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This manual page is part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual. The Linux implementation of
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NAME
wait, waitpid — wait for a child process to stop or terminate
SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/wait.h>
pid_t wait(int *stat_loc);
pid_t waitpid(pid_t pid, int *stat_loc, int options);
DESCRIPTION
The wait() and waitpid() functions shall obtain status information pertaining to one of
the caller's child processes. Various options permit status information to be obtained for
child processes that have terminated or stopped. If status information is available for
two or more child processes, the order in which their status is reported is unspecified.
The wait() function shall suspend execution of the calling thread until status information
for one of the terminated child processes of the calling process is available, or until
delivery of a signal whose action is either to execute a signal-catching function or to
terminate the process. If more than one thread is suspended in wait() or waitpid()
awaiting termination of the same process, exactly one thread shall return the process
status at the time of the target process termination. If status information is available
prior to the call to wait(), return shall be immediate.
The waitpid() function shall be equivalent to wait() if the pid argument is (pid_t)−1 and
the options argument is 0. Otherwise, its behavior shall be modified by the values of the
pid and options arguments.
The pid argument specifies a set of child processes for which status is requested. The
waitpid() function shall only return the status of a child process from this set:
* If pid is equal to (pid_t)−1, status is requested for any child process. In this
respect, waitpid() is then equivalent to wait().
* If pid is greater than 0, it specifies the process ID of a single child process for
which status is requested.
* If pid is 0, status is requested for any child process whose process group ID is equal
to that of the calling process.
* If pid is less than (pid_t)−1, status is requested for any child process whose process
group ID is equal to the absolute value of pid.
The options argument is constructed from the bitwise-inclusive OR of zero or more of the
following flags, defined in the <sys/wait.h> header:
WCONTINUED The waitpid() function shall report the status of any continued child process
specified by pid whose status has not been reported since it continued from a
job control stop.
WNOHANG The waitpid() function shall not suspend execution of the calling thread if
status is not immediately available for one of the child processes specified
by pid.
WUNTRACED The status of any child processes specified by pid that are stopped, and whose
status has not yet been reported since they stopped, shall also be reported to
the requesting process.
If the calling process has SA_NOCLDWAIT set or has SIGCHLD set to SIG_IGN, and the process
has no unwaited-for children that were transformed into zombie processes, the calling
thread shall block until all of the children of the process containing the calling thread
terminate, and wait() and waitpid() shall fail and set errno to [ECHILD].
If wait() or waitpid() return because the status of a child process is available, these
functions shall return a value equal to the process ID of the child process. In this case,
if the value of the argument stat_loc is not a null pointer, information shall be stored
in the location pointed to by stat_loc. The value stored at the location pointed to by
stat_loc shall be 0 if and only if the status returned is from a terminated child process
that terminated by one of the following means:
1. The process returned 0 from main().
2. The process called _exit() or exit() with a status argument of 0.
3. The process was terminated because the last thread in the process terminated.
Regardless of its value, this information may be interpreted using the following macros,
which are defined in <sys/wait.h> and evaluate to integral expressions; the stat_val
argument is the integer value pointed to by stat_loc.
WIFEXITED(stat_val)
Evaluates to a non-zero value if status was returned for a child process that
terminated normally.
WEXITSTATUS(stat_val)
If the value of WIFEXITED(stat_val) is non-zero, this macro evaluates to the low-
order 8 bits of the status argument that the child process passed to _exit() or
exit(), or the value the child process returned from main().
WIFSIGNALED(stat_val)
Evaluates to a non-zero value if status was returned for a child process that
terminated due to the receipt of a signal that was not caught (see <signal.h>).
WTERMSIG(stat_val)
If the value of WIFSIGNALED(stat_val) is non-zero, this macro evaluates to the
number of the signal that caused the termination of the child process.
WIFSTOPPED(stat_val)
Evaluates to a non-zero value if status was returned for a child process that is
currently stopped.
WSTOPSIG(stat_val)
If the value of WIFSTOPPED(stat_val) is non-zero, this macro evaluates to the number
of the signal that caused the child process to stop.
WIFCONTINUED(stat_val)
Evaluates to a non-zero value if status was returned for a child process that has
continued from a job control stop.
It is unspecified whether the status value returned by calls to wait() or waitpid() for
processes created by posix_spawn() or posix_spawnp() can indicate a WIFSTOPPED(stat_val)
before subsequent calls to wait() or waitpid() indicate WIFEXITED(stat_val) as the result
of an error detected before the new process image starts executing.
It is unspecified whether the status value returned by calls to wait() or waitpid() for
processes created by posix_spawn() or posix_spawnp() can indicate a WIFSIGNALED(stat_val)
if a signal is sent to the parent's process group after posix_spawn() or posix_spawnp() is
called.
