Provided by: zsh-common_5.4.2-3ubuntu3.2_all bug

NAME

       zshbuiltins - zsh built-in commands

SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS

       Some  shell builtin commands take options as described in individual entries; these are often referred to
       in the list below as `flags' to avoid confusion with shell options, which may also have an effect on  the
       behaviour  of  builtin  commands.   In  this  introductory section, `option' always has the meaning of an
       option to a command that should be familiar to most command line users.

       Typically, options are single letters preceded by a hyphen (-).  Options that take an argument accept  it
       either  immediately following the option letter or after white space, for example `print -C3 *' or `print
       -C 3 *' are equivalent.  Arguments to options  are  not  the  same  as  arguments  to  the  command;  the
       documentation indicates which is which.  Options that do not take an argument may be combined in a single
       word, for example `print -ca *' and `print -c -a *' are equivalent.

       Some  shell  builtin commands also take options that begin with `+' instead of `-'.  The list below makes
       clear which commands these are.

       Options (together with their individual arguments, if any) must appear in a group before  any  non-option
       arguments; once the first non-option argument has been found, option processing is terminated.

       All  builtin  commands other than precommand modifiers, even those that have no options, can be given the
       argument `--' to terminate option processing.  This indicates that the  following  words  are  non-option
       arguments,  but  is  otherwise ignored.  This is useful in cases where arguments to the command may begin
       with `-'.  For historical reasons, most builtin commands also recognize a single `-' in a  separate  word
       for this purpose; note that this is less standard and use of `--' is recommended.

       - simple command
              See the section `Precommand Modifiers' in zshmisc(1).

       . file [ arg ... ]
              Read commands from file and execute them in the current shell environment.

              If  file  does  not  contain a slash, or if PATH_DIRS is set, the shell looks in the components of
              $path to find the directory containing file.  Files in the current directory are not  read  unless
              `.'  appears  somewhere in $path.  If a file named `file.zwc' is found, is newer than file, and is
              the compiled form (created with the zcompile builtin) of file, then commands are  read  from  that
              file instead of file.

              If  any  arguments  arg  are  given,  they  become  the  positional parameters; the old positional
              parameters are restored when the file is done executing.  However, if no arguments are given,  the
              positional parameters remain those of the calling context, and no restoring is done.

              If file was not found the return status is 127; if file was found but contained a syntax error the
              return status is 126; else the return status is the exit status of the last command executed.

       : [ arg ... ]
              This command does nothing, although normal argument expansions is performed which may have effects
              on shell parameters.  A zero exit status is returned.

       alias [ {+|-}gmrsL ] [ name[=value] ... ]
              For  each  name  with a corresponding value, define an alias with that value.  A trailing space in
              value causes the next word to be checked for alias expansion.  If the -g flag is present, define a
              global alias; global aliases are expanded even if they do not occur in command position.

              If the -s flag is present, define a suffix alias: if the command word on a command line is in  the
              form  `text.name',  where  text  is  any  non-empty  string,  it  is  replaced  by the text `value
              text.name'.  Note that name is treated as a literal string, not a pattern.  A  trailing  space  in
              value is not special in this case.  For example,

                     alias -s ps=gv

              will  cause  the  command  `*.ps'  to be expanded to `gv *.ps'.  As alias expansion is carried out
              earlier than globbing, the `*.ps' will then be expanded.  Suffix aliases  constitute  a  different
              name space from other aliases (so in the above example it is still possible to create an alias for
              the command ps) and the two sets are never listed together.

              For  each  name  with  no  value,  print  the value of name, if any.  With no arguments, print all
              currently defined aliases other than suffix aliases.  If the -m flag is given  the  arguments  are
              taken  as  patterns  (they  should  be  quoted  to  preserve  them  from being interpreted as glob
              patterns), and the aliases matching these patterns are printed.  When printing aliases and one  of
              the  -g,  -r  or  -s flags is present, restrict the printing to global, regular or suffix aliases,
              respectively; a regular alias is one which is neither a global nor a  suffix  alias.    Using  `+'
              instead  of  `-',  or ending the option list with a single `+', prevents the values of the aliases
              from being printed.

