Provided by: libbio-perl-perl_1.6.923-1_all bug

NAME

       Bio::Restriction::EnzymeI - Interface class for restriction endonuclease

SYNOPSIS

         # do not run this class directly

DESCRIPTION

       This module defines methods for a single restriction endonuclease.  For an implementation,
       see Bio::Restriction::Enzyme.

FEEDBACK

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AUTHOR

       Heikki Lehvaslaiho, heikki-at-bioperl-dot-org

CONTRIBUTORS

       Rob Edwards, redwards@utmem.edu

SEE ALSO

       Bio::Restriction::Enzyme

APPENDIX

       Methods beginning with a leading underscore are considered private and are intended for
       internal use by this module. They are not considered part of the public interface and are
       described here for documentation purposes only.

Essential methods

   name
        Title    : name
        Usage    : $re->name($newval)
        Function : Gets/Sets the restriction enzyme name
        Example  : $re->name('EcoRI')
        Returns  : value of name
        Args     : newvalue (optional)

       This will also clean up the name. I have added this because some people get confused about
       restriction enzyme names.  The name should be One upper case letter, and two lower case
       letters (because it is derived from the organism name, eg.  EcoRI is from E. coli). After
       that it is all confused, but the numbers should be roman numbers not numbers, therefore
       we'll correct those. At least this will provide some standard, I hope.

   site
        Title     : site
        Usage     : $re->site();
        Function  : Gets/sets the recognition sequence for the enzyme.
        Example   : $seq_string = $re->site();
        Returns   : String containing recognition sequence indicating
                  : cleavage site as in  'G^AATTC'.
        Argument  : n/a
        Throws    : n/a

       Side effect: the sequence is always converted to upper case.

       The cut site can also be set by using methods cut and complementary_cut.

       This will pad out missing sequence with N's. For example the enzyme Acc36I cuts at
       ACCTGC(4/8). This will be returned as ACCTGCNNNN^

       Note that the common notation ACCTGC(4/8) means that the forward strand cut is four
       nucleotides after the END of the recognition site. The forward cut() in the coordinates
       used here in Acc36I ACCTGC(4/8) is at 6+4 i.e. 10.

       ** This is the main setable method for the recognition site.

   revcom_site
        Title     : revcom_site
        Usage     : $re->revcom_site();
        Function  : Gets/sets the complementary recognition sequence for the enzyme.
        Example   : $seq_string = $re->revcom_site();
        Returns   : String containing recognition sequence indicating
                  : cleavage site as in  'G^AATTC'.
        Argument  : Sequence of the site
        Throws    : n/a

       This is the same as site, except it returns the revcom site. For palindromic enzymes these
       two are identical. For non-palindromic enzymes they are not!

       See also site above.

   cut
        Title     : cut
        Usage     : $num = $re->cut(1);
        Function  : Sets/gets an integer indicating the position of cleavage
                    relative to the 5' end of the recognition sequence in the
                    forward strand.

                    For type II enzymes, sets the symmetrically positioned
                    reverse strand cut site by calling complementary_cut().

        Returns   : Integer, 0 if not set
        Argument  : an integer for the forward strand cut site (optional)

       Note that the common notation ACCTGC(4/8) means that the forward strand cut is four
       nucleotides after the END of the recognition site. The forwad cut in the coordinates used
       here in Acc36I ACCTGC(4/8) is at 6+4 i.e. 10.

       Note that REBASE uses notation where cuts within symmetic sites are marked by '^' within
       the forward sequence but if the site is asymmetric the parenthesis syntax is used where
       numbering ALWAYS starts from last nucleotide in the forward strand. That's why AciI has a
       site usually written as CCGC(-3/-1) actualy cuts in

         C^C G C
         G G C^G

       In our notation, these locations are 1 and 3.

