Provided by: tcl8.6-doc_8.6.1-4ubuntu1_all 
NAME
msgcat - Tcl message catalog
SYNOPSIS
package require Tcl 8.5
package require msgcat 1.5
::msgcat::mc src-string ?arg arg ...?
::msgcat::mcmax ?src-string src-string ...?
::msgcat::mclocale ?newLocale?
::msgcat::mcpreferences
::msgcat::mcload dirname
::msgcat::mcset locale src-string ?translate-string?
::msgcat::mcmset locale src-trans-list
::msgcat::mcflset src-string ?translate-string? │
::msgcat::mcflmset src-trans-list
::msgcat::mcunknown locale src-string ?arg arg ...?
_________________________________________________________________
DESCRIPTION
The msgcat package provides a set of functions that can be used to manage multi-lingual
user interfaces. Text strings are defined in a “message catalog” which is independent
from the application, and which can be edited or localized without modifying the
application source code. New languages or locales are provided by adding a new file to
the message catalog.
Use of the message catalog is optional by any application or package, but is encouraged if
the application or package wishes to be enabled for multi-lingual applications.
COMMANDS
::msgcat::mc src-string ?arg arg ...?
Returns a translation of src-string according to the user's current locale. If
additional arguments past src-string are given, the format command is used to
substitute the additional arguments in the translation of src-string.
::msgcat::mc will search the messages defined in the current namespace for a
translation of src-string; if none is found, it will search in the parent of the
current namespace, and so on until it reaches the global namespace. If no
translation string exists, ::msgcat::mcunknown is called and the string returned
from ::msgcat::mcunknown is returned.
::msgcat::mc is the main function used to localize an application. Instead of
using an English string directly, an application can pass the English string
through ::msgcat::mc and use the result. If an application is written for a single
language in this fashion, then it is easy to add support for additional languages
later simply by defining new message catalog entries.
::msgcat::mcmax ?src-string src-string ...?
Given several source strings, ::msgcat::mcmax returns the length of the longest
translated string. This is useful when designing localized GUIs, which may require
that all buttons, for example, be a fixed width (which will be the width of the
widest button).
::msgcat::mclocale ?newLocale?
This function sets the locale to newLocale. If newLocale is omitted, the current
locale is returned, otherwise the current locale is set to newLocale. msgcat
stores and compares the locale in a case-insensitive manner, and returns locales in
lowercase. The initial locale is determined by the locale specified in the user's
environment. See LOCALE SPECIFICATION below for a description of the locale string
format.
::msgcat::mcpreferences
Returns an ordered list of the locales preferred by the user, based on the user's
language specification. The list is ordered from most specific to least
preference. The list is derived from the current locale set in msgcat by
::msgcat::mclocale, and cannot be set independently. For example, if the current
locale is en_US_funky, then ::msgcat::mcpreferences returns {en_US_funky en_US en
{}}.
::msgcat::mcload dirname
Searches the specified directory for files that match the language specifications
returned by ::msgcat::mcpreferences (note that these are all lowercase), extended
by the file extension “.msg”. Each matching file is read in order, assuming a
UTF-8 encoding. The file contents are then evaluated as a Tcl script. This means
that Unicode characters may be present in the message file either directly in their
UTF-8 encoded form, or by use of the backslash-u quoting recognized by Tcl
evaluation. The number of message files which matched the specification and were
loaded is returned.
::msgcat::mcset locale src-string ?translate-string?
Sets the translation for src-string to translate-string in the specified locale and
the current namespace. If translate-string is not specified, src-string is used
for both. The function returns translate-string.
::msgcat::mcmset locale src-trans-list
Sets the translation for multiple source strings in src-trans-list in the specified
locale and the current namespace. src-trans-list must have an even number of
elements and is in the form {src-string translate-string ?src-string translate-
string ...?} ::msgcat::mcmset can be significantly faster than multiple invocations
of ::msgcat::mcset. The function returns the number of translations set.
::msgcat::mcflset src-string ?translate-string?
Sets the translation for src-string to translate-string in the current namespace │
for the locale implied by the name of the message catalog being loaded via │
::msgcat::mcload. If translate-string is not specified, src-string is used for │
both. The function returns translate-string.
::msgcat::mcflmset src-trans-list
Sets the translation for multiple source strings in src-trans-list in the current │
namespace for the locale implied by the name of the message catalog being loaded │
via ::msgcat::mcload. src-trans-list must have an even number of elements and is in │
the form {src-string translate-string ?src-string translate-string ...?} │
::msgcat::mcflmset can be significantly faster than multiple invocations of │
::msgcat::mcflset. The function returns the number of translations set.
::msgcat::mcunknown locale src-string ?arg arg ...?
This routine is called by ::msgcat::mc in the case when a translation for src-
string is not defined in the current locale. The default action is to return src-
string passed by format if there are any arguments. This procedure can be
redefined by the application, for example to log error messages for each unknown
string. The ::msgcat::mcunknown procedure is invoked at the same stack context as
the call to ::msgcat::mc. The return value of ::msgcat::mcunknown is used as the
return value for the call to ::msgcat::mc.
LOCALE SPECIFICATION
The locale is specified to msgcat by a locale string passed to ::msgcat::mclocale. The
locale string consists of a language code, an optional country code, and an optional
system-specific code, each separated by “_”. The country and language codes are specified
in standards ISO-639 and ISO-3166. For example, the locale “en” specifies English and
“en_US” specifies U.S. English.
