Provided by: libpcre2-dev_10.21-1_amd64 
NAME
PCRE2 - Perl-compatible regular expressions (revised API)
PCRE2 JUST-IN-TIME COMPILER SUPPORT
Just-in-time compiling is a heavyweight optimization that can greatly speed up pattern
matching. However, it comes at the cost of extra processing before the match is performed,
so it is of most benefit when the same pattern is going to be matched many times. This
does not necessarily mean many calls of a matching function; if the pattern is not
anchored, matching attempts may take place many times at various positions in the subject,
even for a single call. Therefore, if the subject string is very long, it may still pay to
use JIT even for one-off matches. JIT support is available for all of the 8-bit, 16-bit
and 32-bit PCRE2 libraries.
JIT support applies only to the traditional Perl-compatible matching function. It does
not apply when the DFA matching function is being used. The code for this support was
written by Zoltan Herczeg.
AVAILABILITY OF JIT SUPPORT
JIT support is an optional feature of PCRE2. The "configure" option --enable-jit (or
equivalent CMake option) must be set when PCRE2 is built if you want to use JIT. The
support is limited to the following hardware platforms:
ARM 32-bit (v5, v7, and Thumb2)
ARM 64-bit
Intel x86 32-bit and 64-bit
MIPS 32-bit and 64-bit
Power PC 32-bit and 64-bit
SPARC 32-bit
If --enable-jit is set on an unsupported platform, compilation fails.
A program can tell if JIT support is available by calling pcre2_config() with the
PCRE2_CONFIG_JIT option. The result is 1 when JIT is available, and 0 otherwise. However,
a simple program does not need to check this in order to use JIT. The API is implemented
in a way that falls back to the interpretive code if JIT is not available. For programs
that need the best possible performance, there is also a "fast path" API that is JIT-
specific.
SIMPLE USE OF JIT
To make use of the JIT support in the simplest way, all you have to do is to call
pcre2_jit_compile() after successfully compiling a pattern with pcre2_compile(). This
function has two arguments: the first is the compiled pattern pointer that was returned by
pcre2_compile(), and the second is zero or more of the following option bits:
PCRE2_JIT_COMPLETE, PCRE2_JIT_PARTIAL_HARD, or PCRE2_JIT_PARTIAL_SOFT.
If JIT support is not available, a call to pcre2_jit_compile() does nothing and returns
PCRE2_ERROR_JIT_BADOPTION. Otherwise, the compiled pattern is passed to the JIT compiler,
which turns it into machine code that executes much faster than the normal interpretive
code, but yields exactly the same results. The returned value from pcre2_jit_compile() is
zero on success, or a negative error code.
There is a limit to the size of pattern that JIT supports, imposed by the size of machine
stack that it uses. The exact rules are not documented because they may change at any
time, in particular, when new optimizations are introduced. If a pattern is too big, a
call to pcre2_jit_compile() returns PCRE2_ERROR_NOMEMORY.
PCRE2_JIT_COMPLETE requests the JIT compiler to generate code for complete matches. If you
want to run partial matches using the PCRE2_PARTIAL_HARD or PCRE2_PARTIAL_SOFT options of
pcre2_match(), you should set one or both of the other options as well as, or instead of
PCRE2_JIT_COMPLETE. The JIT compiler generates different optimized code for each of the
three modes (normal, soft partial, hard partial). When pcre2_match() is called, the
appropriate code is run if it is available. Otherwise, the pattern is matched using
interpretive code.
You can call pcre2_jit_compile() multiple times for the same compiled pattern. It does
nothing if it has previously compiled code for any of the option bits. For example, you
can call it once with PCRE2_JIT_COMPLETE and (perhaps later, when you find you need
partial matching) again with PCRE2_JIT_COMPLETE and PCRE2_JIT_PARTIAL_HARD. This time it
will ignore PCRE2_JIT_COMPLETE and just compile code for partial matching. If
pcre2_jit_compile() is called with no option bits set, it immediately returns zero. This
is an alternative way of testing whether JIT is available.
At present, it is not possible to free JIT compiled code except when the entire compiled
pattern is freed by calling pcre2_code_free().
In some circumstances you may need to call additional functions. These are described in
the section entitled "Controlling the JIT stack" below.
There are some pcre2_match() options that are not supported by JIT, and there are also
some pattern items that JIT cannot handle. Details are given below. In both cases,
matching automatically falls back to the interpretive code. If you want to know whether
JIT was actually used for a particular match, you should arrange for a JIT callback
function to be set up as described in the section entitled "Controlling the JIT stack"
below, even if you do not need to supply a non-default JIT stack. Such a callback function
is called whenever JIT code is about to be obeyed. If the match-time options are not right
for JIT execution, the callback function is not obeyed.
If the JIT compiler finds an unsupported item, no JIT data is generated. You can find out
if JIT matching is available after compiling a pattern by calling pcre2_pattern_info()
with the PCRE2_INFO_JITSIZE option. A non-zero result means that JIT compilation was
successful. A result of 0 means that JIT support is not available, or the pattern was not
processed by pcre2_jit_compile(), or the JIT compiler was not able to handle the pattern.
