Provided by: libmath-planepath-perl_122-1_all 
NAME
Math::PlanePath::TriangularHypot -- points of triangular lattice in order of hypotenuse
distance
SYNOPSIS
use Math::PlanePath::TriangularHypot;
my $path = Math::PlanePath::TriangularHypot->new;
my ($x, $y) = $path->n_to_xy (123);
DESCRIPTION
This path visits X,Y points on a triangular "A2" lattice in order of their distance from
the origin 0,0 and anti-clockwise around from the X axis among those of equal distance.
58 47 39 46 57 4
48 34 23 22 33 45 3
40 24 16 9 15 21 38 2
49 25 10 4 3 8 20 44 1
35 17 5 1 2 14 32 <- Y=0
50 26 11 6 7 13 31 55 -1
41 27 18 12 19 30 43 -2
51 36 28 29 37 54 -3
60 52 42 53 61 -4
^
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 X=0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
The lattice is put on a square X,Y grid using every second point per "Triangular Lattice"
in Math::PlanePath. Scaling X/2,Y*sqrt(3)/2 gives equilateral triangles of side length 1
making a distance from X,Y to the origin
dist^2 = (X/2^2 + (Y*sqrt(3)/2)^2
= (X^2 + 3*Y^2) / 4
For example N=19 at X=2,Y=-2 is sqrt((2**2+3*-2**2)/4) = sqrt(4) from the origin. The
next smallest after that is X=5,Y=1 at sqrt(7). The key part is X^2 + 3*Y^2 as the
distance measure to order the points.
Equal Distances
Points with the same distance are taken in anti-clockwise order around from the X axis.
For example N=14 at X=4,Y=0 is sqrt(4) from the origin, and so are the rotated X=2,Y=2 and
X=-2,Y=2 etc in other sixth segments, for a total 6 points N=14 to N=19 all the same
distance.
Symmetry means there's a set of 6 or 12 points with the same distance, so the count of
same-distance points is always a multiple of 6 or 12. There are 6 symmetric points when
on the six radial lines X=0, X=Y or X=-Y, and on the lines Y=0, X=3*Y or X=-3*Y which are
midway between them. There's 12 symmetric points for anything else, ie. anything in the
twelve slices between those twelve lines. The first set of 12 equal is N=20 to N=31 all
at sqrt(28).
There can also be further ways for the same distance to arise, as multiple solutions to
X^2+3*Y^3=d^2, but the 6-way or 12-way symmetry means there's always a multiple of 6 or 12
in total.
Odd Points
Option "points => "odd"" visits just the odd points, meaning sum X+Y odd, which is X,Y one
odd the other even.
points => "odd"
69 5
66 50 45 44 49 65 4
58 40 28 25 27 39 57 3
54 32 20 12 11 19 31 53 2
36 16 6 3 5 15 35 1
46 24 10 2 1 9 23 43 <- Y=0
37 17 7 4 8 18 38 -1
55 33 21 13 14 22 34 56 -2
59 41 29 26 30 42 60 -3
67 51 47 48 52 68 -4
70 -5
^
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 X=0 1 2 3 4 5 6
All Points
Option "points => "all"" visits all integer X,Y points.
points => "all"
64 59 49 44 48 58 63 3
69 50 39 30 25 19 24 29 38 47 68 2
51 35 20 13 8 4 7 12 18 34 46 1
65 43 31 17 9 3 1 2 6 16 28 42 62 <- Y=0
52 36 21 14 10 5 11 15 23 37 57 -1
70 53 40 32 26 22 27 33 41 56 71 -2
66 60 54 45 55 61 67 -3
^
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 X=0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Hex Points
Option "points => "hex"" visits X,Y points making a hexagonal grid,
points => "hex"
50----42 49----59 5
/ \ / \
51----39 27----33 48 4
/ \ / \ /
43 22----15 21----32 3
\ / \ / \
28----16 6----11 26----41 2
/ \ / \ / \
52----34 7---- 3 5----14 47 1
/ \ / \ / \ /
60 23----12 1-----2 20----38 <- Y=0
\ / \ / \ / \
53----35 8---- 4 10----19 58 -1
\ / \ / \ /
29----17 9----13 31----46 -2
/ \ / \ /
44 24----18 25----37 -3
\ / \ / \
54----40 30----36 57 -4
\ / \ /
55----45 56----61 -5
^
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 X=0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
N=1 is at the origin X=0,Y=0, then N=2,3,4 are all at X^2+3Y^2=4 away from the origin,
etc. The joining lines drawn above show the grid pattern but points are in order of
distance from the origin.
The points are all integer X,Y with X+3Y mod 6 == 0 or 2. This is a subset of the default
"even" points in that X+Y is even but with 1 of each 3 points skipped to make the
hexagonal outline.