If the information pointed to by stat_loc was stored by a call to waitpid() that specified
the WUNTRACED flag and did not specify the WCONTINUED flag, exactly one of the macros
WIFEXITED(*stat_loc), WIFSIGNALED(*stat_loc), and WIFSTOPPED(*stat_loc) shall evaluate to
a non-zero value.
If the information pointed to by stat_loc was stored by a call to waitpid() that specified
the WUNTRACED and WCONTINUED flags, exactly one of the macros WIFEXITED(*stat_loc),
WIFSIGNALED(*stat_loc), WIFSTOPPED(*stat_loc), and WIFCONTINUED(*stat_loc) shall evaluate
to a non-zero value.
If the information pointed to by stat_loc was stored by a call to waitpid() that did not
specify the WUNTRACED or WCONTINUED flags, or by a call to the wait() function, exactly
one of the macros WIFEXITED(*stat_loc) and WIFSIGNALED(*stat_loc) shall evaluate to a non-
zero value.
If the information pointed to by stat_loc was stored by a call to waitpid() that did not
specify the WUNTRACED flag and specified the WCONTINUED flag, or by a call to the wait()
function, exactly one of the macros WIFEXITED(*stat_loc), WIFSIGNALED(*stat_loc), and
WIFCONTINUED(*stat_loc) shall evaluate to a non-zero value.
If _POSIX_REALTIME_SIGNALS is defined, and the implementation queues the SIGCHLD signal,
then if wait() or waitpid() returns because the status of a child process is available,
any pending SIGCHLD signal associated with the process ID of the child process shall be
discarded. Any other pending SIGCHLD signals shall remain pending.
Otherwise, if SIGCHLD is blocked, if wait() or waitpid() return because the status of a
child process is available, any pending SIGCHLD signal shall be cleared unless the status
of another child process is available.
For all other conditions, it is unspecified whether child status will be available when a
SIGCHLD signal is delivered.
There may be additional implementation-defined circumstances under which wait() or
waitpid() report status. This shall not occur unless the calling process or one of its
child processes explicitly makes use of a non-standard extension. In these cases the
interpretation of the reported status is implementation-defined.
If a parent process terminates without waiting for all of its child processes to
terminate, the remaining child processes shall be assigned a new parent process ID
corresponding to an implementation-defined system process.
RETURN VALUE
If wait() or waitpid() returns because the status of a child process is available, these
functions shall return a value equal to the process ID of the child process for which
status is reported. If wait() or waitpid() returns due to the delivery of a signal to the
calling process, −1 shall be returned and errno set to [EINTR]. If waitpid() was invoked
with WNOHANG set in options, it has at least one child process specified by pid for which
status is not available, and status is not available for any process specified by pid, 0
is returned. Otherwise, −1 shall be returned, and errno set to indicate the error.
ERRORS
The wait() function shall fail if:
ECHILD The calling process has no existing unwaited-for child processes.
EINTR The function was interrupted by a signal. The value of the location pointed to by
stat_loc is undefined.
The waitpid() function shall fail if:
ECHILD The process specified by pid does not exist or is not a child of the calling
process, or the process group specified by pid does not exist or does not have any
member process that is a child of the calling process.
EINTR The function was interrupted by a signal. The value of the location pointed to by
stat_loc is undefined.
EINVAL The options argument is not valid.
The following sections are informative.
EXAMPLES
Waiting for a Child Process and then Checking its Status
The following example demonstrates the use of waitpid(), fork(), and the macros used to
interpret the status value returned by waitpid() (and wait()). The code segment creates a
child process which does some unspecified work. Meanwhile the parent loops performing
calls to waitpid() to monitor the status of the child. The loop terminates when child
termination is detected.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
...
pid_t child_pid, wpid;
int status;
child_pid = fork();
if (child_pid == −1) { /* fork() failed */
perror("fork");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if (child_pid == 0) { /* This is the child */
/* Child does some work and then terminates */
...
