)
stop_coordinate=x,y[,x,y,...]
Map grid coordinates of a stopping point (E,N)
max_cost=cost
Optional maximum cumulative cost
Default: 0
null_cost=null cost
Cost assigned to null cells. By default, null cells are excluded
percent_memory=percent memory
Percent of map to keep in memory
Default: 100
DESCRIPTION
r.cost determines the cumulative cost of moving to each cell on a cost surface (the input
raster map) from other user-specified cell(s) whose locations are specified by their
geographic coordinate(s). Each cell in the original cost surface map will contain a
category value which represents the cost of traversing that cell. r.cost will produce 1)
an output raster map in which each cell contains the lowest total cost of traversing the
space between each cell and the user-specified points (diagonal costs are multiplied by a
factor that depends on the dimensions of the cell) and 2) a second raster map layer
showing the movement direction to the next cell on the path back to the start point (see
Movement Direction). This program uses the current geographic region settings. The output
map will be of the same data format as the input map, integer or floating point.
OPTIONS
The input name is the name of a raster map whose category values represent the surface
cost. The output name is the name of the resultant raster map of cumulative cost. The
outdir name is the name of the resultant raster map of movement directions (see Movement
Direction).
r.cost can be run with three different methods of identifying the starting point(s). One
or more points (geographic coordinate pairs) can be provided as specified coordinates on
the command line, from a vector points file, or from a raster map. All non-NULL cells are
considered to be starting points. Each x,y coordinate pair gives the geographic location
of a point from which the transportation cost should be figured. As many points as desired
can be entered by the user. These starting points can also be read from a vector points
file through the start_points option or from a raster map through the start_rast option.
r.cost will stop cumulating costs when either max_cost is reached, or one of the stop
points given with stop_coordinates is reached. Alternatively, the stop points can be read
from a vector points file with the stop_points option. During execution, once the
cumulative cost to all stopping points has been determined, processing stops. Both sites
read from a vector points file and those given on the command line will be processed.
The null cells in the input map can be assigned a (positive floating point) cost with the
null_cost option.
When input map null cells are given a cost with the null_cost option, the corresponding
cells in the output map are no longer null cells. By using the -n flag, the null cells of
the input map are retained as null cells in the output map.
As r.cost can run for a very long time, it can be useful to use the -v verbose flag to
track progress.
The Knight's move (-k flag) may be used to improve the accuracy of the output. In the
diagram below, the center location (O) represents a grid cell from which cumulative
distances are calculated. Those neighbors marked with an X are always considered for
cumulative cost updates. With the -k option, the neighbors marked with a K are also
considered.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . K . . K . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . K . X . X . X . K . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . X . O . X . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . K . X . X . X . K . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . K . . K . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Knight's move example:
| Flat cost surface without (left pane) and with the knight's move (right pane). The
default is to grow the cost outwards in 8 directions. Using the knight's move grows it
outwards in 16 directions.
NULL CELLS
By default null cells in the input raster map are excluded from the algorithm, and thus
retained in the output map.
If one wants r.cost to transparently cross any region of null cells, the null_cost=0.0
option should be used. Then null cells just propagate the adjacent costs. These cells can
be retained as null cells in the output map by using the -n flag.
NOTES
Sometimes, when the differences among integer cell category values in the r.cost
cumulative cost surface output are small, this cumulative cost output cannot accurately be
used as input to r.drain (r.drain will output bad results). This problem can be
circumvented by making the differences between cell category values in the cumulative cost
output bigger. It is recommended that, if the output from r.cost is to be used as input to
r.drain, the user multiply the input cost surface map to r.cost by the value of the map's
cell resolution, before running r.cost. This can be done using r.mapcalc. The map
resolution can be found using g.region. This problem doesn't arise with floating point
maps.
Algorithm notes
The fundamental approach to calculating minimum travel cost is as follows:
The user generates a raster map indicating the cost of traversing each cell in the north-
south and east-west directions. This map, along with a set of starting points are
submitted to r.cost. The starting points are put into a list cells from which costs to the
adjacent cells are to be calculated. The cell on the list with the lowest cumulative cost
is selected for computing costs to the neighboring cells. Costs are computed and those
cells are put on the list and the originating cell is finalized. This process of selecting
the lowest cumulative cost cell, computing costs to the neighbors, putting the neighbors
on the list and removing the originating cell from the list continues until the list is
empty.