Hex Rotated Points
Option "points => "hex_rotated"" is the same hexagonal points but rotated around so N=2 is
at +60 degrees instead of on the X axis.
points => "hex_rotated"
60----50 42----49 5
/ \ / \
51 33----27 38----48 4
\ / \ / \
34----22 15----21 41 3
/ \ / \ /
43----28 12-----6 14----26 2
/ \ / \ / \
52 16-----7 2-----5 32----47 1
\ / \ / \ / \
39----23 3-----1 11----20 59 <- Y=0
/ \ / \ / \ /
53 17-----8 4----10 37----58 -1
\ / \ / \ /
44----29 13-----9 19----31 -2
\ / \ / \
35----24 18----25 46 -3
/ \ / \ /
54 36----30 40----57 -4
\ / \ /
61----55 45----56 -5
^
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 X=0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Points are still numbered from the X axis clockwise. The sets of points at equal
hypotenuse distances are the same as plain "hex" but the numbering is changed by the
rotation.
The points visited are all integer X,Y with X+3Y mod 6 == 0 or 4. This grid can be viewed
either as a +60 degree or a +180 degree rotation of the plain hex.
Hex Centred Points
Option "points => "hex_centred"" is the same hexagonal grid as hex above, but with the
origin X=0,Y=0 in the centre of a hexagon,
points => "hex_centred"
46----45 5
/ \
39----28 27----38 4
/ \ / \
47----29 16----15 26----44 3
/ \ / \ / \
48 17-----9 8----14 43 2
\ / \ / \ /
30----18 3-----2 13----25 1
/ \ / \ / \
40 10-----4 . 1-----7 37 <- Y=0
\ / \ / \ /
31----19 5-----6 24----36 -1
/ \ / \ / \
49 20----11 12----23 54 -2
\ / \ / \ /
50----32 21----22 35----53 -3
\ / \ /
41----33 34----42 -4
\ /
51----52 -5
^
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 X=0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
N=1,2,3,4,5,6 are all at X^2+3Y^2=4 away from the origin, then N=7,8,9,10,11,12, etc. The
points visited are all integer X,Y with X+3Y mod 6 == 2 or 4.
FUNCTIONS
See "FUNCTIONS" in Math::PlanePath for behaviour common to all path classes.
"$path = Math::PlanePath::TriangularHypot->new ()"
"$path = Math::PlanePath::TriangularHypot->new (points => $str)"
Create and return a new hypot path object. The "points" option can be
"even" only points with X+Y even (the default)
"odd" only points with X+Y odd
"all" all integer X,Y
"hex" hexagonal X+3Y==0,2 mod 6
"hex_rotated" hexagonal X+3Y==0,4 mod 6
"hex_centred" hexagonal X+3Y==2,4 mod 6
Create and return a new triangular hypot path object.
"($x,$y) = $path->n_to_xy ($n)"
Return the X,Y coordinates of point number $n on the path.
For "$n < 1" the return is an empty list as the first point at X=0,Y=0 is N=1.
Currently it's unspecified what happens if $n is not an integer. Successive points
are a fair way apart, so it may not make much sense to say give an X,Y position in
between the integer $n.
"$n = $path->xy_to_n ($x,$y)"
Return an integer point number for coordinates "$x,$y". Each integer N is considered
the centre of a unit square and an "$x,$y" within that square returns N.
For "even" and "odd" options only every second square in the plane has an N and if
"$x,$y" is a position not covered then the return is "undef".
OEIS
Entries in Sloane's Online Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences related to this path include,
<http://oeis.org/A003136> (etc)
points="even" (the default)
A003136 norms (X^2+3*Y^2)/4 which occur
A004016 count of points of norm==n
A035019 skipping zero counts
A088534 counting only in the twelfth 0<=X<=Y
The counts in these sequences are expressed as norm = x^2+x*y+y^2. That x,y is related to
the "even" X,Y on the path here by a -45 degree rotation,
x = (Y-X)/2 X = 2*(x+y)
y = (X+Y)/2 Y = 2*(y-x)
norm = x^2+x*y+y^2
= ((Y-X)/2)^2 + (Y-X)/2 * (X+Y)/2 + ((X+Y)/2)^2
= (X^2 + 3*Y^2) / 4
The X^2+3*Y^2 is the dist^2 described above for equilateral triangles of unit side. The
factor of /4 scales the distance but of course doesn't change the sets of points of the
same distance.
points="all"
A092572 norms X^2+3*Y^2 which occur
A158937 norms X^2+3*Y^2 which occur, X>0,Y>0 with repeats
A092573 count of points norm==n for X>0,Y>0
A092574 norms X^2+3*Y^2 which occur for X>0,Y>0, gcd(X,Y)=1
A092575 count of points norm==n for X>0,Y>0, gcd(X,Y)=1
ie. X,Y no common factor
points="hex"
A113062 count of points norm=X^2+3*Y^2=4*n (theta series)
A113063 divided by 3
points="hex_centred"
A217219 count of points norm=X^2+3*Y^2=4*n (theta series)
SEE ALSO
Math::PlanePath, Math::PlanePath::Hypot, Math::PlanePath::HypotOctant,
Math::PlanePath::PixelRings, Math::PlanePath::HexSpiral
HOME PAGE
<http://user42.tuxfamily.org/math-planepath/index.html>
LICENSE
Copyright 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 Kevin Ryde
This file is part of Math-PlanePath.
Math-PlanePath is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
version 3, or (at your option) any later version.
Math-PlanePath is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with Math-
PlanePath. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.