Provided by: dnsmasq-base_2.68-1ubuntu0.2_amd64 bug

NAME

       dnsmasq - A lightweight DHCP and caching DNS server.

SYNOPSIS

       dnsmasq [OPTION]...

DESCRIPTION

       dnsmasq  is  a  lightweight  DNS,  TFTP,  PXE, router advertisement and DHCP server. It is
       intended to provide coupled DNS and DHCP service to a LAN.

       Dnsmasq accepts DNS queries and either answers them from a small, local, cache or forwards
       them  to  a real, recursive, DNS server. It loads the contents of /etc/hosts so that local
       hostnames which do not appear in the global DNS can  be  resolved  and  also  answers  DNS
       queries for DHCP configured hosts. It can also act as the authoritative DNS server for one
       or more domains, allowing local names to appear in the global DNS.

       The dnsmasq DHCP server supports static address  assignments  and  multiple  networks.  It
       automatically  sends a sensible default set of DHCP options, and can be configured to send
       any desired set of DHCP options, including  vendor-encapsulated  options.  It  includes  a
       secure,  read-only,  TFTP  server  to  allow  net/PXE boot of DHCP hosts and also supports
       BOOTP. The PXE support is full featured, and includes a  proxy  mode  which  supplies  PXE
       information to clients whilst DHCP address allocation is done by another server.

       The  dnsmasq  DHCPv6 server provides the same set of features as the DHCPv4 server, and in
       addition, it includes router advertisements and a neat feature which  allows  nameing  for
       clients  which  use  DHCPv4  and  stateless autoconfiguration only for IPv6 configuration.
       There is support for doing address allocation (both DHCPv6 and RA) from subnets which  are
       dynamically delegated via DHCPv6 prefix delegation.

       Dnsmasq  is  coded  with small embedded systems in mind. It aims for the smallest possible
       memory footprint compatible with the supported functions,  and allows uneeded functions to
       be omitted from the compiled binary.

OPTIONS

       Note that in general missing parameters are allowed and switch off functions, for instance
       "--pid-file" disables writing a PID file. On BSD, unless the GNU getopt library is linked,
       the  long form of the options does not work on the command line; it is still recognised in
       the configuration file.

       --test Read and syntax check configuration file(s). Exit with code 0 if all is  OK,  or  a
              non-zero code otherwise. Do not start up dnsmasq.

       -h, --no-hosts
              Don't read the hostnames in /etc/hosts.

       -H, --addn-hosts=<file>
              Additional  hosts  file.  Read  the  specified file as well as /etc/hosts. If -h is
              given, read only the specified file. This option may be repeated for more than  one
              additional  hosts  file. If a directory is given, then read all the files contained
              in that directory.

       -E, --expand-hosts
              Add the domain to simple names (without a period) in /etc/hosts in the same way  as
              for  DHCP-derived  names.  Note that this does not apply to domain names in cnames,
              PTR records, TXT records etc.

       -T, --local-ttl=<time>
              When replying with information from /etc/hosts or the DHCP leases file  dnsmasq  by
              default  sets the time-to-live field to zero, meaning that the requester should not
              itself cache the information. This is  the  correct  thing  to  do  in  almost  all
              situations.  This  option  allows a time-to-live (in seconds) to be given for these
              replies. This will reduce the load on the server at the expense  of  clients  using
              stale data under some circumstances.

       --neg-ttl=<time>
              Negative replies from upstream servers normally contain time-to-live information in
              SOA records which dnsmasq uses for caching. If the replies  from  upstream  servers
              omit  this  information,  dnsmasq  does  not  cache  the reply. This option gives a
              default value for time-to-live (in seconds) which dnsmasq uses  to  cache  negative
              replies even in the absence of an SOA record.

       --max-ttl=<time>
              Set  a  maximum TTL value that will be handed out to clients. The specified maximum
              TTL will be given to clients instead of the true TTL value if it is lower. The true
              TTL value is however kept in the cache to avoid flooding the upstream DNS servers.

       --max-cache-ttl=<time>
              Set a maximum TTL value for entries in the cache.

       --auth-ttl=<time>
              Set the TTL value returned in answers from the authoritative server.

       -k, --keep-in-foreground
              Do  not  go  into  the  background  at startup but otherwise run as normal. This is
              intended for use when dnsmasq is run under daemontools or launchd.

       -d, --no-daemon
              Debug mode: don't fork to the background, don't write a pid file, don't change user
              id,  generate a complete cache dump on receipt on SIGUSR1, log to stderr as well as
              syslog, don't fork new processes to handle TCP queries. Note that  this  option  is
              for use in debugging only, to stop dnsmasq daemonising in production, use -k.

       -q, --log-queries
              Log  the  results  of  DNS  queries handled by dnsmasq. Enable a full cache dump on
              receipt of SIGUSR1.

       -8, --log-facility=<facility>
              Set the facility to which dnsmasq  will  send  syslog  entries,  this  defaults  to
              DAEMON,  and  to  LOCAL0  when  debug  mode  is in operation. If the facility given
              contains at least one '/' character, it is taken to be a filename, and dnsmasq logs
              to  the  given file, instead of syslog. If the facility is '-' then dnsmasq logs to
              stderr.  (Errors whilst reading configuration will still  go  to  syslog,  but  all
              output  from  a  successful  startup,  and  all  output  whilst  running,  will  go
              exclusively to the file.) When logging to a file, dnsmasq will close and reopen the
              file  when  it  receives  SIGUSR2.  This  allows the log file to be rotated without
              stopping dnsmasq.

       --log-async[=<lines>]
              Enable asynchronous logging and optionally set the limit on  the  number  of  lines
              which  will  be  queued by dnsmasq when writing to the syslog is slow.  Dnsmasq can
              log asynchronously: this allows it to continue functioning without being blocked by
              syslog,  and allows syslog to use dnsmasq for DNS queries without risking deadlock.
              If the queue of log-lines becomes full, dnsmasq will  log  the  overflow,  and  the
              number  of  messages   lost.  The  default queue length is 5, a sane value would be
              5-25, and a maximum limit of 100 is imposed.

       -x, --pid-file=<path>
              Specify an alternate path  for  dnsmasq  to  record  its  process-id  in.  Normally
              /var/run/dnsmasq.pid.

       -u, --user=<username>
              Specify  the  userid  to  which  dnsmasq  will  change  after startup. Dnsmasq must
              normally be started as root, but it will drop  root  privileges  after  startup  by
              changing  id  to another user. Normally this user is "nobody" but that can be over-
              ridden with this switch.

       -g, --group=<groupname>
              Specify the group which dnsmasq will run as. The defaults to "dip",  if  available,
              to facilitate access to /etc/ppp/resolv.conf which is not normally world readable.

       -v, --version
              Print the version number.

       -p, --port=<port>
              Listen  on  <port>  instead  of  the  standard  DNS port (53). Setting this to zero
              completely disables DNS function, leaving only DHCP and/or TFTP.

       -P, --edns-packet-max=<size>
              Specify the largest EDNS.0 UDP packet which is  supported  by  the  DNS  forwarder.
              Defaults to 4096, which is the RFC5625-recommended size.

       -Q, --query-port=<query_port>
              Send  outbound  DNS queries from, and listen for their replies on, the specific UDP
              port <query_port> instead of using random ports. NOTE that using this  option  will
              make  dnsmasq less secure against DNS spoofing attacks but it may be faster and use
              less resources.  Setting this option to  zero  makes  dnsmasq  use  a  single  port
              allocated  to  it  by  the  OS: this was the default behaviour in versions prior to
              2.43.

       --min-port=<port>
              Do not use ports less than that given as source for outbound DNS  queries.  Dnsmasq
              picks  random  ports as source for outbound queries: when this option is given, the
              ports used will always to larger than that specified.  Useful  for  systems  behind
              firewalls.

       -i, --interface=<interface name>
              Listen  only on the specified interface(s). Dnsmasq automatically adds the loopback
              (local) interface to the list of interfaces to use when the --interface option   is
              used.  If  no  --interface or --listen-address options are given dnsmasq listens on
              all available interfaces except any given in --except-interface options.  IP  alias
              interfaces  (eg  "eth1:0")  cannot  be  used with --interface or --except-interface
              options, use --listen-address instead. A simple wildcard, consisting of a  trailing
              '*', can be used in --interface and --except-interface options.

       -I, --except-interface=<interface name>
              Do  not  listen on the specified interface. Note that the order of --listen-address
              --interface and --except-interface options  does  not  matter  and  that  --except-
              interface options always override the others.

       --auth-server=<domain>,<interface>|<ip-address>
              Enable DNS authoritative mode for queries arriving at an interface or address. Note
              that the interface or address need not be mentioned  in  --interface  or  --listen-
              address  configuration,  indeed  --auth-server  will  overide  these  and provide a
              different DNS service on  the  specified  interface.  The  <domain>  is  the  "glue
              record". It should resolve in the global DNS to a A and/or AAAA record which points
              to the address dnsmasq is listening on. When an interface is specified, it  may  be
              qualified  with  "/4" or "/6" to specify only the IPv4 or IPv6 addresses associated
              with the interface.

       -2, --no-dhcp-interface=<interface name>
              Do not provide DHCP or TFTP on the specified interface, but do provide DNS service.

       -a, --listen-address=<ipaddr>
              Listen on the given IP address(es). Both --interface and  --listen-address  options
              may  be given, in which case the set of both interfaces and addresses is used. Note
              that if no --interface option is given, but --listen-address is, dnsmasq  will  not
              automatically  listen  on  the loopback interface. To achieve this, its IP address,
              127.0.0.1, must be explicitly given as a --listen-address option.

       -z, --bind-interfaces
              On systems which support it, dnsmasq binds the wildcard address, even  when  it  is
              listening  on  only  some  interfaces.  It then discards requests that it shouldn't
              reply to. This has the advantage of working even when interfaces come  and  go  and
              change address. This option forces dnsmasq to really bind only the interfaces it is
              listening on. About the only time when this  is  useful  is  when  running  another
              nameserver  (or  another  instance  of  dnsmasq)  on the same machine. Setting this
              option also enables multiple instances of dnsmasq which provide DHCP service to run
              in the same machine.

       --bind-dynamic
              Enable  a network mode which is a hybrid between --bind-interfaces and the default.
              Dnsmasq binds the address  of  individual  interfaces,  allowing  multiple  dnsmasq
              instances,  but  if new interfaces or addresses appear, it automatically listens on
              those (subject to any access-control configuration). This makes dynamically created
              interfaces  work  in the same way as the default. Implementing this option requires
              non-standard networking APIs and  it  is  only  available  under  Linux.  On  other
              platforms it falls-back to --bind-interfaces mode.

       -y, --localise-queries
              Return  answers  to  DNS queries from /etc/hosts which depend on the interface over
              which the query was received. If a name in /etc/hosts has  more  than  one  address
              associated  with  it,  and at least one of those addresses is on the same subnet as
              the interface to which the query was sent, then return only the address(es) on that
              subnet.  This  allows  for  a  server   to  have  multiple  addresses in /etc/hosts
              corresponding to each of its interfaces, and hosts will  get  the  correct  address
              based  on which network they are attached to. Currently this facility is limited to
              IPv4.

       -b, --bogus-priv
              Bogus private reverse lookups. All  reverse  lookups  for  private  IP  ranges  (ie
              192.168.x.x,  etc)  which  are  not found in /etc/hosts or the DHCP leases file are
              answered with "no such domain" rather than being forwarded upstream.