              If the -L flag is present, then print each alias in a manner suitable for  putting  in  a  startup
              script.  The exit status is nonzero if a name (with no value) is given for which no alias has been
              defined.

              For more on aliases, include common problems, see the section ALIASING in zshmisc(1).

       autoload [ {+|-}RTUXdkmrtWz ] [ -w ] [ name ... ]
              See  the section `Autoloading Functions' in zshmisc(1) for full details.  The fpath parameter will
              be searched to find the function definition when the function is first referenced.

              If name consists of an absolute path, the  function  is  defined  to  load  from  the  file  given
              (searching  as  usual  for  dump  files  in  the given location).  The name of the function is the
              basename (non-directory part) of the file.  It is normally an error if the function is  not  found
              in  the given location; however, if the option -d is given, searching for the function defaults to
              $fpath.  If a function is loaded by absolute path, any functions loaded from it  that  are  marked
              for  autoload  without  an  absolute  path  have  the load path of the parent function temporarily
              prepended to $fpath.

              If the option -r or -R is given, the function is searched for  immediately  and  the  location  is
              recorded  internally  for use when the function is executed; a relative path is expanded using the
              value of $PWD.  This protects against a change to $fpath after the call to autoload.  With -r,  if
              the  function  is  not  found,  it  is silently left unresolved until execution; with -R, an error
              message is printed and command processing aborted  immediately  the  search  fails,  i.e.  at  the
              autoload command rather than at function execution..

              The flag -X may be used only inside a shell function.  It causes the calling function to be marked
              for  autoloading  and  then  immediately loaded and executed, with the current array of positional
              parameters as arguments.  This replaces the previous definition of the function.  If  no  function
              definition  is  found,  an  error  is  printed  and  the function remains undefined and marked for
              autoloading.  If an argument is given, it is used as a directory (i.e. it  does  not  include  the
              name  of  the  function)  in  which  the function is to be found; this may be combined with the -d
              option to allow the function search to default to $fpath if it is not in the given location.

              The flag +X attempts to load each name as an autoloaded function, but does not  execute  it.   The
              exit  status  is zero (success) if the function was not previously defined and a definition for it
              was found.  This does not replace any existing definition of the function.   The  exit  status  is
              nonzero  (failure)  if  the  function was already defined or when no definition was found.  In the
              latter case the function remains undefined and marked for autoloading.  If  ksh-style  autoloading
              is enabled, the function created will contain the contents of the file plus a call to the function
              itself  appended  to  it,  thus  giving  normal ksh autoloading behaviour on the first call to the
              function.  If the -m flag is also given each name is  treated  as  a  pattern  and  all  functions
              already marked for autoload that match the pattern are loaded.

              With  the  -t  flag,  turn  on  execution tracing; with -T, turn on execution tracing only for the
              current function, turning it off on entry to any called functions that do not  also  have  tracing
              enabled.

              With the -U flag, alias expansion is suppressed when the function is loaded.

              With  the  -w  flag, the names are taken as names of files compiled with the zcompile builtin, and
              all functions defined in them are marked for autoloading.

              The flags -z and -k mark the function to be autoloaded using the zsh  or  ksh  style,  as  if  the
              option  KSH_AUTOLOAD  were unset or were set, respectively.  The flags override the setting of the
              option at the time the function is loaded.

              Note that the autoload command makes no attempt to ensure the shell options set during the loading
              or execution of the file have any particular value.  For this, the emulate command can be used:

                     emulate zsh -c 'autoload -Uz func'

              arranges that when func is loaded the shell is in native zsh emulation, and this emulation is also
              applied when func is run.

              Some of the functions of autoload are also provided by functions -u or functions -U, but  autoload
              is a more comprehensive interface.

       bg [ job ... ]
       job ... &
              Put each specified job in the background, or the current job if none is specified.

       bindkey
              See the section `Zle Builtins' in zshzle(1).

       break [ n ]
              Exit  from an enclosing for, while, until, select or repeat loop. If an arithmetic expression n is
              specified, then break n levels instead of just one.

       builtin name [ args ... ]
              Executes the builtin name, with the given args.

       bye    Same as exit.

       cap    See the section `The zsh/cap Module' in zshmodules(1).

       cd [ -qsLP ] [ arg ]
       cd [ -qsLP ] old new
       cd [ -qsLP ] {+|-}n
              Change the current directory.  In the first form, change the current directory to arg, or  to  the
              value of $HOME if arg is not specified.  If arg is `-', change to the previous directory.