} else { /* This is the parent */
do {
wpid = waitpid(child_pid, &status, WUNTRACED
#ifdef WCONTINUED /* Not all implementations support this */
| WCONTINUED
#endif
);
if (wpid == −1) {
perror("waitpid");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if (WIFEXITED(status)) {
printf("child exited, status=%d\n", WEXITSTATUS(status));
} else if (WIFSIGNALED(status)) {
printf("child killed (signal %d)\n", WTERMSIG(status));
} else if (WIFSTOPPED(status)) {
printf("child stopped (signal %d)\n", WSTOPSIG(status));
#ifdef WIFCONTINUED /* Not all implementations support this */
} else if (WIFCONTINUED(status)) {
printf("child continued\n");
#endif
} else { /* Non-standard case -- may never happen */
printf("Unexpected status (0x%x)\n", status);
}
} while (!WIFEXITED(status) && !WIFSIGNALED(status));
}
Waiting for a Child Process in a Signal Handler for SIGCHLD
The following example demonstrates how to use waitpid() in a signal handler for SIGCHLD
without passing −1 as the pid argument. (See the APPLICATION USAGE section below for the
reasons why passing a pid of −1 is not recommended.) The method used here relies on the
standard behavior of waitpid() when SIGCHLD is blocked. On historical non-conforming
systems, the status of some child processes might not be reported.
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#define CHILDREN 10
static void
handle_sigchld(int signum, siginfo_t *sinfo, void *unused)
{
int sav_errno = errno;
int status;
/*
* Obtain status information for the child which
* caused the SIGCHLD signal and write its exit code
* to stdout.
*/
if (sinfo->si_code != CLD_EXITED)
{
static char msg[] = "wrong si_code\n";
write(2, msg, sizeof msg − 1);
}
else if (waitpid(sinfo->si_pid, &status, 0) == −1)
{
static char msg[] = "waitpid() failed\n";
write(2, msg, sizeof msg − 1);
}
else if (!WIFEXITED(status))
{
static char msg[] = "WIFEXITED was false\n";
write(2, msg, sizeof msg − 1);
}
else
{
int code = WEXITSTATUS(status);
char buf[2];
buf[0] = '0' + code;
buf[1] = '\n';
write(1, buf, 2);
}
errno = sav_errno;
}
int
main(void)
{
int i;
pid_t pid;
struct sigaction sa;
sa.sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO;
sa.sa_sigaction = handle_sigchld;
sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask);
if (sigaction(SIGCHLD, &sa, NULL) == −1)
{
perror("sigaction");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
for (i = 0; i < CHILDREN; i++)
{
switch (pid = fork())
{
case −1:
perror("fork");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
case 0:
sleep(2);
_exit(i);
}
}
/* Wait for all the SIGCHLD signals, then terminate on SIGALRM */
alarm(3);
for (;;)
pause();
return 0; /* NOTREACHED */
}
APPLICATION USAGE
Calls to wait() will collect information about any child process. This may result in
interactions with other interfaces that may be waiting for their own children (such as by
use of system()). For this and other reasons it is recommended that portable applications
not use wait(), but instead use waitpid(). For these same reasons, the use of waitpid()
with a pid argument of −1, and the use of waitid() with the idtype argument set to P_ALL,
are also not recommended for portable applications.
RATIONALE
A call to the wait() or waitpid() function only returns status on an immediate child
process of the calling process; that is, a child that was produced by a single fork() call
(perhaps followed by an exec or other function calls) from the parent. If a child produces
grandchildren by further use of fork(), none of those grandchildren nor any of their
descendants affect the behavior of a wait() from the original parent process. Nothing in
this volume of POSIX.1‐2008 prevents an implementation from providing extensions that
permit a process to get status from a grandchild or any other process, but a process that
does not use such extensions must be guaranteed to see status from only its direct
children.
The waitpid() function is provided for three reasons:
1. To support job control
2. To permit a non-blocking version of the wait() function
3. To permit a library routine, such as system() or pclose(), to wait for its children
without interfering with other terminated children for which the process has not
waited
The first two of these facilities are based on the wait3() function provided by 4.3 BSD.
The function uses the options argument, which is equivalent to an argument to wait3().
The WUNTRACED flag is used only in conjunction with job control on systems supporting job
control. Its name comes from 4.3 BSD and refers to the fact that there are two types of
stopped processes in that implementation: processes being traced via the ptrace()
debugging facility and (untraced) processes stopped by job control signals. Since ptrace()
is not part of this volume of POSIX.1‐2008, only the second type is relevant. The name
WUNTRACED was retained because its usage is the same, even though the name is not
intuitively meaningful in this context.
The third reason for the waitpid() function is to permit independent sections of a process
to spawn and wait for children without interfering with each other. For example, the
following problem occurs in developing a portable shell, or command interpreter:
stream = popen("/bin/true");
(void) system("sleep 100");
(void) pclose(stream);
On all historical implementations, the final pclose() fails to reap the wait() status of
the popen().
The status values are retrieved by macros, rather than given as specific bit encodings as
they are in most historical implementations (and thus expected by existing programs). This
was necessary to eliminate a limitation on the number of signals an implementation can
support that was inherent in the traditional encodings. This volume of POSIX.1‐2008 does
require that a status value of zero corresponds to a process calling _exit(0), as this is
the most common encoding expected by existing programs. Some of the macro names were
adopted from 4.3 BSD.