       -V, --alias=[<old-ip>]|[<start-ip>-<end-ip>],<new-ip>[,<mask>]
              Modify IPv4 addresses returned from upstream nameservers;  old-ip  is  replaced  by
              new-ip.  If  the  optional  mask is given then any address which matches the masked
              old-ip will be re-written. So, for  instance  --alias=1.2.3.0,6.7.8.0,255.255.255.0
              will  map  1.2.3.56  to  6.7.8.56  and 1.2.3.67 to 6.7.8.67. This is what Cisco PIX
              routers call "DNS doctoring". If the old IP is given as range, then only  addresses
              in    the    range,    rather   than   a   whole   subnet,   are   re-written.   So
              --alias=192.168.0.10-192.168.0.40,10.0.0.0,255.255.255.0                       maps
              192.168.0.10->192.168.0.40 to 10.0.0.10->10.0.0.40

       -B, --bogus-nxdomain=<ipaddr>
              Transform replies which contain the IP address given into "No such domain" replies.
              This is intended to counteract a devious move made by Verisign  in  September  2003
              when  they  started returning the address of an advertising web page in response to
              queries for unregistered names, instead of  the  correct  NXDOMAIN  response.  This
              option  tells  dnsmasq to fake the correct response when it sees this behaviour. As
              at Sept 2003 the IP address being returned by Verisign is 64.94.110.11

       -f, --filterwin2k
              Later versions of windows make periodic  DNS  requests  which  don't  get  sensible
              answers  from  the  public  DNS and can cause problems by triggering dial-on-demand
              links. This flag turns on an option to filter such requests. The  requests  blocked
              are  for  records  of  types SOA and SRV, and type ANY where the requested name has
              underscores, to catch LDAP requests.

       -r, --resolv-file=<file>
              Read the  IP  addresses  of  the  upstream  nameservers  from  <file>,  instead  of
              /etc/resolv.conf.  For  the format of this file see resolv.conf(5).  The only lines
              relevant to dnsmasq are nameserver ones. Dnsmasq can be told to poll more than  one
              resolv.conf  file, the first file name  specified overrides the default, subsequent
              ones add to the list. This  is  only  allowed  when  polling;  the  file  with  the
              currently latest modification time is the one used.

       -R, --no-resolv
              Don't read /etc/resolv.conf. Get upstream servers only from the command line or the
              dnsmasq configuration file.

       -1, --enable-dbus[=<service-name>]
              Allow dnsmasq configuration to be updated via DBus method calls. The  configuration
              which  can be changed is upstream DNS servers (and corresponding domains) and cache
              clear. Requires that dnsmasq has been built with DBus support. If the service  name
              is  given,  dnsmasq provides service at that name, rather than the default which is
              uk.org.thekelleys.dnsmasq

       -o, --strict-order
              By default, dnsmasq will send queries to any of the upstream servers it knows about
              and  tries  to  favour  servers  that  are known to be up. Setting this flag forces
              dnsmasq to try each query with each server strictly in the  order  they  appear  in
              /etc/resolv.conf

       --all-servers
              By  default, when dnsmasq has more than one upstream server available, it will send
              queries to just one server. Setting this flag forces dnsmasq to send all queries to
              all  available  servers.  The  reply  from  the  server which answers first will be
              returned to the original requester.

       --stop-dns-rebind
              Reject (and log) addresses from upstream nameservers which are in  the  private  IP
              ranges.  This  blocks  an attack where a browser behind a firewall is used to probe
              machines on the local network.

       --rebind-localhost-ok
              Exempt 127.0.0.0/8 from  rebinding  checks.  This  address  range  is  returned  by
              realtime black hole servers, so blocking it may disable these services.

       --rebind-domain-ok=[<domain>]|[[/<domain>/[<domain>/]
              Do not detect and block dns-rebind on queries to these domains. The argument may be
              either a single domain, or multiple domains surrounded by '/',  like  the  --server
              syntax, eg.  --rebind-domain-ok=/domain1/domain2/domain3/

       -n, --no-poll
              Don't poll /etc/resolv.conf for changes.

       --clear-on-reload
              Whenever  /etc/resolv.conf  is  re-read  or  the upstream servers are set via DBus,
              clear the DNS cache.  This is useful when new nameservers may have  different  data
              than that held in cache.

       -D, --domain-needed
              Tells  dnsmasq  to never forward A or AAAA queries for plain names, without dots or
              domain parts, to upstream nameservers. If the name is not known from /etc/hosts  or
              DHCP then a "not found" answer is returned.

       -S,          --local,         --server=[/[<domain>]/[domain/]][<ipaddr>[#<port>][@<source-
       ip>|<interface>[#<port>]]
              Specify IP address of  upstream  servers  directly.  Setting  this  flag  does  not
              suppress  reading  of  /etc/resolv.conf, use -R to do that. If one or more optional
              domains are given, that server is used only for those domains and they are  queried
              only  using  the specified server. This is intended for private nameservers: if you
              have  a  nameserver  on  your  network  which  deals  with  names   of   the   form
              xxx.internal.thekelleys.org.uk   at   192.168.1.1   then   giving    the   flag  -S
              /internal.thekelleys.org.uk/192.168.1.1 will send all queries for internal machines
              to  that nameserver, everything else will go to the servers in /etc/resolv.conf. An
              empty domain specification, // has the special meaning of "unqualified names  only"
              ie  names without any dots in them. A non-standard port may be specified as part of
              the IP address using a # character.   More  than  one  -S  flag  is  allowed,  with
              repeated domain or ipaddr parts as required.

              More   specific   domains   take   precendence  over  less  specific  domains,  so:
              --server=/google.com/1.2.3.4 --server=/www.google.com/2.3.4.5 will send queries for
              *.google.com to 1.2.3.4, except *www.google.com, which will go to 2.3.4.5

              The   special   server   address   '#'   means,  "use  the  standard  servers",  so
              --server=/google.com/1.2.3.4  --server=/www.google.com/#  will  send  queries   for
              *.google.com to 1.2.3.4, except *www.google.com which will be forwarded as usual.

              Also  permitted  is  a  -S  flag which gives a domain but no IP address; this tells
              dnsmasq that a domain is local and it may answer queries from  /etc/hosts  or  DHCP
              but  should never forward queries on that domain to any upstream servers.  local is
              a synonym for server to make configuration files clearer in this case.

              IPv6 addresses may include a %interface scope-id, eg fe80::202:a412:4512:7bbf%eth0.

              The optional string after the @ character tells dnsmasq how to set  the  source  of
              the  queries to this nameserver. It should be an ip-address, which should belong to
              the machine on which dnsmasq is running otherwise this server line will  be  logged
              and then ignored, or an interface name. If an interface name is given, then queries
              to the server will be forced via that interface; if an ip-address is given then the
              source  address of the queries will be set to that address.  The query-port flag is
              ignored for any servers which have a source address specified but the port  may  be
              specified  directly  as part of the source address. Forcing queries to an interface
              is not implemented on all platforms supported by dnsmasq.

       -A, --address=/<domain>/[domain/]<ipaddr>
              Specify an IP address to return for any host in the given domains.  Queries in  the
              domains  are  never  forwarded  and always replied to with the specified IP address
              which may be IPv4 or IPv6. To give both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses for a  domain,  use
              repeated  -A  flags.   Note  that  /etc/hosts  and  DHCP  leases  override this for
              individual names. A common use of this is to redirect  the  entire  doubleclick.net
              domain  to  some  friendly  local  web  server  to  avoid  banner  ads.  The domain
              specification works in the same was as for --server, with the  additional  facility
              that  /#/  matches any domain. Thus --address=/#/1.2.3.4 will always return 1.2.3.4
              for any query not answered from /etc/hosts or DHCP and  not  sent  to  an  upstream
              nameserver by a more specific --server directive.

       --ipset=/<domain>/[domain/]<ipset>[,<ipset>]
              Places  the  resolved  IP  addresses  of  queries  for the specified domains in the
              specified netfilter ip sets. Domains and subdomains are matched in the same way  as
              --address. These ip sets must already exist. See ipset(8) for more details.

       -m, --mx-host=<mx name>[[,<hostname>],<preference>]
              Return  an  MX record named <mx name> pointing to the given hostname (if given), or
              the host specified in the --mx-target switch or, if that switch is not  given,  the
              host  on  which  dnsmasq  is running. The default is useful for directing mail from
              systems on a LAN to a  central  server.  The  preference  value  is  optional,  and
              defaults to 1 if not given. More than one MX record may be given for a host.

       -t, --mx-target=<hostname>
              Specify  the  default  target for the MX record returned by dnsmasq. See --mx-host.
              If --mx-target is given, but not  --mx-host,  then  dnsmasq  returns  a  MX  record
              containing  the  MX  target  for MX queries on the hostname of the machine on which
              dnsmasq is running.

       -e, --selfmx
              Return an MX record pointing to itself for each local machine. Local  machines  are
              those in /etc/hosts or with DHCP leases.

       -L, --localmx
              Return  an  MX  record  pointing  to the host given by mx-target (or the machine on
              which dnsmasq is running) for each local  machine.  Local  machines  are  those  in
              /etc/hosts or with DHCP leases.

       -W, --srv-host=<_service>.<_prot>.[<domain>],[<target>[,<port>[,<priority>[,<weight>]]]]
              Return  a  SRV  DNS  record.  See  RFC2782 for details. If not supplied, the domain
              defaults to that given by --domain.  The default for the target  domain  is  empty,
              and  the default for port is one and the defaults for weight and priority are zero.
              Be careful if transposing data from BIND zone files: the port, weight and  priority
              numbers  are  in  a  different  order.  More  than  one  SRV  record  for  a  given
              service/domain is allowed, all that match are returned.

       --host-record=<name>[,<name>....][<IPv4-address>],[<IPv6-address>]
              Add A, AAAA and PTR records to the DNS. This adds one or more names to the DNS with
              associated  IPv4  (A)  and  IPv6 (AAAA) records. A name may appear in more than one
              host-record and therefore be assigned more than one address. Only the first address
              creates  a  PTR record linking the address to the name. This is the same rule as is
              used reading hosts-files.  host-record options are considered  to  be  read  before
              host-files, so a name appearing there inhibits PTR-record creation if it appears in
              hosts-file also. Unlike hosts-files, names are not expanded, even when expand-hosts
              is in effect. Short and long names may appear in the same host-record, eg.  --host-
              record=laptop,laptop.thekelleys.org,192.168.0.1,1234::100

       -Y, --txt-record=<name>[[,<text>],<text>]
              Return a TXT DNS record. The value of TXT record is  a  set  of  strings,  so   any
              number  may  be  included,  delimited  by  commas;  use quotes to put commas into a
              string. Note that the maximum length of a single string is 255  characters,  longer
              strings are split into 255 character chunks.

       --ptr-record=<name>[,<target>]
              Return a PTR DNS record.

       --naptr-record=<name>,<order>,<preference>,<flags>,<service>,<regexp>[,<replacement>]
              Return an NAPTR DNS record, as specified in RFC3403.

       --cname=<cname>,<target>
              Return  a  CNAME  record which indicates that <cname> is really <target>. There are
              significant limitations on the target; it must be a DNS  name  which  is  known  to
              dnsmasq  from  /etc/hosts (or additional hosts files), from DHCP, from --interface-
              name or from another --cname.  If the target does not satisfy  this  criteria,  the
              whole  cname  is  ignored.  The cname must be unique, but it is permissable to have
              more than one cname pointing to the same target.

       --dns-rr=<name>,<RR-number>,[<hex data>]
              Return an arbitrary DNS Resource Record. The number  is  the  type  of  the  record
              (which  is  always  in the C_IN class). The value of the record is given by the hex
              data, which may be of the form 01:23:45 or 01 23 45 or 012345  or  any  mixture  of
              these.