              Otherwise, if arg begins with a slash, attempt to change to the directory given by arg.

              If  arg  does  not  begin with a slash, the behaviour depends on whether the current directory `.'
              occurs in the list of directories contained in the shell parameter cdpath.  If it does not,  first
              attempt  to  change to the directory arg under the current directory, and if that fails but cdpath
              is set and contains at least one element attempt  to  change  to  the  directory  arg  under  each
              component  of  cdpath  in turn until successful.  If `.' occurs in cdpath, then cdpath is searched
              strictly in order so that `.' is only tried at the appropriate point.

              The order of testing cdpath is modified if the  option  POSIX_CD  is  set,  as  described  in  the
              documentation for the option.

              If  no  directory  is found, the option CDABLE_VARS is set, and a parameter named arg exists whose
              value begins with a slash, treat its value as the directory.  In that case, the parameter is added
              to the named directory hash table.

              The second form of cd substitutes the string new for the string old in the  name  of  the  current
              directory, and tries to change to this new directory.

              The  third  form  of cd extracts an entry from the directory stack, and changes to that directory.
              An argument of the form `+n' identifies a stack entry by counting from the left of the list  shown
              by  the dirs command, starting with zero.  An argument of the form `-n' counts from the right.  If
              the PUSHD_MINUS option is set, the meanings of `+' and `-' in this context are swapped.

              If the -q (quiet) option is specified, the hook function chpwd and  the  functions  in  the  array
              chpwd_functions are not called.  This is useful for calls to cd that do not change the environment
              seen by an interactive user.

              If  the  -s  option is specified, cd refuses to change the current directory if the given pathname
              contains symlinks.  If the -P option is given or the CHASE_LINKS option is set, symbolic links are
              resolved to their true values.  If the -L option is given  symbolic  links  are  retained  in  the
              directory (and not resolved) regardless of the state of the CHASE_LINKS option.

       chdir  Same as cd.

       clone  See the section `The zsh/clone Module' in zshmodules(1).

       command [ -pvV ] simple command
              The  simple  command argument is taken as an external command instead of a function or builtin and
              is executed. If the POSIX_BUILTINS option is set, builtins  will  also  be  executed  but  certain
              special  properties  of  them  are  suppressed.  The  -p flag causes a default path to be searched
              instead of that in $path. With the -v flag, command is similar  to  whence  and  with  -V,  it  is
              equivalent to whence -v.

              See also the section `Precommand Modifiers' in zshmisc(1).

       comparguments
              See the section `The zsh/computil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       compcall
              See the section `The zsh/compctl Module' in zshmodules(1).

       compctl
              See the section `The zsh/compctl Module' in zshmodules(1).

       compdescribe
              See the section `The zsh/computil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       compfiles
              See the section `The zsh/computil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       compgroups
              See the section `The zsh/computil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       compquote
              See the section `The zsh/computil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       comptags
              See the section `The zsh/computil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       comptry
              See the section `The zsh/computil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       compvalues
              See the section `The zsh/computil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       continue [ n ]
              Resume  the  next  iteration  of  the  enclosing  for,  while, until, select or repeat loop. If an
              arithmetic expression n is specified, break out of n-1 loops and resume at the nth enclosing loop.

       declare
              Same as typeset.

       dirs [ -c ] [ arg ... ]
       dirs [ -lpv ]
              With no arguments, print the contents of the directory stack.  Directories are added to this stack
              with the pushd command, and removed with the cd or popd commands.   If  arguments  are  specified,
              load  them  onto  the  directory  stack,  replacing  anything that was there, and push the current
              directory onto the stack.

              -c     clear the directory stack.

              -l     print directory names in full instead of using of using  ~  expressions  (see  Dynamic  and
                     Static named directories in zshexpn(1)).