These macros syntactically operate on an arbitrary integer value. The behavior is
undefined unless that value is one stored by a successful call to wait() or waitpid() in
the location pointed to by the stat_loc argument. An early proposal attempted to make this
clearer by specifying each argument as *stat_loc rather than stat_val. However, that did
not follow the conventions of other specifications in this volume of POSIX.1‐2008 or
traditional usage. It also could have implied that the argument to the macro must
literally be *stat_loc; in fact, that value can be stored or passed as an argument to
other functions before being interpreted by these macros.
The extension that affects wait() and waitpid() and is common in historical
implementations is the ptrace() function. It is called by a child process and causes that
child to stop and return a status that appears identical to the status indicated by
WIFSTOPPED. The status of ptrace() children is traditionally returned regardless of the
WUNTRACED flag (or by the wait() function). Most applications do not need to concern
themselves with such extensions because they have control over what extensions they or
their children use. However, applications, such as command interpreters, that invoke
arbitrary processes may see this behavior when those arbitrary processes misuse such
extensions.
Implementations that support core file creation or other implementation-defined actions on
termination of some processes traditionally provide a bit in the status returned by wait()
to indicate that such actions have occurred.
Allowing the wait() family of functions to discard a pending SIGCHLD signal that is
associated with a successfully waited-for child process puts them into the sigwait() and
sigwaitinfo() category with respect to SIGCHLD.
This definition allows implementations to treat a pending SIGCHLD signal as accepted by
the process in wait(), with the same meaning of ``accepted'' as when that word is applied
to the sigwait() family of functions.
Allowing the wait() family of functions to behave this way permits an implementation to be
able to deal precisely with SIGCHLD signals.
In particular, an implementation that does accept (discard) the SIGCHLD signal can make
the following guarantees regardless of the queuing depth of signals in general (the list
of waitable children can hold the SIGCHLD queue):
1. If a SIGCHLD signal handler is established via sigaction() without the SA_RESETHAND
flag, SIGCHLD signals can be accurately counted; that is, exactly one SIGCHLD signal
will be delivered to or accepted by the process for every child process that
terminates.
2. A single wait() issued from a SIGCHLD signal handler can be guaranteed to return
immediately with status information for a child process.
3. When SA_SIGINFO is requested, the SIGCHLD signal handler can be guaranteed to receive
a non-null pointer to a siginfo_t structure that describes a child process for which a
wait via waitpid() or waitid() will not block or fail.
4. The system() function will not cause the SIGCHLD handler of a process to be called as
a result of the fork()/exec executed within system() because system() will accept the
SIGCHLD signal when it performs a waitpid() for its child process. This is a desirable
behavior of system() so that it can be used in a library without causing side-effects
to the application linked with the library.
An implementation that does not permit the wait() family of functions to accept (discard)
a pending SIGCHLD signal associated with a successfully waited-for child, cannot make the
guarantees described above for the following reasons:
Guarantee #1
Although it might be assumed that reliable queuing of all SIGCHLD signals generated
by the system can make this guarantee, the counter-example is the case of a process
that blocks SIGCHLD and performs an indefinite loop of fork()/wait() operations. If
the implementation supports queued signals, then eventually the system will run out
of memory for the queue. The guarantee cannot be made because there must be some
limit to the depth of queuing.
Guarantees #2 and #3
These cannot be guaranteed unless the wait() family of functions accepts the SIGCHLD
signal. Otherwise, a fork()/wait() executed while SIGCHLD is blocked (as in the
system() function) will result in an invocation of the handler when SIGCHLD is
unblocked, after the process has disappeared.
Guarantee #4
Although possible to make this guarantee, system() would have to set the SIGCHLD
handler to SIG_DFL so that the SIGCHLD signal generated by its fork() would be
discarded (the SIGCHLD default action is to be ignored), then restore it to its
previous setting. This would have the undesirable side-effect of discarding all
SIGCHLD signals pending to the process.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
None.
SEE ALSO
exec, exit(), fork(), system(), waitid()
The Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2008, Section 4.11, Memory Synchronization,
<signal.h>, <sys_wait.h>
COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form from IEEE Std
1003.1, 2013 Edition, Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System
Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7, Copyright (C) 2013 by the
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. (This is
POSIX.1-2008 with the 2013 Technical Corrigendum 1 applied.) In the event of any
discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the
original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The original Standard
can be obtained online at http://www.unix.org/online.html .
Any typographical or formatting errors that appear in this page are most likely to have
been introduced during the conversion of the source files to man page format. To report
such errors, see https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/reporting_bugs.html .