       --interface-name=<name>,<interface>[/4|/6]
              Return  a  DNS  record  associating  the name with the primary address on the given
              interface. This flag specifies an A or AAAA record for the given name in  the  same
              way  as an /etc/hosts line, except that the address is not constant, but taken from
              the given interface. The interface may be followed by "/4" or "/6" to specify  that
              only  IPv4  or  IPv6 addresses of the interface should be used. If the interface is
              down, not configured or non-existent, an empty record is returned. The matching PTR
              record  is  also  created, mapping the interface address to the name. More than one
              name may be associated with an interface address by repeating  the  flag;  in  that
              case the first instance is used for the reverse address-to-name mapping.

       --synth-domain=<domain>,<address range>[,<prefix>]
              Create  artificial A/AAAA and PTR records for an address range. The records use the
              address, with periods (or colons for IPv6) replaced with dashes.

              An       example       should       make       this       clearer.         --synth-
              domain=thekelleys.org.uk,192.168.0.0/24,internal-   will  result  in  a  query  for
              internal-192-168-0-56.thekelleys.org.uk returning 192.168.0.56 and a reverse  query
              vice  versa.  The  same applies to IPv6, but IPv6 addresses may start with '::' but
              DNS labels may not start with '-' so in this case if no prefix is configured a zero
              is added in front of the label. ::1 becomes 0--1.

              The   address   range  can  be  of  the  form  <ip  address>,<ip  address>  or  <ip
              address>/<netmask>

       --add-mac
              Add the MAC address of the requestor to DNS queries which are  forwarded  upstream.
              This  may be used to DNS filtering by the upstream server. The MAC address can only
              be added if the requestor is on the same subnet as the dnsmasq  server.  Note  that
              the  mechanism  used  to achieve this (an EDNS0 option) is not yet standardised, so
              this should be considered experimental. Also note that exposing  MAC  addresses  in
              this  way  may  have  security  and privacy implications. The warning about caching
              given for --add-subnet applies to --add-mac too.

       --add-subnet[[=<IPv4 prefix length>],<IPv6 prefix length>]
              Add the subnet address of the requestor to the  DNS  queries  which  are  forwarded
              upstream.  The  amount  of  the  address  forwarded  depends  on  the prefix length
              parameter: 32 (128 for IPv6) forwards the whole address, zero forwards none  of  it
              but  still marks the request so that no upstream nameserver will add client address
              information either. The default is zero for both IPv4 and IPv6. Note that  upstream
              nameservers   may   be  configured  to  return  different  results  based  on  this
              information, but the dnsmasq cache does not take account. If a dnsmasq instance  is
              configured  such  that  different  results  may  be  encountered, caching should be
              disabled.

       -c, --cache-size=<cachesize>
              Set the size of dnsmasq's cache. The default is 150 names. Setting the  cache  size
              to zero disables caching.

       -N, --no-negcache
              Disable  negative  caching.  Negative  caching  allows dnsmasq to remember "no such
              domain" answers from upstream nameservers  and  answer  identical  queries  without
              forwarding them again.

       -0, --dns-forward-max=<queries>
              Set  the  maximum number of concurrent DNS queries. The default value is 150, which
              should be fine for most setups. The only known situation where  this  needs  to  be
              increased  is  when  using  web-server log file resolvers, which can generate large
              numbers of concurrent queries.

       --proxy-dnssec
              A resolver on a client machine can do DNSSEC validation in two ways: it can perform
              the  cryptograhic  operations  on  the  reply  it  receives,  or it can rely on the
              upstream recursive nameserver to do the validation and set a bit in the reply if it
              succeeds.  Dnsmasq  is  not a DNSSEC validator, so it cannot perform the validation
              role of the recursive nameserver, but it can pass through  the  validation  results
              from  its  own upstream nameservers. This option enables this behaviour. You should
              only do this if you trust all the configured upstream nameservers and  the  network
              between  you  and  them.  If you use the first DNSSEC mode, validating resolvers in
              clients, this option is not required. Dnsmasq always returns all  the  data  needed
              for a client to do validation itself.

       --auth-zone=<domain>[,<subnet>[/<prefix length>][,<subnet>[/<prefix length>].....]]
              Define  a  DNS zone for which dnsmasq acts as authoritative server. Locally defined
              DNS records which are in the domain will be served. If subnet(s) are given,  A  and
              AAAA records must be in one of the specified subnets.

              As  alternative  to directly specifying the subnets, it's possible to give the name
              of an interface, in which case the subnets implied by that  interface's  configured
              addresses and netmask/prefix-length are used; this is useful when using constructed
              DHCP ranges as the actual  address  is  dynamic  and  not  known  when  configuring
              dnsmasq.  The  interface  addresses  may  be  confined to only IPv6 addresses using
              <interface>/6 or to only IPv4 using <interface>/4. This is useful when an interface
              has  dynamically  determined global IPv6 addresses which should appear in the zone,
              but RFC1918 IPv4 addresses which should not.   Interface-name  and  address-literal
              subnet specifications may be used freely in the same --auth-zone declaration.

              The  subnet(s) are also used to define in-addr.arpa and ipv6.arpa domains which are
              served for reverse-DNS queries. If not specified, the prefix length defaults to  24
              for  IPv4  and 64 for IPv6.  For IPv4 subnets, the prefix length should be have the
              value 8, 16 or 24 unless you are familiar with RFC 2317 and have arranged  the  in-
              addr.arpa  delegation  accordingly.  Note that if no subnets are specified, then no
              reverse queries are answered.

       --auth-soa=<serial>[,<hostmaster>[,<refresh>[,<retry>[,<expiry>]]]]
              Specify fields in the SOA record associated with  authoritative  zones.  Note  that
              this is optional, all the values are set to sane defaults.

       --auth-sec-servers=<domain>[,<domain>[,<domain>...]]
              Specify  any secondary servers for a zone for which dnsmasq is authoritative. These
              servers must be configured to get zone data from  dnsmasq  by  zone  transfer,  and
              answer queries for the same authoritative zones as dnsmasq.

       --auth-peer=<ip-address>[,<ip-address>[,<ip-address>...]]
              Specify  the  addresses  of  secondary  servers  which are allowed to initiate zone
              transfer (AXFR) requests for zones for which  dnsmasq  is  authoritative.  If  this
              option is not given, then AXFR requests will be accepted from any secondary.

       --conntrack
              Read  the  Linux connection track mark associated with incoming DNS queries and set
              the same mark value on upstream traffic used to answer those queries.  This  allows
              traffic  generated  by  dnsmasq  to  be associated with the queries which cause it,
              useful for bandwidth  accounting  and  firewalling.  Dnsmasq  must  have  conntrack
              support  compiled  in  and  the  kernel  must  have  conntrack support included and
              configured. This option cannot be combined with --query-port.

       -F,                   --dhcp-range=[tag:<tag>[,tag:<tag>],][set:<tag>,]<start-addr>[,<end-
       addr>][,<mode>][,<netmask>[,<broadcast>]][,<lease time>]

       -F,               --dhcp-range=[tag:<tag>[,tag:<tag>],][set:<tag>,]<start-IPv6addr>[,<end-
       IPv6addr>|constructor:<interface>][,<mode>][,<prefix-len>][,<lease time>]

              Enable the DHCP server. Addresses will be given out from the range <start-addr>  to
              <end-addr> and from statically defined addresses given in dhcp-host options. If the
              lease time is given, then leases will be given for that length of time.  The  lease
              time  is  in  seconds,  or  minutes (eg 45m) or hours (eg 1h) or "infinite". If not
              given, the default lease time is one hour. The minimum lease time is  two  minutes.
              For  IPv6  ranges,  the  lease  time  maybe  "deprecated";  this sets the preferred
              lifetime sent in a DHCP lease or router advertisement to zero, which causes clients
              to  use  other  addresses,  if  available,  for  new  connections  as  a prelude to
              renumbering.

              This option may be repeated, with different addresses, to enable  DHCP  service  to
              more  than  one network. For directly connected networks (ie, networks on which the
              machine running dnsmasq has an interface) the netmask  is  optional:  dnsmasq  will
              determine  it  from  the  interface  configuration. For networks which receive DHCP
              service via a relay agent, dnsmasq cannot  determine  the  netmask  itself,  so  it
              should be specified, otherwise dnsmasq will have to guess, based on the class (A, B
              or C) of the network address. The broadcast  address  is  always  optional.  It  is
              always allowed to have more than one dhcp-range in a single subnet.

              For  IPv6,  the parameters are slightly different: instead of netmask and broadcast
              address, there is an optional prefix length which must be equal to or  larger  then
              the prefix length on the local interface. If not given, this defaults to 64. Unlike
              the IPv4 case, the prefix length is not automatically derived  from  the  interface
              configuration. The mimimum size of the prefix length is 64.

              IPv6 (only) supports another type of range. In this, the start address and optional
              end address contain only the network  part  (ie  ::1)  and  they  are  followed  by
              constructor:<interface>.   This  forms  a  template  which  describes how to create
              ranges, based on the addresses assigned to the interface. For instance

              --dhcp-range=::1,::400,constructor:eth0

              will look for addresses on eth0 and  then  create  a  range  from  <network>::1  to
              <network>::400.  If  the  interface  is  assigned  more  than one network, then the
              corresponding ranges will be automatically created, and then deprecated and finally
              removed again as the address is deprecated and then deleted. The interface name may
              have a final "*" wildcard. Note that just any address on eth0 will not do: it  must
              not be an autoconfigured or privacy address, or be deprecated.

              If  a  dhcp-range  is  only  being  used  for stateless DHCP and/or SLAAC, then the
              address can be simply ::

              --dhcp-range=::,constructor:eth0

              The optional set:<tag> sets an alphanumeric label which marks this network so  that
              dhcp  options  may  be  specified on a per-network basis.  When it is prefixed with
              'tag:' instead, then its meaning changes from setting a tag to  matching  it.  Only
              one tag may be set, but more than one tag may be matched.

              The  optional  <mode>  keyword may be static which tells dnsmasq to enable DHCP for
              the network specified, but not to dynamically allocate  IP  addresses:  only  hosts
              which have static addresses given via dhcp-host or from /etc/ethers will be served.
              A static-only subnet with address all zeros may be used as a "catch-all" address to
              enable  replies  to  all  Information-request packets on a subnet which is provided
              with stateless DHCPv6, ie --dhcp=range=::,static

              For IPv4, the <mode> may be proxy in which case dnsmasq will provide proxy-DHCP  on
              the specified subnet. (See pxe-prompt and pxe-service for details.)

              For  IPv6,  the  mode  may  be  some  combination  of ra-only, slaac, ra-names, ra-
              stateless.

              ra-only tells dnsmasq to offer Router Advertisement only on this  subnet,  and  not
              DHCP.

              slaac  tells  dnsmasq to offer Router Advertisement on this subnet and to set the A
              bit in the router advertisement, so that the client will use SLAAC addresses.  When
              used  with  a  DHCP  range or static DHCP address this results in the client having
              both a DHCP-assigned and a SLAAC address.

              ra-stateless sends router advertisements with the O and A bits set, and provides  a
              stateless DHCP service. The client will use a SLAAC address, and use DHCP for other
              configuration information.

              ra-names enables a mode which gives DNS names to dual-stack hosts  which  do  SLAAC
              for  IPv6.  Dnsmasq  uses the host's IPv4 lease to derive the name, network segment
              and MAC address and assumes that the host will also have an IPv6 address calculated
              using  the SLAAC algorithm, on the same network segment. The address is pinged, and
              if a reply is received, an AAAA record is added to the DNS for this  IPv6  address.
              Note that this is only happens for directly-connected networks, (not one doing DHCP
              via a relay) and it will not work if a host is using privacy extensions.   ra-names
              can be combined  with ra-stateless and slaac.