       The cuts locations in the notation used are relative to the first (non-N) nucleotide of
       the reported forward strand of the recognition sequence. The following diagram numbers the
       phosphodiester bonds (marked by + ) which can be cut by the restriction enzymes:

                                  1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8  ...
            N + N + N + N + N + G + A + C + T + G + G + N + N + N
         ... -5  -4  -3  -2  -1

   complementary_cut
        Title     : complementary_cut
        Usage     : $num = $re->complementary_cut('1');
        Function  : Sets/Gets an integer indicating the position of cleavage
                  : on the reverse strand of the restriction site.
        Returns   : Integer
        Argument  : An integer (optional)
        Throws    : Exception if argument is non-numeric.

       This method determines the cut on the reverse strand of the sequence.  For most enzymes
       this will be within the sequence, and will be set automatically based on the forward
       strand cut, but it need not be.

       Note that the returned location indicates the location AFTER the first non-N site
       nucleotide in the FORWARD strand.

Read only (usually) recognition site descriptive methods

   type
        Title     : type
        Usage     : $re->type();
        Function  : Get/set the restriction system type
        Returns   :
        Argument  : optional type: ('I'|II|III)

       Restriction enzymes have been catezorized into three types. Some REBASE formats give the
       type, but the following rules can be used to classify the known enzymes:

       1.  Bipartite site (with 6-8 Ns in the middle and the cut site is > 50 nt away) => type I

       2.  Site length < 3  => type I

       3.  5-6 asymmetric site and cuts >20 nt away => type III

       4.  All other  => type II

       There are some enzymes in REBASE which have bipartite recognition site and cat far from
       the site but are still classified as type I. I've no idea if this is really so.

   seq
        Title     : seq
        Usage     : $re->seq();
        Function  : Get the Bio::PrimarySeq.pm object representing
                  : the recognition sequence
        Returns   : A Bio::PrimarySeq object representing the
                    enzyme recognition site
        Argument  : n/a
        Throws    : n/a

   string
        Title     : string
        Usage     : $re->string();
        Function  : Get a string representing the recognition sequence.
        Returns   : String. Does NOT contain a  '^' representing the cut location
                    as returned by the site() method.
        Argument  : n/a
        Throws    : n/a

   revcom
        Title     : revcom
        Usage     : $re->revcom();
        Function  : Get a string representing the reverse complement of
                  : the recognition sequence.
        Returns   : String
        Argument  : n/a
        Throws    : n/a

   recognition_length
        Title     : recognition_length
        Usage     : $re->recognition_length();
        Function  : Get the length of the RECOGNITION sequence.
                    This is the total recognition sequence,
                    inluding the ambiguous codes.
        Returns   : An integer
        Argument  : Nothing

       See also: non_ambiguous_length

   non_ambiguous_length
        Title     : non_ambiguous_length
        Usage     : $re->non_ambiguous_length();
        Function  : Get the nonambiguous length of the RECOGNITION sequence.
                    This is the total recognition sequence,
                    excluding the ambiguous codes.
        Returns   : An integer
        Argument  : Nothing

       See also: non_ambiguous_length

   cutter
        Title    : cutter
        Usage    : $re->cutter
        Function : Returns the "cutter" value of the recognition site.

                   This is a value relative to site length and lack of
                   ambiguity codes. Hence: 'RCATGY' is a five (5) cutter site
                   and 'CCTNAGG' a six cutter

                   This measure correlates to the frequency of the enzyme
                   cuts much better than plain recognition site length.

        Example  : $re->cutter
        Returns  : integer or float number
        Args     : none

       Why is this better than just stripping the ambiguous codes? Think about it like this: You
       have a random sequence; all nucleotides are equally probable. You have a four nucleotide
       re site. The probability of that site finding a match is one out of 4^4 or 256, meaning
       that on average a four cutter finds a match every 256 nucleotides. For a six cutter, the
       average fragment length is 4^6 or 4096. In the case of ambiguity codes the chances are
       finding the match are better: an R (A|T) has 1/2 chance of finding a match in a random
       sequence. Therefore, for RGCGCY the probability is one out of (2*4*4*4*4*2) which exactly
       the same as for a five cutter! Cutter, although it can have non-integer values turns out
       to be a useful and simple measure.

