Provided by: libmoose-perl_2.1604-1build1_amd64 
NAME
Moose::Cookbook::Basics::BinaryTree_AttributeFeatures - Demonstrates various attribute
features including lazy, predicates, weak refs, and more
VERSION
version 2.1604
SYNOPSIS
package BinaryTree;
use Moose;
has 'node' => ( is => 'rw', isa => 'Any' );
has 'parent' => (
is => 'rw',
isa => 'BinaryTree',
predicate => 'has_parent',
weak_ref => 1,
);
has 'left' => (
is => 'rw',
isa => 'BinaryTree',
predicate => 'has_left',
lazy => 1,
default => sub { BinaryTree->new( parent => $_[0] ) },
trigger => \&_set_parent_for_child
);
has 'right' => (
is => 'rw',
isa => 'BinaryTree',
predicate => 'has_right',
lazy => 1,
default => sub { BinaryTree->new( parent => $_[0] ) },
trigger => \&_set_parent_for_child
);
sub _set_parent_for_child {
my ( $self, $child ) = @_;
confess "You cannot insert a tree which already has a parent"
if $child->has_parent;
$child->parent($self);
}
DESCRIPTION
This recipe shows how various advanced attribute features can be used to create complex
and powerful behaviors. In particular, we introduce a number of new attribute options,
including "predicate", "lazy", and "trigger".
The example class is a classic binary tree. Each node in the tree is itself an instance of
"BinaryTree". It has a "node", which holds some arbitrary value. It has "right" and "left"
attributes, which refer to its child trees, and a "parent".
Let's take a look at the "node" attribute:
has 'node' => ( is => 'rw', isa => 'Any' );
Moose generates a read-write accessor for this attribute. The type constraint is "Any",
which literally means it can contain anything.
We could have left out the "isa" option, but in this case, we are including it for the
benefit of other programmers, not the computer.
Next, let's move on to the "parent" attribute:
has 'parent' => (
is => 'rw',
isa => 'BinaryTree',
predicate => 'has_parent',
weak_ref => 1,
);
Again, we have a read-write accessor. This time, the "isa" option says that this attribute
must always be an instance of "BinaryTree". In the second recipe, we saw that every time
we create a Moose-based class, we also get a corresponding class type constraint.
The "predicate" option is new. It creates a method which can be used to check whether or
not a given attribute has been initialized. In this case, the method is named
"has_parent".
This brings us to our last attribute option, "weak_ref". Since "parent" is a circular
reference (the tree in "parent" should already have a reference to this one, in its "left"
or "right" attribute), we want to make sure that we weaken the reference to avoid memory
leaks. If "weak_ref" is true, it alters the accessor function so that the reference is
weakened when it is set.
Finally, we have the "left" and "right" attributes. They are essentially identical except
for their names, so we'll just look at "left":
has 'left' => (
is => 'rw',
isa => 'BinaryTree',
predicate => 'has_left',
lazy => 1,
default => sub { BinaryTree->new( parent => $_[0] ) },
trigger => \&_set_parent_for_child
);
There are three new options here, "lazy", "default", and "trigger". The "lazy" and
"default" options are linked. In fact, you cannot have a "lazy" attribute unless it has a
"default" (or a "builder", but we'll cover that later). If you try to make an attribute
lazy without a default, class creation will fail with an exception. (2)
In the second recipe the BankAccount's "balance" attribute had a default value of 0. Given
a non-reference, Perl copies the value. However, given a reference, it does not do a deep
clone, instead simply copying the reference. If you just specified a simple reference for
a default, Perl would create it once and it would be shared by all objects with that
attribute.
As a workaround, we use an anonymous subroutine to generate a new reference every time the
default is called.
has 'foo' => ( is => 'rw', default => sub { [] } );
In fact, using a non-subroutine reference as a default is illegal in Moose.
# will fail
has 'foo' => ( is => 'rw', default => [] );
This will blow up, so don't do it.
You'll notice that we use $_[0] in our default sub. When the default subroutine is
executed, it is called as a method on the object.
In our case, we're making a new "BinaryTree" object in our default, with the current tree
as the parent.
Normally, when an object is instantiated, any defaults are evaluated immediately. With our
"BinaryTree" class, this would be a big problem! We'd create the first object, which would
immediately try to populate its "left" and "right" attributes, which would create a new
"BinaryTree", which would populate its "left" and "right" slots. Kaboom!
By making our "left" and "right" attributes "lazy", we avoid this problem. If the
attribute has a value when it is read, the default is never executed at all.
We still have one last bit of behavior to add. The autogenerated "right" and "left"
accessors are not quite correct. When one of these is set, we want to make sure that we
update the parent of the "left" or "right" attribute's tree.
We could write our own accessors, but then why use Moose at all? Instead, we use a
"trigger". A "trigger" accepts a subroutine reference, which will be called as a method
whenever the attribute is set. This can happen both during object construction or later by
passing a new object to the attribute's accessor method. However, it is not called when a
value is provided by a "default" or "builder".
sub _set_parent_for_child {
my ( $self, $child ) = @_;
confess "You cannot insert a tree which already has a parent"
if $child->has_parent;
$child->parent($self);
}
This trigger does two things. First, it ensures that the new child node does not already
have a parent. This is done for the sake of simplifying the example. If we wanted to be
more clever, we would remove the child from its old parent tree and add it to the new one.
If the child has no parent, we will add it to the current tree, and we ensure that is has
the correct value for its "parent" attribute.
As with all the other recipes, BinaryTree can be used just like any other Perl 5 class. A
more detailed example of its usage can be found in
t/recipes/moose_cookbook_basics_recipe3.t.
CONCLUSION
This recipe introduced several of Moose's advanced features. We hope that this inspires
you to think of other ways these features can be used to simplify your code.
FOOTNOTES
(1) Weak references are tricky things, and should be used sparingly and appropriately
(such as in the case of circular refs). If you are not careful, attribute values could
disappear "mysteriously" because Perl's reference counting garbage collector has gone
and removed the item you are weak-referencing.
In short, don't use them unless you know what you are doing :)
(2) You can use the "default" option without the "lazy" option if you like, as we showed
in the second recipe.
Also, you can use "builder" instead of "default". See
Moose::Cookbook::Basics::BinaryTree_BuilderAndLazyBuild for details.
AUTHORS
• Stevan Little <stevan.little@iinteractive.com>
• Dave Rolsky <autarch@urth.org>
• Jesse Luehrs <doy@tozt.net>
• Shawn M Moore <code@sartak.org>
• יובל קוג'מן (Yuval Kogman) <nothingmuch@woobling.org>
• Karen Etheridge <ether@cpan.org>
• Florian Ragwitz <rafl@debian.org>
• Hans Dieter Pearcey <hdp@weftsoar.net>
• Chris Prather <chris@prather.org>
• Matt S Trout <mst@shadowcat.co.uk>
COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
This software is copyright (c) 2006 by Infinity Interactive, Inc..
This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as
the Perl 5 programming language system itself.
perl v5.22.1 Moose::Cookbook::Basics::BinaryTree_AttributeFeatures(3pm)