       -G,                                                                                --dhcp-
       host=[<hwaddr>][,id:<client_id>|*][,set:<tag>][,<ipaddr>][,<hostname>][,<lease_time>][,ignore]
              Specify  per  host  parameters  for  the  DHCP server. This allows a machine with a
              particular hardware address to be always allocated the same  hostname,  IP  address
              and  lease  time. A hostname specified like this overrides any supplied by the DHCP
              client on the machine. It is also  allowable  to  omit  the  hardware  address  and
              include  the  hostname,  in which case the IP address and lease times will apply to
              any     machine     claiming     that      name.      For      example      --dhcp-
              host=00:20:e0:3b:13:af,wap,infinite tells dnsmasq to give the machine with hardware
              address 00:20:e0:3b:13:af the name  wap,  and  an  infinite  DHCP  lease.   --dhcp-
              host=lap,192.168.0.199  tells  dnsmasq  to  always  allocate the machine lap the IP
              address 192.168.0.199.

              Addresses allocated like this are not constrained to be in the range given  by  the
              --dhcp-range  option, but they must be in the same subnet as some valid dhcp-range.
              For subnets which don't need a pool of dynamically  allocated  addresses,  use  the
              "static" keyword in the dhcp-range declaration.

              It  is  allowed  to  use client identifiers (called client DUID in IPv6-land rather
              than hardware addresses to identify hosts by prefixing with  'id:'.  Thus:  --dhcp-
              host=id:01:02:03:04,.....   refers  to the host with client identifier 01:02:03:04.
              It is  also  allowed  to  specify  the  client  ID  as  text,  like  this:  --dhcp-
              host=id:clientidastext,.....

              A  single  dhcp-host  may contain an IPv4 address or an IPv6 address, or both. IPv6
              addresses must be bracketed by square brackets thus:  --dhcp-host=laptop,[1234::56]
              IPv6 addresses may contain only the host-identifier part: --dhcp-host=laptop,[::56]
              in which  case  they  act  as  wildcards  in  constructed  dhcp  ranges,  with  the
              appropriate  network  part  inserted.  Note that in IPv6 DHCP, the hardware address
              may not be available, though  it  normally  is  for  direct-connected  clients,  or
              clients using DHCP relays which support RFC 6939.

              For  DHCPv4,  the   special  option  id:*  means  "ignore any client-id and use MAC
              addresses only." This is useful when a client presents a  client-id  sometimes  but
              not others.

              If  a name appears in /etc/hosts, the associated address can be allocated to a DHCP
              lease, but only if a --dhcp-host option specifying the name also exists.  Only  one
              hostname  can  be  given  in  a dhcp-host option, but aliases are possible by using
              CNAMEs. (See --cname ).

              The special keyword "ignore" tells dnsmasq  to  never  offer  a  DHCP  lease  to  a
              machine.  The  machine can be specified by hardware address, client ID or hostname,
              for instance --dhcp-host=00:20:e0:3b:13:af,ignore This  is  useful  when  there  is
              another DHCP server on the network which should be used by some machines.

              The  set:<tag>  construct sets the tag whenever this dhcp-host directive is in use.
              This can be used to selectively send DHCP options just for this host. More than one
              tag  can be set in a dhcp-host directive (but not in other places where "set:<tag>"
              is allowed). When a host  matches  any  dhcp-host  directive  (or  one  implied  by
              /etc/ethers)  then  the  special  tag  "known"  is  set.  This allows dnsmasq to be
              configured to ignore requests from unknown machines using  --dhcp-ignore=tag:!known
              Ethernet  addresses  (but  not  client-ids) may have wildcard bytes, so for example
              --dhcp-host=00:20:e0:3b:13:*,ignore  will  cause  dnsmasq  to  ignore  a  range  of
              hardware  addresses.  Note  that  the  "*"  will  need to be escaped or quoted on a
              command line, but not in the configuration file.

              Hardware addresses normally match any network (ARP) type, but  it  is  possible  to
              restrict them to a single ARP type by preceding them with the ARP-type (in HEX) and
              "-". so  --dhcp-host=06-00:20:e0:3b:13:af,1.2.3.4  will  only  match  a  Token-Ring
              hardware address, since the ARP-address type for token ring is 6.

              As  a  special  case,  in  DHCPv4, it is possible to include more than one hardware
              address.   eg:   --dhcp-host=11:22:33:44:55:66,12:34:56:78:90:12,192.168.0.2   This
              allows  an  IP address to be associated with multiple hardware addresses, and gives
              dnsmasq permission to abandon a DHCP lease to one of the  hardware  addresses  when
              another  one asks for a lease. Beware that this is a dangerous thing to do, it will
              only work reliably if only one of the hardware addresses is active at any time  and
              there  is  no  way  for  dnsmasq  to  enforce  this. It is, for instance, useful to
              allocate a stable IP address  to  a  laptop  which  has  both  wired  and  wireless
              interfaces.

       --dhcp-hostsfile=<path>
              Read  DHCP  host information from the specified file. If a directory is given, then
              read all the files contained in that directory. The file contains information about
              one  host per line. The format of a line is the same as text to the right of '=' in
              --dhcp-host. The advantage of storing DHCP host information in this file is that it
              can  be  changed without re-starting dnsmasq: the file will be re-read when dnsmasq
              receives SIGHUP.

       --dhcp-optsfile=<path>
              Read DHCP option information from the specified file.  If  a  directory  is  given,
              then  read  all  the files contained in that directory. The advantage of using this
              option is the same as for --dhcp-hostsfile: the dhcp-optsfile will be re-read  when
              dnsmasq  receives  SIGHUP.  Note that it is possible to encode the information in a
              --dhcp-boot flag as DHCP options, using the options names bootfile-name, server-ip-
              address and tftp-server. This allows these to be included in a dhcp-optsfile.

       -Z, --read-ethers
              Read  /etc/ethers  for  information  about hosts for the DHCP server. The format of
              /etc/ethers is a hardware address, followed by either a hostname or dotted-quad  IP
              address.  When  read by dnsmasq these lines have exactly the same effect as --dhcp-
              host options containing the same information. /etc/ethers is re-read  when  dnsmasq
              receives SIGHUP. IPv6 addresses are NOT read from /etc/ethers.

       -O,                               --dhcp-option=[tag:<tag>,[tag:<tag>,]][encap:<opt>,][vi-
       encap:<enterprise>,][vendor:[<vendor-class>],][<opt>|option:<opt-
       name>|option6:<opt>|option6:<opt-name>],[<value>[,<value>]]
              Specify  different or extra options to DHCP clients. By default, dnsmasq sends some
              standard options to DHCP clients, the netmask and broadcast address are set to  the
              same  as  the host running dnsmasq, and the DNS server and default route are set to
              the address of the machine running dnsmasq. (Equivalent rules apply for  IPv6.)  If
              the domain name option has been set, that is sent.  This configuration allows these
              defaults to be overridden, or other options specified. The option, to be  sent  may
              be  given  as  a decimal number or as "option:<option-name>" The option numbers are
              specified in RFC2132 and subsequent RFCs. The set of option-names known by  dnsmasq
              can  be  discovered  by  running  "dnsmasq  --help  dhcp".  For example, to set the
              default route option to  192.168.4.4,  do  --dhcp-option=3,192.168.4.4  or  --dhcp-
              option  =  option:router,  192.168.4.4  and  to  set  the  time-server  address  to
              192.168.0.4, do --dhcp-option  =  42,192.168.0.4  or  --dhcp-option  =  option:ntp-
              server,  192.168.0.4  The  special address 0.0.0.0 (or [::] for DHCPv6) is taken to
              mean "the address of the machine running dnsmasq". Data  types  allowed  are  comma
              separated  dotted-quad  IP  addresses, a decimal number, colon-separated hex digits
              and a text string. If the optional tags are given then this  option  is  only  sent
              when all the tags are matched.

              Special  processing  is done on a text argument for option 119, to conform with RFC
              3397. Text or dotted-quad IP addresses as arguments to option 120  are  handled  as
              per  RFC  3361.  Dotted-quad  IP addresses which are followed by a slash and then a
              netmask size are encoded as described in RFC 3442.

              IPv6 options are specified using the  option6:  keyword,  followed  by  the  option
              number  or option name. The IPv6 option name space is disjoint from the IPv4 option
              name space. IPv6 addresses in options must be bracketed with square  brackets,  eg.
              --dhcp-option=option6:ntp-server,[1234::56]

              Be careful: no checking is done that the correct type of data for the option number
              is sent, it is quite possible to persuade dnsmasq to generate illegal DHCP  packets
              with injudicious use of this flag. When the value is a decimal number, dnsmasq must
              determine how large the data item is. It does this by examining the  option  number
              and/or  the  value,  but  can  be  overridden  by appending a single letter flag as
              follows: b = one byte, s = two bytes, i = four bytes. This is  mainly  useful  with
              encapsulated  vendor  class options (see below) where dnsmasq cannot determine data
              size from the  option number. Option data which  consists  solely  of  periods  and
              digits will be interpreted by dnsmasq as an IP address, and inserted into an option
              as such. To force a literal string, use quotes. For instance when using  option  66
              to  send  a  literal  IP address as TFTP server name, it is necessary to do --dhcp-
              option=66,"1.2.3.4"

              Encapsulated Vendor-class options may also be specified (IPv4 only)  using  --dhcp-
              option:    for    instance   --dhcp-option=vendor:PXEClient,1,0.0.0.0   sends   the
              encapsulated vendor class-specific  option  "mftp-address=0.0.0.0"  to  any  client
              whose  vendor-class  matches  "PXEClient".  The  vendor-class matching is substring
              based (see --dhcp-vendorclass for details). If a vendor-class option (number 60) is
              sent by dnsmasq, then that is used for selecting encapsulated options in preference
              to any sent by the client. It is  possible  to  omit  the  vendorclass  completely;
              --dhcp-option=vendor:,1,0.0.0.0  in  which  case  the encapsulated option is always
              sent.

              Options may be encapsulated (IPv4 only) within other options: for instance  --dhcp-
              option=encap:175,  190,  iscsi-client0  will  send  option 175, within which is the
              option 190. If multiple options are given which  are  encapsulated  with  the  same
              option  number  then  they will be correctly combined into one encapsulated option.
              encap: and vendor: are may not both be set in the same dhcp-option.

              The final variant on encapsulated options is "Vendor-Identifying Vendor Options" as
              specified  by  RFC3925.  These are denoted like this: --dhcp-option=vi-encap:2, 10,
              text The number in the vi-encap: section is the  IANA  enterprise  number  used  to
              identify this option. This form of encapsulation is supported in IPv6.

              The address 0.0.0.0 is not treated specially in encapsulated options.

       --dhcp-option-force=[tag:<tag>,[tag:<tag>,]][encap:<opt>,][vi-
       encap:<enterprise>,][vendor:[<vendor-class>],]<opt>,[<value>[,<value>]]
              This works in exactly the same way as --dhcp-option except  that  the  option  will
              always  be  sent,  even  if the client does not ask for it in the parameter request
              list. This is sometimes needed, for example when sending options to PXELinux.

       --dhcp-no-override
              (IPv4 only) Disable re-use of the DHCP servername  and  filename  fields  as  extra
              option  space.  If  it  can, dnsmasq moves the boot server and filename information
              (from dhcp-boot) out of their dedicated fields into DHCP options. This  make  extra
              space  available  in  the  DHCP  packet for options but can, rarely, confuse old or
              broken clients. This flag forces "simple and safe" behaviour to avoid  problems  in
              such a case.