The most time consuming aspect of this algorithm is the management of the list of cells
for which cumulative costs have been at least initially computed. r.cost uses a binary
tree with an linked list at each node in the tree for efficiently holding cells with
identical cumulative costs.
r.cost, like most all GRASS raster programs, is also made to be run on maps larger that
can fit in available computer memory. As the algorithm works through the dynamic list of
cells it can move almost randomly around the entire area. r.cost divides the entire area
into a number of pieces and swaps these pieces in and out of memory (to and from disk) as
needed. This provides a virtual memory approach optimally designed for 2-D raster maps.
The amount of map to hold in memory at one time can be controlled with the percent_memory
option. For large maps this value will have to be set to a lower value.
EXAMPLES
Consider the following example:
Input:
COST SURFACE
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 2 . 2 . 1 . 1 . 5 . 5 . 5 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 2 . 2 . 8 . 8 . 5 . 2 . 1 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 7 . 1 . 1 . 8 . 2 . 2 . 2 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 8 . 7 . 8 . 8 . 8 . 8 . 5 .
. . . . . . . . . . _____ . .
. 8 . 8 . 1 . 1 . 5 | 3 | 9 .
. . . . . . . . . . |___| . .
. 8 . 1 . 1 . 2 . 5 . 3 . 9 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Output (using -k): Output (not using -k):
CUMULATIVE COST SURFACE CUMULATIVE COST SURFACE
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * . . . . . .
. 21. 21. 20. 19. 17. 15. 14. . 22. 21* 21* 20* 17. 15. 14.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * . . . . . .
. 20. 19. 22. 19. 15. 12. 11. . 20. 19. 22* 20* 15. 12. 11.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * . . . .
. 22. 18. 17. 17. 12. 11. 9. . 22. 18. 17* 18* 13* 11. 9.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * . . . .
. 21. 14. 13. 12. 8. 6. 6. . 21. 14. 13. 12. 8. 6. 6.
. . . . . . . . . . _____. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 16. 13. 8. 7. 4 | 0 | 6. . 16. 13. 8. 7 . 4. 0. 6.
. . . . . . . . . . |___|. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 14. 9. 8. 9. 6. 3. 8. . 14. 9. 8. 9 . 6. 3. 8.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The user-provided ending location in the above example is the boxed 3 in the above input
map. The costs in the output map represent the total cost of moving from each box ("cell")
to one or more (here, only one) starting location(s). Cells surrounded by asterisks are
those that are different between operations using and not using the Knight's move (-k)
option.
Output analysis
The output map can be viewed, for example, as an elevation model in which the starting
location(s) is/are the lowest point(s). Outputs from r.cost can be used as inputs to
r.drain with the direction flag -d, in order to trace the least-cost path given by this
model between any given cell and the r.cost starting location(s). The two programs, when
used together, generate least-cost paths or corridors between any two map locations
(cells).
Shortest distance surfaces
The r.cost module allows for computing the shortest distance of each pixel from raster
lines, such as determining the shortest distances of households to the nearby road. For
this cost surfaces with cost value 1 are used. The calculation is done with r.cost as
follows (example for Spearfish region):
g.region rast=roads -p
r.mapcalc "area.one=1"
r.cost -k input=area.one output=distance start_rast=roads
d.rast distance
d.rast.num distance
#transform to metric distance from cell distance using the raster resolution:
r.mapcalc "dist_meters=distance * (ewres()+nsres())/2."
d.rast dist_meters
Movement Direction
The movement direction surface is created to record the sequence of movements that created
the cost accumulation surface. Without it r.drain would not correctly create a path from
an end point back to the start point. The direction shown in each cell points away from
the cell that came before it. The directions are recorded as
112.5 90 67.5 i.e. a cell with the value 135
157.5 135 0 45 22.5 means the cell before it is
180 x 0 to the south-east.
202.5 225 270 315 337.5
247.5 292.5
Once r.cost computes the cumulative cost map, r.drain can be used to find the minimum cost
path. Make sure to use the -d flag and the movement direction raster map when running
r.drain to ensure the path is computed according to the proper movement directions.
BUGS
The percentage done calculation reported in verbose mode is often not linear and ends well
before 100%. This does not affect output.
SEE ALSO
r.drain, r.walk, r.in.ascii, r.mapcalc, r.out.ascii
AUTHOR
Antony Awaida,
Intelligent Engineering
Systems Laboratory,
M.I.T.
James Westervelt,
U.S.Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory
Updated for Grass 5
Pierre de Mouveaux (pmx@audiovu.com)
Last changed: $Date: 2013-03-26 14:18:02 -0700 (Tue, 26 Mar 2013) $
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