              -p     print directory entries one per line.

              -v     number the directories in the stack when printing.

       disable [ -afmprs ] name ...
              Temporarily  disable the named hash table elements or patterns.  The default is to disable builtin
              commands.  This allows you to use an external command with the same name  as  a  builtin  command.
              The -a option causes disable to act on regular or global aliases.  The -s option causes disable to
              act  on  suffix  aliases.  The -f option causes disable to act on shell functions.  The -r options
              causes disable to act on reserved words.  Without arguments all disabled hash table elements  from
              the  corresponding  hash  table are printed.  With the -m flag the arguments are taken as patterns
              (which should be quoted to prevent them from undergoing filename expansion), and  all  hash  table
              elements from the corresponding hash table matching these patterns are disabled.  Disabled objects
              can be enabled with the enable command.

              With  the  option -p, name ... refer to elements of the shell's pattern syntax as described in the
              section `Filename Generation'.  Certain elements can be disabled separately, as given below.

              Note that patterns not allowed by the current settings for the options EXTENDED_GLOB, KSH_GLOB and
              SH_GLOB are never enabled, regardless of the setting here.  For example, if EXTENDED_GLOB  is  not
              active, the pattern ^ is ineffective even if `disable -p "^"' has not been issued.  The list below
              indicates  any  option  settings  that  restrict  the use of the pattern.  It should be noted that
              setting SH_GLOB has a wider effect than merely  disabling  patterns  as  certain  expressions,  in
              particular those involving parentheses, are parsed differently.

              The  following  patterns  may  be  disabled;  all  the strings need quoting on the command line to
              prevent them from being interpreted immediately as patterns and the patterns are  shown  below  in
              single quotes as a reminder.

              '?'    The  pattern  character  ?  wherever it occurs, including when preceding a parenthesis with
                     KSH_GLOB.

              '*'    The pattern character * wherever it occurs, including recursive globbing and when preceding
                     a parenthesis with KSH_GLOB.

              '['    Character classes.

              '<' (NO_SH_GLOB)
                     Numeric ranges.

              '|' (NO_SH_GLOB)
                     Alternation in grouped patterns, case statements, or KSH_GLOB parenthesised expressions.

              '(' (NO_SH_GLOB)
                     Grouping using single parentheses.  Disabling this does not disable the use of  parentheses
                     for KSH_GLOB where they are introduced by a special character, nor for glob qualifiers (use
                     `setopt NO_BARE_GLOB_QUAL' to disable glob qualifiers that use parentheses only).

              '~' (EXTENDED_GLOB)
                     Exclusion in the form A~B.

              '^' (EXTENDED_GLOB)
                     Exclusion in the form A^B.

              '#' (EXTENDED_GLOB)
                     The  pattern  character # wherever it occurs, both for repetition of a previous pattern and
                     for indicating globbing flags.

              '?(' (KSH_GLOB)
                     The grouping form ?(...).  Note this is also disabled if '?' is disabled.

              '*(' (KSH_GLOB)
                     The grouping form *(...).  Note this is also disabled if '*' is disabled.

              '+(' (KSH_GLOB)
                     The grouping form +(...).

              '!(' (KSH_GLOB)
                     The grouping form !(...).

              '@(' (KSH_GLOB)
                     The grouping form @(...).

       disown [ job ... ]
       job ... &|
       job ... &!
              Remove the specified jobs from the job table; the shell will no longer report  their  status,  and
              will not complain if you try to exit an interactive shell with them running or stopped.  If no job
              is specified, disown the current job.