       --dhcp-relay=<local address>,<server address>[,<interface]
              Configure dnsmasq to do DHCP relay. The local address is an address allocated to an
              interface on the host running dnsmasq. All DHCP requests arriving on that interface
              will  we  relayed  to a remote DHCP server at the server address. It is possible to
              relay from a single local address to multiple  remote  servers  by  using  multiple
              dhcp-relay  configs  with  the same local address and different server addresses. A
              server address must be an IP literal address, not a domain name.  In  the  case  of
              DHCPv6,  the server address may be the ALL_SERVERS multicast address, ff05::1:3. In
              this case the interface must be given, not be wildcard, and is used to  direct  the
              multicast to the correct interface to reach the DHCP server.

              Access  control  for  DHCP  clients  has the same rules as for the DHCP server, see
              --interface, --except-interface, etc. The optional interface name in the dhcp-relay
              config  has  a different function: it controls on which interface DHCP replies from
              the server will be accepted. This is intended for configurations which  have  three
              interfaces:  one  being  relayed  from,  a second connecting the DHCP server, and a
              third untrusted network, typically the wider internet. It avoids the possibility of
              spoof replies arriving via this third interface.

              It  is  allowed  to  have dnsmasq act as a DHCP server on one set of interfaces and
              relay from a disjoint set of interfaces. Note that whilst it is quite  possible  to
              write  configurations  which  appear  to  act  as  a server and a relay on the same
              interface, this is not supported: the relay function will take precedence.

              Both DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 relay is supported. It's not possible to relay DHCPv4  to  a
              DHCPv6 server or vice-versa.

       -U, --dhcp-vendorclass=set:<tag>,[enterprise:<IANA-enterprise number>,]<vendor-class>
              Map from a vendor-class string to a tag. Most DHCP clients provide a "vendor class"
              which represents, in some sense, the type of host. This option maps vendor  classes
              to  tags, so that DHCP options may be selectively delivered to different classes of
              hosts. For  example  dhcp-vendorclass=set:printers,Hewlett-Packard  JetDirect  will
              allow   options   to   be   set   only   for   HP   printers   like   so:   --dhcp-
              option=tag:printers,3,192.168.4.4 The  vendor-class  string  is  substring  matched
              against  the vendor-class supplied by the client, to allow fuzzy matching. The set:
              prefix is optional but allowed for consistency.

              Note that in  IPv6  only,  vendorclasses  are  namespaced  with  an  IANA-allocated
              enterprise  number.  This is given with enterprise: keyword and specifies that only
              vendorclasses matching the specified number should be searched.

       -j, --dhcp-userclass=set:<tag>,<user-class>
              Map from a user-class string  to  a  tag  (with  substring  matching,  like  vendor
              classes).  Most  DHCP  clients  provide  a "user class" which is configurable. This
              option maps user classes to tags, so that DHCP options may be selectively delivered
              to  different  classes  of hosts. It is possible, for instance to use this to set a
              different printer server for hosts in the class "accounts" than for  hosts  in  the
              class "engineering".

       -4, --dhcp-mac=set:<tag>,<MAC address>
              Map from a MAC address to a tag. The MAC address may include wildcards. For example
              --dhcp-mac=set:3com,01:34:23:*:*:* will set the tag "3com" for any host  whose  MAC
              address matches the pattern.

       --dhcp-circuitid=set:<tag>,<circuit-id>, --dhcp-remoteid=set:<tag>,<remote-id>
              Map  from  RFC3046  relay  agent options to tags. This data may be provided by DHCP
              relay agents. The circuit-id or remote-id is normally given as colon-separated hex,
              but  is  also  allowed to be a simple string. If an exact match is achieved between
              the circuit or agent ID and one provided by a relay agent, the tag is set.

              dhcp-remoteid (but not dhcp-circuitid) is supported in IPv6.

       --dhcp-subscrid=set:<tag>,<subscriber-id>
              (IPv4 and IPv6) Map from RFC3993 subscriber-id relay agent options to tags.

       --dhcp-proxy[=<ip addr>]......
              (IPv4 only) A normal DHCP relay agent is only used to forward the initial parts  of
              a DHCP interaction to the DHCP server. Once a client is configured, it communicates
              directly with the server. This is undesirable if the relay agent  is  adding  extra
              information  to  the  DHCP  packets,  such as that used by dhcp-circuitid and dhcp-
              remoteid.  A full relay implementation  can  use  the  RFC  5107  serverid-override
              option  to force the DHCP server to use the relay as a full proxy, with all packets
              passing through it. This flag provides an alternative  method  of  doing  the  same
              thing,  for  relays  which  don't support RFC 5107. Given alone, it manipulates the
              server-id for all interactions via relays. If a list of IP addresses is given, only
              interactions via relays at those addresses are affected.

       --dhcp-match=set:<tag>,<option               number>|option:<option              name>|vi-
       encap:<enterprise>[,<value>]
              Without a value, set the tag if the client sends a DHCP option of the given  number
              or  name. When a value is given, set the tag only if the option is sent and matches
              the value. The value may be of the form "01:ff:*:02" in which case the  value  must
              match  (apart  from wildcards) but the option sent may have unmatched data past the
              end of the value. The value may also be of the same form as in dhcp-option in which
              case the option sent is treated as an array, and one element must match, so

              --dhcp-match=set:efi-ia32,option:client-arch,6

              will  set  the  tag  "efi-ia32"  if  the  the  number  6  appears  in  the  list of
              architectures sent by the client in option 93. (See RFC 4578 for details.)  If  the
              value is a string, substring matching is used.

              The   special  form  with  vi-encap:<enterprise  number>  matches  against  vendor-
              identifying vendor classes for the specified enterprise. Please see  RFC  3925  for
              more details of these rare and interesting beasts.

       --tag-if=set:<tag>[,set:<tag>[,tag:<tag>[,tag:<tag>]]]
              Perform  boolean  operations  on tags. Any tag appearing as set:<tag> is set if all
              the tags which appear as tag:<tag> are set, (or unset when tag:!<tag> is  used)  If
              no  tag:<tag>  appears  set:<tag> tags are set unconditionally.  Any number of set:
              and tag: forms may appear, in any order.  Tag-if lines ares executed in  order,  so
              if the tag in tag:<tag> is a tag set by another tag-if, the line which sets the tag
              must precede the one which tests it.

       -J, --dhcp-ignore=tag:<tag>[,tag:<tag>]
              When all the given tags appear in the tag set ignore the host and do  not  allocate
              it a DHCP lease.

       --dhcp-ignore-names[=tag:<tag>[,tag:<tag>]]
              When  all the given tags appear in the tag set, ignore any hostname provided by the
              host. Note that, unlike dhcp-ignore, it is permissible to supply no tags, in  which
              case DHCP-client supplied hostnames are always ignored, and DHCP hosts are added to
              the DNS  using  only  dhcp-host  configuration  in  dnsmasq  and  the  contents  of
              /etc/hosts and /etc/ethers.

       --dhcp-generate-names=tag:<tag>[,tag:<tag>]
              (IPv4 only) Generate a name for DHCP clients which do not otherwise have one, using
              the MAC address expressed in hex, separated by dashes. Note that if a host provides
              a name, it will be used by preference to this, unless --dhcp-ignore-names is set.

       --dhcp-broadcast[=tag:<tag>[,tag:<tag>]]
              (IPv4  only) When all the given tags appear in the tag set, always use broadcast to
              communicate with the host when it is unconfigured. It is permissible to  supply  no
              tags,  in  which case this is unconditional. Most DHCP clients which need broadcast
              replies set a flag in their requests so that this happens automatically,  some  old
              BOOTP clients do not.

       -M, --dhcp-boot=[tag:<tag>,]<filename>,[<servername>[,<server address>|<tftp_servername>]]
              (IPv4  only)  Set  BOOTP options to be returned by the DHCP server. Server name and
              address are optional: if not provided, the name is left empty, and the address  set
              to  the  address  of  the  machine  running dnsmasq. If dnsmasq is providing a TFTP
              service (see --enable-tftp ) then only the filename  is  required  here  to  enable
              network  booting.   If  the  optional  tag(s)  are  given, they must match for this
              configuration to be sent.  Instead of an IP address, the TFTP server address can be
              given  as  a  domain  name  which  is  looked  up  in  /etc/hosts. This name can be
              associated in /etc/hosts with multiple IP addresses, which  are  used  round-robin.
              This facility can be used to load balance the tftp load among a set of servers.

       --dhcp-sequential-ip
              Dnsmasq  is  designed  to  choose IP addresses for DHCP clients using a hash of the
              client's MAC address. This normally allows a  client's  address  to  remain  stable
              long-term,  even  if the client  sometimes allows its DHCP lease to expire. In this
              default mode IP addresses are distributed pseudo-randomly over the entire available
              address  range.  There  are  sometimes  circumstances (typically server deployment)
              where it is more convenient to have IP addresses allocated  sequentially,  starting
              from  the  lowest  available address, and setting this flag enables this mode. Note
              that in the sequential mode, clients which allow a lease to expire  are  much  more
              likely to move IP address; for this reason it should not be generally used.

       --pxe-service=[tag:<tag>,]<CSA>,<menu        text>[,<basename>|<bootservicetype>][,<server
       address>|<server_name>]
              Most uses of PXE boot-ROMS simply allow the PXE system to obtain an IP address  and
              then  download  the  file  specified  by  dhcp-boot and execute it. However the PXE
              system is capable of more complex functions  when  supported  by  a  suitable  DHCP
              server.

              This  specifies  a boot option which may appear in a PXE boot menu. <CSA> is client
              system type, only services of the correct type will appear in  a  menu.  The  known
              types  are  x86PC,  PC98,  IA64_EFI,  Alpha,  Arc_x86, Intel_Lean_Client, IA32_EFI,
              BC_EFI, Xscale_EFI and X86-64_EFI; an integer may be  used  for  other  types.  The
              parameter  after  the menu text may be a file name, in which case dnsmasq acts as a
              boot server and directs the PXE client to download the file by  TFTP,  either  from
              itself  (  enable-tftp  must be set for this to work) or another TFTP server if the
              final server address/name is given.  Note that the "layer" suffix  (normally  ".0")
              is  supplied  by  PXE,  and should not be added to the basename. If an integer boot
              service type, rather than a basename is given, then the PXE client will search  for
              a  suitable  boot  service for that type on the network. This search may be done by
              broadcast, or direct to a server if its IP address/name is provided.   If  no  boot
              service  type  or  filename  is provided (or a boot service type of 0 is specified)
              then the menu entry will abort the net boot procedure  and  continue  booting  from
              local media. The server address can be given as a domain name which is looked up in
              /etc/hosts. This name can be associated in /etc/hosts with multiple  IP  addresses,
              which are used round-robin.

       --pxe-prompt=[tag:<tag>,]<prompt>[,<timeout>]
              Setting  this  provides  a prompt to be displayed after PXE boot. If the timeout is
              given then after the  timeout  has  elapsed  with  no  keyboard  input,  the  first
              available  menu  option will be automatically executed. If the timeout is zero then
              the first available menu item  will  be  executed  immediately.  If  pxe-prompt  is
              omitted  the  system  will  wait  for user input if there are multiple items in the
              menu, but boot immediately if there is only one. See  pxe-service  for  details  of
              menu items.