When the msgcat package is first loaded, the locale is initialized according to the user's
environment. The variables env(LC_ALL), env(LC_MESSAGES), and env(LANG) are examined in
order. The first of them to have a non-empty value is used to determine the initial
locale. The value is parsed according to the XPG4 pattern
language[_country][.codeset][@modifier]
to extract its parts. The initial locale is then set by calling ::msgcat::mclocale with
the argument
language[_country][_modifier]
On Windows and Cygwin, if none of those environment variables is set, msgcat will attempt
to extract locale information from the registry. From Windows Vista on, the RFC4747
locale name "lang-script-country-options" is transformed to the locale as
"lang_country_script" (Example: sr-Latn-CS -> sr_cs_latin). For Windows XP, the language
id is transformed analoguously (Example: 0c1a -> sr_yu_cyrillic). If all these attempts
to discover an initial locale from the user's environment fail, msgcat defaults to an
initial locale of “C”.
When a locale is specified by the user, a “best match” search is performed during string
translation. For example, if a user specifies en_GB_Funky, the locales “en_GB_Funky”,
“en_GB”, “en” and (the empty string) are searched in order until a matching translation
string is found. If no translation string is available, then ::msgcat::mcunknown is
called.
NAMESPACES AND MESSAGE CATALOGS
Strings stored in the message catalog are stored relative to the namespace from which they
were added. This allows multiple packages to use the same strings without fear of
collisions with other packages. It also allows the source string to be shorter and less
prone to typographical error.
For example, executing the code
::msgcat::mcset en hello "hello from ::"
namespace eval foo {
::msgcat::mcset en hello "hello from ::foo"
}
puts [::msgcat::mc hello]
namespace eval foo {puts [::msgcat::mc hello]}
will print
hello from ::
hello from ::foo
When searching for a translation of a message, the message catalog will search first the
current namespace, then the parent of the current namespace, and so on until the global
namespace is reached. This allows child namespaces to “inherit” messages from their
parent namespace.
For example, executing (in the “en” locale) the code
::msgcat::mcset en m1 ":: message1"
::msgcat::mcset en m2 ":: message2"
::msgcat::mcset en m3 ":: message3"
namespace eval ::foo {
::msgcat::mcset en m2 "::foo message2"
::msgcat::mcset en m3 "::foo message3"
}
namespace eval ::foo::bar {
::msgcat::mcset en m3 "::foo::bar message3"
}
namespace import ::msgcat::mc
puts "[mc m1]; [mc m2]; [mc m3]"
namespace eval ::foo {puts "[mc m1]; [mc m2]; [mc m3]"}
namespace eval ::foo::bar {puts "[mc m1]; [mc m2]; [mc m3]"}
will print
:: message1; :: message2; :: message3
:: message1; ::foo message2; ::foo message3
:: message1; ::foo message2; ::foo::bar message3
LOCATION AND FORMAT OF MESSAGE FILES
Message files can be located in any directory, subject to the following conditions:
[1] All message files for a package are in the same directory.
[2] The message file name is a msgcat locale specifier (all lowercase) followed by
“.msg”. For example:
es.msg — spanish
en_gb.msg — United Kingdom English
Exception: The message file for the root locale is called “ROOT.msg”. This exception is
made so as not to cause peculiar behavior, such as marking the message file as “hidden” on
Unix file systems.
[3] The file contains a series of calls to mcflset and mcflmset, setting the necessary
translation strings for the language, likely enclosed in a namespace eval so that
all source strings are tied to the namespace of the package. For example, a short
es.msg might contain:
namespace eval ::mypackage {
::msgcat::mcflset "Free Beer!" "Cerveza Gracias!"
}
RECOMMENDED MESSAGE SETUP FOR PACKAGES
If a package is installed into a subdirectory of the tcl_pkgPath and loaded via package
require, the following procedure is recommended.
[1] During package installation, create a subdirectory msgs under your package
directory.
[2] Copy your *.msg files into that directory.
[3] Add the following command to your package initialization script:
# load language files, stored in msgs subdirectory
::msgcat::mcload [file join [file dirname [info script]] msgs]
POSITIONAL CODES FOR FORMAT AND SCAN COMMANDS
It is possible that a message string used as an argument to format might have positionally
dependent parameters that might need to be repositioned. For example, it might be
syntactically desirable to rearrange the sentence structure while translating.
format "We produced %d units in location %s" $num $city
format "In location %s we produced %d units" $city $num
This can be handled by using the positional parameters:
format "We produced %1\$d units in location %2\$s" $num $city
format "In location %2\$s we produced %1\$d units" $num $city
Similarly, positional parameters can be used with scan to extract values from
internationalized strings. Note that it is not necessary to pass the output of
::msgcat::mc to format directly; by passing the values to substitute in as arguments, the
formatting substitution is done directly.
msgcat::mc {Produced %1$d at %2$s} $num $city
# ... where that key is mapped to one of the
# human-oriented versions by msgcat::mcset
CREDITS
The message catalog code was developed by Mark Harrison.
SEE ALSO
format(3tcl), scan(3tcl), namespace(3tcl), package(3tcl)
KEYWORDS
internationalization, i18n, localization, l10n, message, text, translation