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NAME

       strtol, strtoll, strtoq - convert a string to a long integer

SYNOPSIS

       #include <stdlib.h>

       long int strtol(const char *nptr, char **endptr, int base);

       long long int strtoll(const char *nptr, char **endptr, int base);

   Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see feature_test_macros(7)):

       strtoll():
           _XOPEN_SOURCE >= 600 || _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE || _ISOC99_SOURCE ||
           _POSIX_C_SOURCE >= 200112L;
           or cc -std=c99

DESCRIPTION

       The strtol() function converts the initial part of the string in nptr to  a  long  integer
       value  according  to  the  given base, which must be between 2 and 36 inclusive, or be the
       special value 0.

       The string may begin with an arbitrary amount of white space (as determined by isspace(3))
       followed by a single optional '+' or '-' sign.  If base is zero or 16, the string may then
       include a "0x" prefix, and the number will be read in base 16; otherwise, a zero  base  is
       taken  as  10  (decimal)  unless the next character is '0', in which case it is taken as 8
       (octal).

       The remainder of the string is converted to a  long  int  value  in  the  obvious  manner,
       stopping  at  the first character which is not a valid digit in the given base.  (In bases
       above 10, the letter 'A' in either uppercase or lowercase represents  10,  'B'  represents
       11, and so forth, with 'Z' representing 35.)

       If  endptr  is  not  NULL,  strtol()  stores the address of the first invalid character in
       *endptr.  If there were no digits at all, strtol() stores the original value  of  nptr  in
       *endptr  (and  returns  0).   In  particular, if *nptr is not '\0' but **endptr is '\0' on
       return, the entire string is valid.

       The strtoll() function works just like the strtol()  function  but  returns  a  long  long
       integer value.

RETURN VALUE

       The  strtol()  function  returns  the  result  of  the  conversion, unless the value would
       underflow or overflow.  If an underflow occurs, strtol() returns LONG_MIN.  If an overflow
       occurs,  strtol() returns LONG_MAX.  In both cases, errno is set to ERANGE.  Precisely the
       same holds for strtoll() (with LLONG_MIN and LLONG_MAX instead of LONG_MIN and LONG_MAX).

ERRORS

       EINVAL (not in C99) The given base contains an unsupported value.

       ERANGE The resulting value was out of range.

       The implementation may also set errno to EINVAL in case no conversion  was  performed  (no
       digits seen, and 0 returned).

ATTRIBUTES

       For an explanation of the terms used in this section, see attributes(7).

       ┌──────────────────────────────┬───────────────┬────────────────┐
       │InterfaceAttributeValue          │
       ├──────────────────────────────┼───────────────┼────────────────┤
       │strtol(), strtoll(), strtoq() │ Thread safety │ MT-Safe locale │
       └──────────────────────────────┴───────────────┴────────────────┘

CONFORMING TO

       strtol(): POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008, C89, C99 SVr4, 4.3BSD.

       strtoll(): POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008, C99.

NOTES

       Since  strtol()  can  legitimately return 0, LONG_MAX, or LONG_MIN (LLONG_MAX or LLONG_MIN
       for strtoll()) on both success and failure, the calling program  should  set  errno  to  0
       before  the  call, and then determine if an error occurred by checking whether errno has a
       nonzero value after the call.

       According to POSIX.1, in locales other than the  "C"  and  "POSIX",  these  functions  may
       accept other, implementation-defined numeric strings.

       BSD also has

           quad_t strtoq(const char *nptr, char **endptr, int base);

       with   completely  analogous  definition.   Depending  on  the  wordsize  of  the  current
       architecture, this may be equivalent to strtoll() or to strtol().

EXAMPLE

       The program shown below demonstrates the use of strtol().  The first command-line argument
       specifies  a  string  from  which  strtol()  should parse a number.  The second (optional)
       argument specifies the base to be used for the conversion.  (This argument is converted to
       numeric  form  using atoi(3), a function that performs no error checking and has a simpler
       interface than strtol().)  Some examples of the results produced by this program  are  the
       following:

           $ ./a.out 123
           strtol() returned 123
           $ ./a.out '    123'
           strtol() returned 123
           $ ./a.out 123abc
           strtol() returned 123
           Further characters after number: abc
           $ ./a.out 123abc 55
           strtol: Invalid argument
           $ ./a.out ''
           No digits were found
           $ ./a.out 4000000000
           strtol: Numerical result out of range

   Program source

       #include <stdlib.h>
       #include <limits.h>
       #include <stdio.h>
       #include <errno.h>

       int
       main(int argc, char *argv[])
       {
           int base;
           char *endptr, *str;
           long val;

           if (argc < 2) {
               fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s str [base]\n", argv[0]);
               exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
           }

           str = argv[1];
           base = (argc > 2) ? atoi(argv[2]) : 10;

           errno = 0;    /* To distinguish success/failure after call */
           val = strtol(str, &endptr, base);

           /* Check for various possible errors */

           if ((errno == ERANGE && (val == LONG_MAX || val == LONG_MIN))
                   || (errno != 0 && val == 0)) {
               perror("strtol");
               exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
           }

           if (endptr == str) {
               fprintf(stderr, "No digits were found\n");
               exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
           }

           /* If we got here, strtol() successfully parsed a number */

           printf("strtol() returned %ld\n", val);

           if (*endptr != '\0')        /* Not necessarily an error... */
               printf("Further characters after number: %s\n", endptr);

           exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
       }

SEE ALSO

       atof(3), atoi(3), atol(3), strtod(3), strtoul(3)

COLOPHON

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