              If  the  jobs  are currently stopped and the AUTO_CONTINUE option is not set, a warning is printed
              containing information about how to make them running after they have been disowned.   If  one  of
              the  latter  two  forms  is  used, the jobs will automatically be made running, independent of the
              setting of the AUTO_CONTINUE option.

       echo [ -neE ] [ arg ... ]
              Write each arg on the standard output, with a space separating each one.  If the -n  flag  is  not
              present, print a newline at the end.  echo recognizes the following escape sequences:

              \a     bell character
              \b     backspace
              \c     suppress subsequent characters and final newline
              \e     escape
              \f     form feed
              \n     linefeed (newline)
              \r     carriage return
              \t     horizontal tab
              \v     vertical tab
              \\     backslash
              \0NNN  character code in octal
              \xNN   character code in hexadecimal
              \uNNNN unicode character code in hexadecimal
              \UNNNNNNNN
                     unicode character code in hexadecimal

              The -E flag, or the BSD_ECHO option, can be used to disable these escape sequences.  In the latter
              case, -e flag can be used to enable them.

       echotc See the section `The zsh/termcap Module' in zshmodules(1).

       echoti See the section `The zsh/terminfo Module' in zshmodules(1).

       emulate [ -lLR ] [ {zsh|sh|ksh|csh} [ flags ... ] ]
              Without any argument print current emulation mode.

              With  single  argument set up zsh options to emulate the specified shell as much as possible.  csh
              will never be fully emulated.  If the argument is not one of the shells listed above, zsh will  be
              used  as a default; more precisely, the tests performed on the argument are the same as those used
              to determine the emulation at startup based on the shell name, see the  section  COMPATIBILITY  in
              zsh(1)  .   In  addition to setting shell options, the command also restores the pristine state of
              pattern enables, as if all patterns had been enabled using enable -p.

              If the emulate command occurs inside a function that has been marked for  execution  tracing  with
              functions  -t  then  the  xtrace  option  will  be turned on regardless of emulation mode or other
              options.  Note that code executed inside the function by the ., source, or eval  commands  is  not
              considered to be running directly from the function, hence does not provoke this behaviour.

              If  the -R switch is given, all settable options are reset to their default value corresponding to
              the specified emulation mode, except for certain options describing the  interactive  environment;
              otherwise,  only  those  options likely to cause portability problems in scripts and functions are
              altered.  If the -L switch is given, the options  LOCAL_OPTIONS,  LOCAL_PATTERNS  and  LOCAL_TRAPS
              will  be  set  as  well,  causing the effects of the emulate command and any setopt, disable -p or
              enable -p, and trap commands to be local to the immediately surrounding shell  function,  if  any;
              normally these options are turned off in all emulation modes except ksh. The -L switch is mutually
              exclusive with the use of -c in flags.

              If  there  is a single argument and the -l switch is given, the options that would be set or unset
              (the latter indicated with the prefix `no') are listed.  -l can be combined with -L or -R and  the
              list  will  be  modified  in  the  appropriate  way.  Note the list does not depend on the current
              setting of options, i.e. it includes all options that may in principle change, not just those that
              would actually change.

              The flags may be any of the invocation-time flags described in the section INVOCATION  in  zsh(1),
              except  that  `-o  EMACS'  and `-o VI' may not be used.  Flags such as `+r'/`+o RESTRICTED' may be
              prohibited in some circumstances.

              If -c arg appears in flags, arg is evaluated while  the  requested  emulation  is  temporarily  in
              effect.   In  this  case  the emulation mode and all options are restored to their previous values
              before emulate returns.  The -R switch may precede the name of the shell to emulate; note this has
              a meaning distinct from including -R in flags.

              Use of -c enables `sticky' emulation mode for functions defined within the  evaluated  expression:
              the  emulation  mode  is  associated thereafter with the function so that whenever the function is
              executed the emulation (respecting the -R switch, if present) and all options are set (and pattern
              disables cleared) before entry to the function, and the state is  restored  after  exit.   If  the
              function is called when the sticky emulation is already in effect, either within an `emulate shell
              -c'  expression or within another function with the same sticky emulation, entry and exit from the
              function do not cause options to be altered  (except  due  to  standard  processing  such  as  the
              LOCAL_OPTIONS  option).   This  also  applies  to  functions marked for autoload within the sticky
              emulation; the appropriate set of options will be applied at the point the function is  loaded  as
              well as when it is run.