              Dnsmasq  supports PXE "proxy-DHCP", in this case another DHCP server on the network
              is responsible for  allocating  IP  addresses,  and  dnsmasq  simply  provides  the
              information  given  in pxe-prompt and pxe-service to allow netbooting. This mode is
              enabled using the proxy keyword in dhcp-range.

       -X, --dhcp-lease-max=<number>
              Limits dnsmasq to the specified maximum number of DHCP leases. The default is 1000.
              This  limit  is  to prevent DoS attacks from hosts which create thousands of leases
              and use lots of memory in the dnsmasq process.

       -K, --dhcp-authoritative
              Should be set when dnsmasq is definitely the only DHCP server on  a  network.   For
              DHCPv4,  it  changes the behaviour from strict RFC compliance so that DHCP requests
              on unknown leases from unknown hosts are not ignored. This allows new hosts to  get
              a  lease  without a tedious timeout under all circumstances. It also allows dnsmasq
              to rebuild its lease database without each client needing to reacquire a lease,  if
              the  database  is  lost.  For  DHCPv6  it  sets the priority in replies to 255 (the
              maximum) instead of 0 (the minimum).

       --dhcp-alternate-port[=<server port>[,<client port>]]
              (IPv4 only) Change the ports used for DHCP from the  default.  If  this  option  is
              given  alone,  without arguments, it changes the ports used for DHCP from 67 and 68
              to 1067 and 1068. If a single argument is given, that port number is used  for  the
              server  and the port number plus one used for the client. Finally, two port numbers
              allows arbitrary specification of both server and client ports for DHCP.

       -3, --bootp-dynamic[=<network-id>[,<network-id>]]
              (IPv4 only) Enable dynamic allocation of IP addresses to BOOTP  clients.  Use  this
              with  care,  since  each address allocated to a BOOTP client is leased forever, and
              therefore becomes permanently unavailable for re-use by other  hosts.  if  this  is
              given  without tags, then it unconditionally enables dynamic allocation. With tags,
              only when the tags are all set. It may be repeated with different tag sets.

       -5, --no-ping
              (IPv4 only) By default, the DHCP server will attempt to ensure that an  address  in
              not  in  use  before  allocating it to a host. It does this by sending an ICMP echo
              request (aka "ping") to the address in question. If  it  gets  a  reply,  then  the
              address  must  already  be  in  use,  and another is tried. This flag disables this
              check. Use with caution.

       --log-dhcp
              Extra logging for DHCP: log all the options sent to DHCP clients and the tags  used
              to determine them.

       --quiet-dhcp, --quiet-dhcp6, --quiet-ra
              Suppress  logging  of the routine operation of these protocols. Errors and problems
              will still be logged. --quiet-dhcp and quiet-dhcp6 are over-ridden by --log-dhcp.

       -l, --dhcp-leasefile=<path>
              Use the specified file to store DHCP lease information.

       --dhcp-duid=<enterprise-id>,<uid>
              (IPv6 only) Specify the server persistent UID which the  DHCPv6  server  will  use.
              This  option  is not normally required as dnsmasq creates a DUID automatically when
              it is first needed. When given, this option provides dnsmasq the data  required  to
              create  a  DUID-EN  type  DUID. Note that once set, the DUID is stored in the lease
              database, so to change between DUID-EN and automatically  created  DUIDs  or  vice-
              versa,  the  lease database must be re-intialised. The enterprise-id is assigned by
              IANA, and the uid is a string of hex octets unique to a particular device.

       -6 --dhcp-script=<path>
              Whenever a new DHCP lease is created, or an old  one  destroyed,  or  a  TFTP  file
              transfer completes, the executable specified by this option is run.  <path> must be
              an absolute pathname, no PATH search occurs.  The  arguments  to  the  process  are
              "add",  "old"  or  "del",  the  MAC address of the host (or DUID for IPv6) , the IP
              address, and the hostname, if known. "add" means a lease has  been  created,  "del"
              means  it  has  been  destroyed,  "old" is a notification of an existing lease when
              dnsmasq starts or a change to MAC address or hostname of an existing  lease  (also,
              lease  length or expiry and client-id, if leasefile-ro is set).  If the MAC address
              is from a network  type  other  than  ethernet,  it  will  have  the  network  type
              prepended,  eg  "06-01:23:45:67:89:ab"  for  token ring. The process is run as root
              (assuming that dnsmasq was originally run as root) even if dnsmasq is configured to
              change UID to an unprivileged user.

              The  environment  is inherited from the invoker of dnsmasq, with some or all of the
              following variables added

              For both IPv4 and IPv6:

              DNSMASQ_DOMAIN if the fully-qualified domain name of the host is known, this is set
              to the  domain part. (Note that the hostname passed to the script as an argument is
              never fully-qualified.)

              If the client provides a hostname, DNSMASQ_SUPPLIED_HOSTNAME

              If the client provides user-classes, DNSMASQ_USER_CLASS0..DNSMASQ_USER_CLASSn

              If dnsmasq was compiled with HAVE_BROKEN_RTC, then the  length  of  the  lease  (in
              seconds)  is  stored in DNSMASQ_LEASE_LENGTH, otherwise the time of lease expiry is
              stored in DNSMASQ_LEASE_EXPIRES. The number of seconds until lease expiry is always
              stored in DNSMASQ_TIME_REMAINING.

              If  a  lease used to have a hostname, which is removed, an "old" event is generated
              with the new state of the lease, ie no name, and the former name is provided in the
              environment variable DNSMASQ_OLD_HOSTNAME.

              DNSMASQ_INTERFACE  stores  the  name of the interface on which the request arrived;
              this is not set for "old" actions when dnsmasq restarts.

              DNSMASQ_RELAY_ADDRESS is set if the client used a DHCP relay to contact dnsmasq and
              the IP address of the relay is known.

              DNSMASQ_TAGS  contains  all  the tags set during the DHCP transaction, separated by
              spaces.

              DNSMASQ_LOG_DHCP is set if --log-dhcp is in effect.

              For IPv4 only:

              DNSMASQ_CLIENT_ID if the host provided a client-id.

              DNSMASQ_CIRCUIT_ID, DNSMASQ_SUBSCRIBER_ID, DNSMASQ_REMOTE_ID if a DHCP  relay-agent
              added any of these options.

              If the client provides vendor-class, DNSMASQ_VENDOR_CLASS.

              For IPv6 only:

              If  the  client provides vendor-class, DNSMASQ_VENDOR_CLASS_ID, containing the IANA
              enterprise id for the class, and  DNSMASQ_VENDOR_CLASS0..DNSMASQ_VENDOR_CLASSn  for
              the data.

              DNSMASQ_SERVER_DUID  containing  the DUID of the server: this is the same for every
              call to the script.

              DNSMASQ_IAID containing the IAID for  the  lease.  If  the  lease  is  a  temporary
              allocation, this is prefixed to 'T'.

              DNSMASQ_MAC containing the MAC address of the client, if known.

              Note  that  the supplied hostname, vendorclass and userclass data is only  supplied
              for "add" actions or "old" actions when a host resumes  an  existing  lease,  since
              these data are not held in dnsmasq's lease database.

              All  file  descriptors are closed except stdin, stdout and stderr which are open to
              /dev/null (except in debug mode).

              The script is not invoked concurrently: at most one instance of the script is  ever
              running  (dnsmasq waits for an instance of script to exit before running the next).
              Changes to the lease database are which require the script to be invoked are queued
              awaiting  exit  of  a  running  instance.   If  this queueing allows multiple state
              changes occur to a single lease before the script can be run  then  earlier  states
              are  discarded  and  the  current  state of that lease is reflected when the script
              finally runs.

              At dnsmasq startup, the script will be invoked for all existing leases as they  are
              read  from the lease file. Expired leases will be called with "del" and others with
              "old". When dnsmasq receives a HUP signal, the script will be invoked for  existing
              leases with an "old " event.

              There are two further actions which may appear as the first argument to the script,
              "init" and "tftp". More may be added in the future, so scripts should be written to
              ignore  unknown  actions.  "init"  is  described below in --leasefile-ro The "tftp"
              action is invoked when a TFTP file transfer completes: the arguments are  the  file
              size in bytes, the address to which the file was sent, and the complete pathname of
              the file.

       --dhcp-luascript=<path>
              Specify a script written in Lua, to be run when leases are  created,  destroyed  or
              changed. To use this option, dnsmasq must be compiled with the correct support. The
              Lua interpreter is intialised once, when dnsmasq starts, so that  global  variables
              persist  between  lease  events. The Lua code must define a lease function, and may
              provide init and shutdown functions,  which  are  called,  without  arguments  when
              dnsmasq starts up and terminates. It may also provide a tftp function.

              The lease function receives the information detailed in --dhcp-script.  It gets two
              arguments, firstly the action, which is a string containing, "add", "old" or "del",
              and  secondly  a  table  of  tag  value  pairs.  The  tags mostly correspond to the
              environment variables detailed above, for instance the tag "domain" holds the  same
              data  as  the environment variable DNSMASQ_DOMAIN. There are a few extra tags which
              hold the data supplied as  arguments  to  --dhcp-script.   These  are  mac_address,
              ip_address  and  hostname  for  IPv4,  and client_duid, ip_address and hostname for
              IPv6.

              The tftp function is called in the same way as the lease function,  and  the  table
              holds the tags destination_address, file_name and file_size.

       --dhcp-scriptuser
              Specify  the  user  as  which  to  run  the lease-change script or Lua script. This
              defaults to root, but can be changed to another user using this flag.

       -9, --leasefile-ro
              Completely suppress use of the lease database file. The file will not  be  created,
              read,  or  written.  Change the way the lease-change script (if one is provided) is
              called, so that the lease database may be maintained in  external  storage  by  the
              script.  In  addition  to  the invocations  given in --dhcp-script the lease-change
              script is called once, at dnsmasq startup, with the single  argument  "init".  When
              called  like this the script should write the saved state of the lease database, in
              dnsmasq leasefile format, to stdout and exit with  zero  exit  code.  Setting  this
              option  also forces the leasechange script to be called on changes to the client-id
              and lease length and expiry time.

       --bridge-interface=<interface>,<alias>[,<alias>]
              Treat DHCP request packets arriving at any of the <alias> interfaces as if they had
              arrived at <interface>. This option is necessary when using "old style" bridging on
              BSD platforms, since packets arrive at  tap  interfaces  which  don't  have  an  IP
              address.

       -s, --domain=<domain>[,<address range>[,local]]
              Specifies  DNS domains for the DHCP server. Domains may be be given unconditionally
              (without the IP range) or for limited IP ranges. This has two effects;  firstly  it
              causes  the  DHCP  server  to  return the domain to any hosts which request it, and
              secondly it sets the domain which it is legal for DHCP-configured hosts  to  claim.
              The intention is to constrain hostnames so that an untrusted host on the LAN cannot
              advertise its name via dhcp as e.g. "microsoft.com" and capture traffic  not  meant
              for it. If no domain suffix is specified, then any DHCP hostname with a domain part
              (ie with a period) will be disallowed and logged.  If  suffix  is  specified,  then
              hostnames  with  a  domain  part  are allowed, provided the domain part matches the
              suffix. In addition, when a suffix is set then hostnames without a domain part have
              the  suffix  added  as  an  optional  domain  part.  Eg  on  my  network  I can set
              --domain=thekelleys.org.uk and have a machine whose DHCP hostname is "laptop".  The
              IP  address  for  that  machine  is  available  from  dnsmasq  both as "laptop" and
              "laptop.thekelleys.org.uk". If the domain is given as "#" then the domain  is  read
              from the first "search" directive in /etc/resolv.conf (or equivalent).