UNSUPPORTED OPTIONS AND PATTERN ITEMS
The pcre2_match() options that are supported for JIT matching are PCRE2_NOTBOL,
PCRE2_NOTEOL, PCRE2_NOTEMPTY, PCRE2_NOTEMPTY_ATSTART, PCRE2_NO_UTF_CHECK,
PCRE2_PARTIAL_HARD, and PCRE2_PARTIAL_SOFT. The PCRE2_ANCHORED option is not supported at
match time.
The only unsupported pattern items are \C (match a single data unit) when running in a UTF
mode, and a callout immediately before an assertion condition in a conditional group.
RETURN VALUES FROM JIT MATCHING
When a pattern is matched using JIT matching, the return values are the same as those
given by the interpretive pcre2_match() code, with the addition of one new error code:
PCRE2_ERROR_JIT_STACKLIMIT. This means that the memory used for the JIT stack was
insufficient. See "Controlling the JIT stack" below for a discussion of JIT stack usage.
The error code PCRE2_ERROR_MATCHLIMIT is returned by the JIT code if searching a very
large pattern tree goes on for too long, as it is in the same circumstance when JIT is not
used, but the details of exactly what is counted are not the same. The
PCRE2_ERROR_RECURSIONLIMIT error code is never returned when JIT matching is used.
CONTROLLING THE JIT STACK
When the compiled JIT code runs, it needs a block of memory to use as a stack. By
default, it uses 32K on the machine stack. However, some large or complicated patterns
need more than this. The error PCRE2_ERROR_JIT_STACKLIMIT is given when there is not
enough stack. Three functions are provided for managing blocks of memory for use as JIT
stacks. There is further discussion about the use of JIT stacks in the section entitled
"JIT stack FAQ" below.
The pcre2_jit_stack_create() function creates a JIT stack. Its arguments are a starting
size, a maximum size, and a general context (for memory allocation functions, or NULL for
standard memory allocation). It returns a pointer to an opaque structure of type
pcre2_jit_stack, or NULL if there is an error. The pcre2_jit_stack_free() function is used
to free a stack that is no longer needed. (For the technically minded: the address space
is allocated by mmap or VirtualAlloc.)
JIT uses far less memory for recursion than the interpretive code, and a maximum stack
size of 512K to 1M should be more than enough for any pattern.
The pcre2_jit_stack_assign() function specifies which stack JIT code should use. Its
arguments are as follows:
pcre2_match_context *mcontext
pcre2_jit_callback callback
void *data
The first argument is a pointer to a match context. When this is subsequently passed to a
matching function, its information determines which JIT stack is used. There are three
cases for the values of the other two options:
(1) If callback is NULL and data is NULL, an internal 32K block
on the machine stack is used. This is the default when a match
context is created.
(2) If callback is NULL and data is not NULL, data must be
a pointer to a valid JIT stack, the result of calling
pcre2_jit_stack_create().
(3) If callback is not NULL, it must point to a function that is
called with data as an argument at the start of matching, in
order to set up a JIT stack. If the return from the callback
function is NULL, the internal 32K stack is used; otherwise the
return value must be a valid JIT stack, the result of calling
pcre2_jit_stack_create().
A callback function is obeyed whenever JIT code is about to be run; it is not obeyed when
pcre2_match() is called with options that are incompatible for JIT matching. A callback
function can therefore be used to determine whether a match operation was executed by JIT
or by the interpreter.
You may safely use the same JIT stack for more than one pattern (either by assigning
directly or by callback), as long as the patterns are matched sequentially in the same
thread. Currently, the only way to set up non-sequential matches in one thread is to use
callouts: if a callout function starts another match, that match must use a different JIT
stack to the one used for currently suspended match(es).
In a multithread application, if you do not specify a JIT stack, or if you assign or pass
back NULL from a callback, that is thread-safe, because each thread has its own machine
stack. However, if you assign or pass back a non-NULL JIT stack, this must be a different
stack for each thread so that the application is thread-safe.
Strictly speaking, even more is allowed. You can assign the same non-NULL stack to a match
context that is used by any number of patterns, as long as they are not used for matching
by multiple threads at the same time. For example, you could use the same stack in all
compiled patterns, with a global mutex in the callback to wait until the stack is
available for use. However, this is an inefficient solution, and not recommended.
This is a suggestion for how a multithreaded program that needs to set up non-default JIT
stacks might operate:
During thread initalization
thread_local_var = pcre2_jit_stack_create(...)
During thread exit
pcre2_jit_stack_free(thread_local_var)
Use a one-line callback function
return thread_local_var
All the functions described in this section do nothing if JIT is not available.
JIT STACK FAQ
(1) Why do we need JIT stacks?
PCRE2 (and JIT) is a recursive, depth-first engine, so it needs a stack where the local
data of the current node is pushed before checking its child nodes. Allocating real
machine stack on some platforms is difficult. For example, the stack chain needs to be
updated every time if we extend the stack on PowerPC. Although it is possible, its
updating time overhead decreases performance. So we do the recursion in memory.
(2) Why don't we simply allocate blocks of memory with malloc()?