       From bug 2178: VHDB are ambiguity symbols that match three different nucleotides, so they
       contribute less to the effective recognition sequence length than e.g. Y which matches
       only two nucleotides. A symbol which matches n of the 4 nucleotides has an effective
       length of 1 - log(n) / log(4).

   is_palindromic
        Title     : is_palindromic
        Usage     : $re->is_palindromic();
        Function  : Determines if the recognition sequence is palindromic
                  : for the current restriction enzyme.
        Returns   : Boolean
        Argument  : n/a
        Throws    : n/a

       A palindromic site (EcoRI):

         5-GAATTC-3
         3-CTTAAG-5

   overhang
        Title     : overhang
        Usage     : $re->overhang();
        Function  : Determines the overhang of the restriction enzyme
        Returns   : "5'", "3'", "blunt" of undef
        Argument  : n/a
        Throws    : n/a

       A blunt site in SmaI returns "blunt"

         5' C C C^G G G 3'
         3' G G G^C C C 5'

       A 5' overhang in EcoRI returns "5'"

         5' G^A A T T C 3'
         3' C T T A A^G 5'

       A 3' overhang in KpnI returns "3'"

         5' G G T A C^C 3'
         3' C^C A T G G 5'

   overhang_seq
        Title     : overhang_seq
        Usage     : $re->overhang_seq();
        Function  : Determines the overhang sequence of the restriction enzyme
        Returns   : a Bio::LocatableSeq
        Argument  : n/a
        Throws    : n/a

       I do not think it is necessary to create a seq object of these. (Heikki)

       Note: returns empty string for blunt sequences and undef for ones that we don't know.
       Compare these:

       A blunt site in SmaI returns empty string

         5' C C C^G G G 3'
         3' G G G^C C C 5'

       A 5' overhang in EcoRI returns "AATT"

         5' G^A A T T C 3'
         3' C T T A A^G 5'

       A 3' overhang in KpnI returns "GTAC"

         5' G G T A C^C 3'
         3' C^C A T G G 5'

       Note that you need to use method overhang to decide whether it is a 5' or 3' overhang!!!

       Note: The overhang stuff does not work if the site is asymmetric! Rethink!

   compatible_ends
        Title     : compatible_ends
        Usage     : $re->compatible_ends($re2);
        Function  : Determines if the two restriction enzyme cut sites
                     have compatible ends.
        Returns   : 0 if not, 1 if only one pair ends match, 2 if both ends.
        Argument  : a Bio::Restriction::Enzyme
        Throws    : unless the argument is a Bio::Resriction::Enzyme and
                    if there are Ns in the ovarhangs

       In case of type II enzymes which which cut symmetrically, this function can be considered
       to return a boolean value.

   is_ambiguous
        Title     : is_ambiguous
        Usage     : $re->is_ambiguous();
        Function  : Determines if the restriction enzyme contains ambiguous sequences
        Returns   : Boolean
        Argument  : n/a
        Throws    : n/a

   Additional methods from Rebase
   is_prototype
        Title    : is_prototype
        Usage    : $re->is_prototype
        Function : Get/Set method for finding out if this enzyme is a prototype
        Example  : $re->is_prototype(1)
        Returns  : Boolean
        Args     : none

       Prototype enzymes are the most commonly available and usually first enzymes discoverd that
       have the same recognition site. Using only prototype enzymes in restriciton analysis
       avoids redundacy and speeds things up.

   prototype_name
        Title    : prototype_name
        Usage    : $re->prototype_name
        Function : Get/Set method for the name of prototype for
                   this enzyme's recognition site
        Example  : $re->prototype_name(1)
        Returns  : prototype enzyme name string or an empty string
        Args     : optional prototype enzyme name string

       If the enzyme itself is the protype, its own name is returned.  Not to confuse the
       negative result with an unset value, use method is_prototype.