              The   address   range  can  be  of  the  form  <ip  address>,<ip  address>  or  <ip
              address>/<netmask> or just a single <ip address>. See --dhcp-fqdn which can  change
              the behaviour of dnsmasq with domains.

              If  the  address  range is given as ip-address/network-size, then a additional flag
              "local" may be supplied which has the effect of  adding  --local  declarations  for
              forward           and           reverse          DNS          queries.          Eg.
              --domain=thekelleys.org.uk,192.168.0.0/24,local       is        identical        to
              --domain=thekelleys.org.uk,192.168.0.0/24               --local=/thekelleys.org.uk/
              --local=/0.168.192.in-addr.arpa/ The network size must be 8, 16 or 24 for  this  to
              be legal.

       --dhcp-fqdn
              In the default mode, dnsmasq inserts the unqualified names of DHCP clients into the
              DNS. For this reason, the names must be unique, even if two clients which have  the
              same  name  are in different domains. If a second DHCP client appears which has the
              same name as an existing client, the name is transferred  to  the  new  client.  If
              --dhcp-fqdn  is  set, this behaviour changes: the unqualified name is no longer put
              in the DNS, only the qualified name. Two DHCP clients with the same name  may  both
              keep  the  name, provided that the domain part is different (ie the fully qualified
              names differ.) To ensure that all names have a domain part, there must be at  least
              --domain without an address specified when --dhcp-fqdn is set.

       --dhcp-client-update
              Normally,  when  giving a DHCP lease, dnsmasq sets flags in the FQDN option to tell
              the client not to attempt a DDNS update with its  name  and  IP  address.  This  is
              because  the name-IP pair is automatically added into dnsmasq's DNS view. This flag
              suppresses that behaviour, this is useful, for instance, to allow  Windows  clients
              to update Active Directory servers. See RFC 4702 for details.

       --enable-ra
              Enable  dnsmasq's IPv6 Router Advertisement feature. DHCPv6 doesn't handle complete
              network configuration in the same way as DHCPv4. Router  discovery  and  (possibly)
              prefix  discovery  for  autonomous  address  creation  are  handled  by a different
              protocol. When DHCP is in use, only a subset of this is  needed,  and  dnsmasq  can
              handle  it,  using  existing  DHCP  configuration  to provide most data. When RA is
              enabled, dnsmasq will advertise a prefix for each dhcp-range, with  default  router
              and  recursive DNS server as the relevant link-local address on the machine running
              dnsmasq. By default, he "managed address" bits are set, and the "use SLAAC" bit  is
              reset.  This can be changed for individual subnets with the mode keywords described
              in --dhcp-range.  RFC6106 DNS parameters are included  in  the  advertisements.  By
              default,  the relevant link-local address of the machine running dnsmasq is sent as
              recursive DNS server. If provided, the DHCPv6 options dns-server and  domain-search
              are used for RDNSS and DNSSL.

       --ra-param=<interface>,[high|low],[[<ra-interval>],<router lifetime>]
              Set  non-default  values  for  router  advertisements  sent  via  an interface. The
              priority field for the router may be altered from the default  of  medium  with  eg
              --ra-param=eth0,high.   The  interval  between router advertisements may be set (in
              seconds) with --ra-param=eth0,60.  The lifetime of the route may be changed or  set
              to  zero,  which  allows a router to advertise prefixes but not a route via itself.
              --ra-parm=eth0,0,0 (A value of zero for the interval means the default value.)  All
              three  parameters  may  be set at once.  --ra-param=low,60,1200 The interface field
              may include a wildcard.

       --enable-tftp[=<interface>[,<interface>]]
              Enable the TFTP server function. This is deliberately limited  to  that  needed  to
              net-boot  a  client.  Only reading is allowed; the tsize and blksize extensions are
              supported (tsize is only supported in octet mode). Without an  argument,  the  TFTP
              service  is provided to the same set of interfaces as DHCP service.  If the list of
              interfaces is provided, that defines which interfaces recieve TFTP service.

       --tftp-root=<directory>[,<interface>]
              Look for files to transfer using TFTP relative to the given directory. When this is
              set,  TFTP  paths  which include ".." are rejected, to stop clients getting outside
              the specified root.  Absolute paths (starting with /) are allowed, but they must be
              within the tftp-root. If the optional interface argument is given, the directory is
              only used for TFTP requests via that interface.

       --tftp-unique-root
              Add the IP address of the TFTP client as a path component on the end of  the  TFTP-
              root  (in  standard  dotted-quad  format). Only valid if a tftp-root is set and the
              directory exists. For instance, if tftp-root is "/tftp" and client 1.2.3.4 requests
              file   "myfile"   then   the  effective  path  will  be  "/tftp/1.2.3.4/myfile"  if
              /tftp/1.2.3.4 exists or /tftp/myfile otherwise.

       --tftp-secure
              Enable TFTP secure mode: without this, any file which is readable  by  the  dnsmasq
              process  under  normal  unix  access-control  rules is available via TFTP. When the
              --tftp-secure flag is given, only files owned  by  the  user  running  the  dnsmasq
              process  are  accessible.  If  dnsmasq is being run as root, different rules apply:
              --tftp-secure has no effect, but only files which have the world-readable  bit  set
              are accessible. It is not recommended to run dnsmasq as root with TFTP enabled, and
              certainly not without specifying  --tftp-root.  Doing  so  can  expose  any  world-
              readable file on the server to any host on the net.

       --tftp-lowercase
              Convert  filenames  in  TFTP requests to all lowercase. This is useful for requests
              from Windows machines, which have case-insensitive filesystems  and  tend  to  play
              fast-and-loose  with  case  in  filenames.   Note that dnsmasq's tftp server always
              converts "\" to "/" in filenames.

       --tftp-max=<connections>
              Set the maximum number of concurrent TFTP connections allowed. This defaults to 50.
              When serving a large number of TFTP connections, per-process file descriptor limits
              may be encountered. Dnsmasq needs one file  descriptor  for  each  concurrent  TFTP
              connection  and one file descriptor per unique file (plus a few others). So serving
              the same file simultaneously to n clients will  use  require  about  n  +  10  file
              descriptors, serving different files simultaneously to n clients will require about
              (2*n) + 10 descriptors. If --tftp-port-range is given, that can affect  the  number
              of concurrent connections.

       --tftp-no-blocksize
              Stop  the  TFTP  server from negotiating the "blocksize" option with a client. Some
              buggy clients request this option but then behave badly when it is granted.

       --tftp-port-range=<start>,<end>
              A TFTP server listens on a well-known port (69) for connection initiation,  but  it
              also  uses  a  dynamically-allocated  port  for each connection. Normally these are
              allocated by the OS, but this option specifies a range of ports  for  use  by  TFTP
              transfers.  This  can  be useful when TFTP has to traverse a firewall. The start of
              the range cannot be lower than 1025 unless dnsmasq is running as root.  The  number
              of concurrent TFTP connections is limited by the size of the port range.

       -C, --conf-file=<file>
              Specify  a  different  configuration  file. The conf-file option is also allowed in
              configuration files, to include multiple configuration files.  A  filename  of  "-"
              causes dnsmasq to read configuration from stdin.

       -7, --conf-dir=<directory>[,<file-extension>......]
              Read  all  the files in the given directory as configuration files. If extension(s)
              are given, any files which end in those extensions are  skipped.  Any  files  whose
              names  end  in  ~  or start with . or start and end with # are always skipped. This
              flag may be given on the command line or in a configuration file.

CONFIG FILE

       At startup, dnsmasq reads /etc/dnsmasq.conf, if  it  exists.  (On  FreeBSD,  the  file  is
       /usr/local/etc/dnsmasq.conf  )  (but  see  the -C and -7 options.) The format of this file
       consists of one option per line, exactly as the  long  options  detailed  in  the  OPTIONS
       section  but without the leading "--". Lines starting with # are comments and ignored. For
       options which may only be specified once, the configuration  file  overrides  the  command
       line.   Quoting  is allowed in a config file: between " quotes the special meanings of ,:.
       and # are removed and the following escapes are allowed: \\ \" \t \e \b  \r  and  \n.  The
       later corresponding to tab, escape, backspace, return and newline.

NOTES

       When  it  receives  a  SIGHUP,  dnsmasq  clears its cache and then re-loads /etc/hosts and
       /etc/ethers and any file given by --dhcp-hostsfile, --dhcp-optsfile or --addn-hosts.   The
       dhcp  lease  change  script  is  called  for all existing DHCP leases. If --no-poll is set
       SIGHUP also re-reads /etc/resolv.conf.  SIGHUP does NOT re-read the configuration file.

       When it receives a SIGUSR1, dnsmasq writes statistics to the system  log.  It  writes  the
       cache  size,  the  number  of  names  which have had to removed from the cache before they
       expired in order to make room for new names and the total number of names that  have  been
       inserted into the cache. For each upstream server it gives the number of queries sent, and
       the number which resulted in an error. In --no-daemon mode or when full logging is enabled
       (-q), a complete dump of the contents of the cache is made.

       When  it receives SIGUSR2 and it is logging direct to a file (see --log-facility ) dnsmasq
       will close and reopen the log file. Note that during this operation, dnsmasq will  not  be
       running  as  root.  When it first creates the logfile dnsmasq changes the ownership of the
       file to the non-root user it will run as. Logrotate should be configured to create  a  new
       log file with the ownership which matches the existing one before sending SIGUSR2.  If TCP
       DNS queries are in progress, the old logfile will remain open in child processes which are
       handling  TCP  queries  and  may  continue to be written. There is a limit of 150 seconds,
       after which all existing TCP processes will have expired: for this reason, it is not  wise
       to  configure  logfile  compression  for  logfiles  which  have  just  been rotated. Using
       logrotate, the required options are create and delaycompress.

       Dnsmasq is a DNS query forwarder: it it not capable  of  recursively  answering  arbitrary
       queries  starting  from  the  root  servers but forwards such queries to a fully recursive
       upstream DNS server which is typically provided by  an  ISP.  By  default,  dnsmasq  reads
       /etc/resolv.conf  to  discover the IP addresses of the upstream nameservers it should use,
       since the information is typically stored there. Unless --no-poll is used, dnsmasq  checks
       the modification time of /etc/resolv.conf (or equivalent if --resolv-file is used) and re-
       reads it if it changes. This allows the DNS servers to be set dynamically by PPP  or  DHCP
       since both protocols provide the information.  Absence of /etc/resolv.conf is not an error
       since it may not have been created before a PPP connection exists.  Dnsmasq  simply  keeps
       checking  in  case  /etc/resolv.conf  is created at any time. Dnsmasq can be told to parse
       more than one resolv.conf file. This is useful on a laptop, where both PPP and DHCP may be
       used:  dnsmasq can be set to poll both /etc/ppp/resolv.conf and /etc/dhcpc/resolv.conf and
       will use the contents of whichever changed last, giving automatic  switching  between  DNS
       servers.

       Upstream  servers  may also be specified on the command line or in the configuration file.
       These server specifications optionally take a domain name which tells dnsmasq to use  that
       server only to find names in that particular domain.

       In  order  to  configure  dnsmasq to act as cache for the host on which it is running, put
       "nameserver 127.0.0.1" in /etc/resolv.conf to force local processes  to  send  queries  to
       dnsmasq.  Then  either  specify  the  upstream  servers directly to dnsmasq using --server
       options or put their addresses real in  another  file,  say  /etc/resolv.dnsmasq  and  run
       dnsmasq  with  the -r /etc/resolv.dnsmasq option. This second technique allows for dynamic
       update of the server addresses by PPP or DHCP.