Modern operating systems have a nice feature: they can reserve an address space instead of
allocating memory. We can safely allocate memory pages inside this address space, so the
stack could grow without moving memory data (this is important because of pointers). Thus
we can allocate 1M address space, and use only a single memory page (usually 4K) if that
is enough. However, we can still grow up to 1M anytime if needed.
(3) Who "owns" a JIT stack?
The owner of the stack is the user program, not the JIT studied pattern or anything else.
The user program must ensure that if a stack is being used by pcre2_match(), (that is, it
is assigned to a match context that is passed to the pattern currently running), that
stack must not be used by any other threads (to avoid overwriting the same memory area).
The best practice for multithreaded programs is to allocate a stack for each thread, and
return this stack through the JIT callback function.
(4) When should a JIT stack be freed?
You can free a JIT stack at any time, as long as it will not be used by pcre2_match()
again. When you assign the stack to a match context, only a pointer is set. There is no
reference counting or any other magic. You can free compiled patterns, contexts, and
stacks in any order, anytime. Just do not call pcre2_match() with a match context pointing
to an already freed stack, as that will cause SEGFAULT. (Also, do not free a stack
currently used by pcre2_match() in another thread). You can also replace the stack in a
context at any time when it is not in use. You should free the previous stack before
assigning a replacement.
(5) Should I allocate/free a stack every time before/after calling pcre2_match()?
No, because this is too costly in terms of resources. However, you could implement some
clever idea which release the stack if it is not used in let's say two minutes. The JIT
callback can help to achieve this without keeping a list of patterns.
(6) OK, the stack is for long term memory allocation. But what happens if a pattern causes
stack overflow with a stack of 1M? Is that 1M kept until the stack is freed?
Especially on embedded sytems, it might be a good idea to release memory sometimes without
freeing the stack. There is no API for this at the moment. Probably a function call which
returns with the currently allocated memory for any stack and another which allows
releasing memory (shrinking the stack) would be a good idea if someone needs this.
(7) This is too much of a headache. Isn't there any better solution for JIT stack
handling?
No, thanks to Windows. If POSIX threads were used everywhere, we could throw out this
complicated API.
FREEING JIT SPECULATIVE MEMORY
void pcre2_jit_free_unused_memory(pcre2_general_context *gcontext);
The JIT executable allocator does not free all memory when it is possible. It expects new
allocations, and keeps some free memory around to improve allocation speed. However, in
low memory conditions, it might be better to free all possible memory. You can cause this
to happen by calling pcre2_jit_free_unused_memory(). Its argument is a general context,
for custom memory management, or NULL for standard memory management.
EXAMPLE CODE
This is a single-threaded example that specifies a JIT stack without using a callback. A
real program should include error checking after all the function calls.
int rc;
pcre2_code *re;
pcre2_match_data *match_data;
pcre2_match_context *mcontext;
pcre2_jit_stack *jit_stack;
re = pcre2_compile(pattern, PCRE2_ZERO_TERMINATED, 0,
&errornumber, &erroffset, NULL);
rc = pcre2_jit_compile(re, PCRE2_JIT_COMPLETE);
mcontext = pcre2_match_context_create(NULL);
jit_stack = pcre2_jit_stack_create(32*1024, 512*1024, NULL);
pcre2_jit_stack_assign(mcontext, NULL, jit_stack);
match_data = pcre2_match_data_create(re, 10);
rc = pcre2_match(re, subject, length, 0, 0, match_data, mcontext);
/* Process result */
pcre2_code_free(re);
pcre2_match_data_free(match_data);
pcre2_match_context_free(mcontext);
pcre2_jit_stack_free(jit_stack);
JIT FAST PATH API
Because the API described above falls back to interpreted matching when JIT is not
available, it is convenient for programs that are written for general use in many
environments. However, calling JIT via pcre2_match() does have a performance impact.
Programs that are written for use where JIT is known to be available, and which need the
best possible performance, can instead use a "fast path" API to call JIT matching directly
instead of calling pcre2_match() (obviously only for patterns that have been successfully
processed by pcre2_jit_compile()).
The fast path function is called pcre2_jit_match(), and it takes exactly the same
arguments as pcre2_match(). The return values are also the same, plus
PCRE2_ERROR_JIT_BADOPTION if a matching mode (partial or complete) is requested that was
not compiled. Unsupported option bits (for example, PCRE2_ANCHORED) are ignored.
When you call pcre2_match(), as well as testing for invalid options, a number of other
sanity checks are performed on the arguments. For example, if the subject pointer is NULL,
an immediate error is given. Also, unless PCRE2_NO_UTF_CHECK is set, a UTF subject string
is tested for validity. In the interests of speed, these checks do not happen on the JIT
fast path, and if invalid data is passed, the result is undefined.
Bypassing the sanity checks and the pcre2_match() wrapping can give speedups of more than
10%.
SEE ALSO
pcre2api(3)
AUTHOR
Philip Hazel (FAQ by Zoltan Herczeg)
University Computing Service
Cambridge, England.
REVISION
Last updated: 14 November 2015
Copyright (c) 1997-2015 University of Cambridge.