       This method is called prototype_name rather than prototype, because it returns a string
       rather than on object.

   isoschizomers
        Title     : isoschizomers
        Usage     : $re->isoschizomers(@list);
        Function  : Gets/Sets a list of known isoschizomers (enzymes that
                    recognize the same site, but don't necessarily cut at
                    the same position).
        Arguments : A reference to an array that contains the isoschizomers
        Returns   : A reference to an array of the known isoschizomers or 0
                    if not defined.

       Added for compatibility to REBASE

   purge_isoschizomers
        Title     : purge_isoschizomers
        Usage     : $re->purge_isoschizomers();
        Function  : Purges the set of isoschizomers for this enzyme
        Arguments :
        Returns   : 1

   methylation_sites
        Title     : methylation_sites
        Usage     : $re->methylation_sites(\%sites);
        Function  : Gets/Sets known methylation sites (positions on the sequence
                    that get modified to promote or prevent cleavage).
        Arguments : A reference to a hash that contains the methylation sites
        Returns   : A reference to a hash of the methylation sites or
                    an empty string if not defined.

       There are three types of methylation sites:

       ·  (6) = N6-methyladenosine

       ·  (5) = 5-methylcytosine

       ·  (4) = N4-methylcytosine

       These are stored as 6, 5, and 4 respectively.  The hash has the sequence position as the
       key and the type of methylation as the value.  A negative number in the sequence position
       indicates that the DNA is methylated on the complementary strand.

       Note that in REBASE, the methylation positions are given Added for compatibility to
       REBASE.

   purge_methylation_sites
        Title     : purge_methylation_sites
        Usage     : $re->purge_methylation_sites();
        Function  : Purges the set of methylation_sites for this enzyme
        Arguments :
        Returns   :

   microbe
        Title     : microbe
        Usage     : $re->microbe($microbe);
        Function  : Gets/Sets microorganism where the restriction enzyme was found
        Arguments : A scalar containing the microbes name
        Returns   : A scalar containing the microbes name or 0 if not defined

       Added for compatibility to REBASE

   source
        Title     : source
        Usage     : $re->source('Rob Edwards');
        Function  : Gets/Sets the person who provided the enzyme
        Arguments : A scalar containing the persons name
        Returns   : A scalar containing the persons name or 0 if not defined

       Added for compatibility to REBASE

   vendors
        Title     : vendors
        Usage     : $re->vendor(@list_of_companies);
        Function  : Gets/Sets the a list of companies that you can get the enzyme from.
                    Also sets the commercially_available boolean
        Arguments : A reference to an array containing the names of companies
                    that you can get the enzyme from
        Returns   : A reference to an array containing the names of companies
                    that you can get the enzyme from

       Added for compatibility to REBASE

   purge_vendors
        Title     : purge_vendors
        Usage     : $re->purge_references();
        Function  : Purges the set of references for this enzyme
        Arguments :
        Returns   :

   vendor
        Title     : vendor
        Usage     : $re->vendor(@list_of_companies);
        Function  : Gets/Sets the a list of companies that you can get the enzyme from.
                    Also sets the commercially_available boolean
        Arguments : A reference to an array containing the names of companies
                    that you can get the enzyme from
        Returns   : A reference to an array containing the names of companies
                    that you can get the enzyme from

       Added for compatibility to REBASE

   references
        Title     : references
        Usage     : $re->references(string);
        Function  : Gets/Sets the references for this enzyme
        Arguments : an array of string reference(s) (optional)
        Returns   : an array of references

       Use purge_references to reset the list of references

       This should be a Bio::Biblio or Bio::Annotation::Reference object, but its not (yet)

   purge_references
        Title     : purge_references
        Usage     : $re->purge_references();
        Function  : Purges the set of references for this enzyme
        Arguments :
        Returns   : 1

   clone
        Title     : clone
        Usage     : $re->clone
        Function  : Deep copy of the object
        Arguments : -
        Returns   : new Bio::Restriction::EnzymeI object

       This works as long as the object is a clean in-memory object using scalars, arrays and
       hashes. You have been warned.

       If you have module Storable, it is used, otherwise local code is used.  Todo: local code
       cuts circular references.