       Addresses in /etc/hosts will "shadow" different  addresses  for  the  same  names  in  the
       upstream  DNS,  so  "mycompany.com  1.2.3.4"  in  /etc/hosts  will ensure that queries for
       "mycompany.com" always return 1.2.3.4 even if queries in the upstream DNS would  otherwise
       return a different address. There is one exception to this: if the upstream DNS contains a
       CNAME which points to a shadowed name, then looking up  the  CNAME  through  dnsmasq  will
       result  in  the unshadowed address associated with the target of the CNAME. To work around
       this, add the CNAME to /etc/hosts so that the CNAME is shadowed too.

       The tag system works as follows: For each DHCP request, dnsmasq collects a  set  of  valid
       tags from active configuration lines which include set:<tag>, including one from the dhcp-
       range used to allocate the address, one from any matching  dhcp-host  (and  "known"  if  a
       dhcp-host  matches) The tag "bootp" is set for BOOTP requests, and a tag whose name is the
       name of the interface on which the request arrived is also set.

       Any configuration lines which include one or more tag:<tag> constructs will only be  valid
       if  all  that  tags  are  matched in the set derived above. Typically this is dhcp-option.
       dhcp-option which has tags will  be  used  in  preference   to  an  untagged  dhcp-option,
       provided  that _all_ the tags match somewhere in the set collected as described above. The
       prefix '!' on a tag means 'not' so --dhcp=option=tag:!purple,3,1.2.3.4  sends  the  option
       when  the  tag  purple  is  not in the set of valid tags. (If using this in a command line
       rather than a configuration file, be sure to escape !, which is a shell metacharacter)

       When selecting dhcp-options, a tag from dhcp-range is second class relative to other tags,
       to    make    it   easy   to   override   options   for   individual   hosts,   so   dhcp-
       range=set:interface1,......                dhcp-host=set:myhost,.....                dhcp-
       option=tag:interface1,option:nis-domain,"domain1"       dhcp-option=tag:myhost,option:nis-
       domain,"domain2" will set the NIS-domain to domain1 for hosts in the range,  but  override
       that to domain2 for a particular host.

       Note  that  for  dhcp-range  both  tag:<tag> and set:<tag> are allowed, to both select the
       range in use based on (eg) dhcp-host, and to affect the options sent, based on  the  range
       selected.

       This  system  evolved  from  an  earlier,  more limited one and for backward compatibility
       "net:" may be used instead of "tag:" and "set:" may  be  omitted.  (Except  in  dhcp-host,
       where  "net:" may be used instead of "set:".) For the same reason, '#' may be used instead
       of '!' to indicate NOT.

       The DHCP server in dnsmasq will function as a BOOTP server also,  provided  that  the  MAC
       address  and IP address for clients are given, either using dhcp-host configurations or in
       /etc/ethers , and a dhcp-range configuration option is present to activate the DHCP server
       on  a  particular  network.  (Setting  --bootp-dynamic removes the need for static address
       mappings.) The filename parameter in a BOOTP request is used as  a  tag,  as  is  the  tag
       "bootp", allowing some control over the options returned to different classes of hosts.

AUTHORITATIVE CONFIGURATION

       Configuring  dnsmasq to act as an authoritative DNS server is complicated by the fact that
       it involves configuration of external DNS servers to  provide  delegation.  We  will  walk
       through three scenarios of increasing complexity. Prerequisites for all of these scenarios
       are a globally accessible IP address, an A or AAAA record pointing to that address, and an
       external  DNS  server  capable  of doing delegation of the zone in question. For the first
       part of this explanation, we will call the A (or AAAA) record for the globally  accessible
       address server.example.com, and the zone for which dnsmasq is authoritative our.zone.com.

       The simplest configuration consists of two lines of dnsmasq configuration; something like

       auth-server=server.example.com,eth0
       auth-zone=our.zone.com,1.2.3.0/24

       and two records in the external DNS

       server.example.com       A    192.0.43.10
       our.zone.com            NS    server.example.com

       eth0  is  the  external network interface on which dnsmasq is listening, and has (globally
       accessible) address 192.0.43.10.

       Note that the external IP address may well be dynamic (ie assigned from an ISP by DHCP  or
       PPP)  If  so,  the  A record must be linked to this dynamic assignment by one of the usual
       dynamic-DNS systems.

       A more complex, but practically useful  configuration  has  the  address  record  for  the
       globally  accessible  IP  address  residing  in  the  authoritative  zone which dnsmasq is
       serving, typically at the root. Now we have

       auth-server=our.zone.com,eth0
       auth-zone=our.zone.com,1.2.3.0/24

       our.zone.com             A    1.2.3.4
       our.zone.com            NS    our.zone.com

       The A record for our.zone.com has now become a glue record, it solves the  chicken-and-egg
       problem  of finding the IP address of the nameserver for our.zone.com when the A record is
       within that zone. Note that this is the only role  of  this  record:  as  dnsmasq  is  now
       authoritative  from  our.zone.com it too must provide this record. If the external address
       is static, this can be done with an /etc/hosts entry or --host-record.

       auth-server=our.zone.com,eth0
       host-record=our.zone.com,1.2.3.4
       auth-zone=our.zone.com,1.2.3.0/24

       If the external address is dynamic, the  address  associated  with  our.zone.com  must  be
       derived  from  the  address  of  the relevant interface. This is done using interface-name
       Something like:

       auth-server=our.zone.com,eth0
       interface-name=our.zone.com,eth0
       auth-zone=our.zone.com,1.2.3.0/24,eth0

       (The "eth0" argument in auth-zone adds the subnet containing eth0's dynamic address to the
       zone, so that the interface-name returns the address in outside queries.)

       Our  final  configuration builds on that above, but also adds a secondary DNS server. This
       is another DNS server which learns the DNS data for the zone by doing zones transfer,  and
       acts  as  a backup should the primary server become inaccessible. The configuration of the
       secondary is beyond the scope of this man-page, but the extra configuration of dnsmasq  is
       simple:

       auth-sec-servers=secondary.myisp.com

       and

       our.zone.com           NS    secondary.myisp.com

       Adding  auth-sec-servers  enables  zone  transfer  in  dnsmasq,  to allow the secondary to
       collect the DNS data. If you wish to restrict this data to particular hosts then

       auth-peer=<IP address of secondary>

       will do so.

       Dnsmasq acts as an authoritative server for  in-addr.arpa and ipv6.arpa domains associated
       with the subnets given in auth-zone declarations, so reverse (address to name) lookups can
       be simply configured with a suitable NS record, for instance in  this  example,  where  we
       allow 1.2.3.0/24 addresses.

        3.2.1.in-addr.arpa  NS    our.zone.com

       Note  that at present, reverse (in-addr.arpa and ip6.arpa) zones are not available in zone
       transfers, so there is no point arranging secondary servers for reverse lookups.

       When dnsmasq is configured to act as an authoritative server, the following data  is  used
       to populate the authoritative zone.

       --mx-host,  --srv-host,  --dns-rr,  --txt-record,  --naptr-record  , as long as the record
       names are in the authoritative domain.

       --cname as long as the record name is in  the authoritative domain. If the target  of  the
       CNAME is unqualified, then it  is qualified with the authoritative zone name.

       IPv4  and  IPv6  addresses  from  /etc/hosts  (and  --addn-hosts  )  and --host-record and
       --interface-name provided the address falls into one  of  the  subnets  specified  in  the
       --auth-zone.

       Addresses  of DHCP leases, provided the address falls into one of the subnets specified in
       the --auth-zone.  (If contructed DHCP ranges are is  use,  which  depend  on  the  address
       dynamically  assigned  to an interface, then the form of --auth-zone which defines subnets
       by the dynamic address of an interface should be used to ensure this condition is met.)

       In the default mode, where a DHCP lease has an unqualified name, and possibly a  qualified
       name  constructed  using  --domain  then the name in the authoritative zone is constructed
       from the unqualified name and the zone's domain. This may or may not equal that  specified
       by  --domain.   If --dhcp-fqdn is set, then the fully qualified names associated with DHCP
       leases are used, and must match the zone's domain.

EXIT CODES

       0  -  Dnsmasq  successfully  forked  into  the  background,  or  terminated  normally   if
       backgrounding is not enabled.

       1 - A problem with configuration was detected.

       2  -  A  problem  with  network access occurred (address in use, attempt to use privileged
       ports without permission).

       3 - A problem occurred with a filesystem operation (missing file/directory, permissions).

       4 - Memory allocation failure.

       5 - Other miscellaneous problem.

       11 or greater - a non zero return code was received from the lease-script  process  "init"
       call. The exit code from dnsmasq is the script's exit code with 10 added.

LIMITS

       The  default  values  for  resource  limits  in  dnsmasq  are  generally conservative, and
       appropriate for embedded router type devices with slow processors and limited  memory.  On
       more  capable  hardware,  it  is  possible  to  increase  the limits, and handle many more
       clients. The following applies to dnsmasq-2.37: earlier versions did not scale as well.

       Dnsmasq is capable of handling DNS and DHCP for at least  a  thousand  clients.  The  DHCP
       lease  times should not be very short (less than one hour). The value of --dns-forward-max
       can be increased: start with it equal to the number of clients and increase if  DNS  seems
       slow.  Note  that  DNS  performance  depends  too  on  the  performance  of  the  upstream
       nameservers. The size of the DNS cache may be increased: the hard limit is 10000 names and
       the  default  (150) is very low. Sending SIGUSR1 to dnsmasq makes it log information which
       is useful for tuning the cache size. See the NOTES section for details.

       The built-in TFTP server is capable of many  simultaneous  file  transfers:  the  absolute
       limit is related to the number of file-handles allowed to a process and the ability of the
       select() system call to cope with large numbers of file handles. If the limit is  set  too
       high using --tftp-max it will be scaled down and the actual limit logged at start-up. Note
       that more transfers are possible when the same file is being sent than when each  transfer
       sends a different file.

       It  is possible to use dnsmasq to block Web advertising by using a list of known banner-ad
       servers, all resolving to 127.0.0.1 or 0.0.0.0, in /etc/hosts or an additional hosts file.
       The  list  can  be very long, dnsmasq has been tested successfully with one million names.
       That size file needs a 1GHz processor and about 60Mb of RAM.

INTERNATIONALISATION

       Dnsmasq can be compiled to support internationalisation. To  do  this,  the  make  targets
       "all-i18n"  and  "install-i18n"  should  be used instead of the standard targets "all" and
       "install". When internationalisation is compiled in, dnsmasq will produce log messages  in
       the  local  language  and  support  internationalised  domain names (IDN). Domain names in
       /etc/hosts, /etc/ethers and /etc/dnsmasq.conf which contain non-ASCII characters  will  be
       translated  to the DNS-internal punycode representation. Note that dnsmasq determines both
       the language for messages and the assumed charset for configuration files  from  the  LANG
       environment  variable.  This should be set to the system default value by the script which
       is responsible for starting dnsmasq. When editing the configuration files, be  careful  to
       do so using only the system-default locale and not user-specific one, since dnsmasq has no
       direct way of determining the charset in use, and  must  assume  that  it  is  the  system
       default.

FILES

       /etc/dnsmasq.conf

       /usr/local/etc/dnsmasq.conf

       /etc/resolv.conf /var/run/dnsmasq/resolv.conf /etc/ppp/resolv.conf /etc/dhcpc/resolv.conf

       /etc/hosts

       /etc/ethers

       /var/lib/misc/dnsmasq.leases

       /var/db/dnsmasq.leases

       /var/run/dnsmasq.pid

SEE ALSO

       hosts(5), resolver(5)

AUTHOR

       This manual page was written by Simon Kelley <simon@thekelleys.org.uk>.

                                                                                       DNSMASQ(8)