              For example:

                     emulate sh -c 'fni() { setopt cshnullglob; }
                     fno() { fni; }'
                     fno

              The two functions fni and fno are defined with sticky sh emulation.  fno is then executed, causing
              options  associated  with emulations to be set to their values in sh.  fno then calls fni; because
              fni is also marked for sticky sh emulation, no option changes take place on entry to or exit  from
              it.   Hence  the  option cshnullglob, turned off by sh emulation, will be turned on within fni and
              remain on return to fno.  On exit from fno, the emulation mode and all options will be restored to
              the state they were in before entry to the temporary emulation.

              The documentation above is typically  sufficient  for  the  intended  purpose  of  executing  code
              designed for other shells in a suitable environment.  More detailed rules follow.
              1.     The  sticky  emulation  environment  provided  by  `emulate  shell -c' is identical to that
                     provided by entry to a function marked for sticky  emulation  as  a  consequence  of  being
                     defined  in  such an environment.  Hence, for example, the sticky emulation is inherited by
                     subfunctions defined within functions with sticky emulation.
              2.     No change of options takes place on entry to or exit from functions that are not marked for
                     sticky emulation, other than those that would normally take place, even if those  functions
                     are called within sticky emulation.
              3.     No special handling is provided for functions marked for autoload nor for functions present
                     in wordcode created by the zcompile command.
              4.     The  presence  or  absence  of  the  -R  switch  to emulate corresponds to different sticky
                     emulation modes, so for example `emulate sh -c', `emulate -R sh -c' and  `emulate  csh  -c'
                     are treated as three distinct sticky emulations.
              5.     Difference  in  shell  options  supplied  in  addition to the basic emulation also mean the
                     sticky emulations are different, so for example `emulate zsh -c' and `emulate zsh -o cbases
                     -c' are treated as distinct sticky emulations.

       enable [ -afmprs ] name ...
              Enable the named hash table elements, presumably disabled earlier with disable.  The default is to
              enable builtin commands.  The -a option causes enable to act on regular or global aliases.  The -s
              option causes enable to act on suffix aliases.  The -f  option  causes  enable  to  act  on  shell
              functions.   The  -r option causes enable to act on reserved words.  Without arguments all enabled
              hash table elements from the corresponding hash table are printed.  With the -m flag the arguments
              are taken as patterns (should be quoted) and all hash table elements from the  corresponding  hash
              table  matching  these  patterns  are  enabled.   Enabled objects can be disabled with the disable
              builtin command.

              enable -p reenables patterns disabled with disable -p.  Note that it does  not  override  globbing
              options;  for  example, `enable -p "~"' does not cause the pattern character ~ to be active unless
              the EXTENDED_GLOB option is also set.  To enable all  possible  patterns  (so  that  they  may  be
              individually disabled with disable -p), use `setopt EXTENDED_GLOB KSH_GLOB NO_SH_GLOB'.

       eval [ arg ... ]
              Read the arguments as input to the shell and execute the resulting command(s) in the current shell
              process.   The  return  status  is  the  same as if the commands had been executed directly by the
              shell; if there are no args or they contain no commands (i.e. are an empty string  or  whitespace)
              the return status is zero.

       exec [ -cl ] [ -a argv0 ] [ command [ arg ... ] ]
              Replace the current shell with command rather than forking.  If command is a shell builtin command
              or a shell function, the shell executes it, then immediately exits.

              With -c clear the environment; with -l prepend - to the argv[0] string of the command executed (to
              simulate  a  login  shell); with -a argv0 set the argv[0] string of the command executed.  See the
              section `Precommand Modifiers' in zshmisc(1).

              If the option POSIX_BUILTINS is set, command is never interpreted as a shell  builtin  command  or
              shell  function.   This means further precommand modifiers such as builtin and noglob are also not
              interpreted within the shell.  Hence command is always found by searching the command path.

              If command is omitted but any redirections are specified, then the redirections will  take  effect
              in the current shell.

       exit [ n ]
              Exit the shell with the exit status specified by an arithmetic expression n; if none is specified,
              use the exit status from the last command executed.  An EOF condition will also cause the shell to
              exit, unless the IGNORE_EOF option is set.

              See  notes  at the end of the section JOBS in zshmisc(1) for some possibly unexpected interactions
              of the exit command with jobs.

       export [ name[=value] ... ]
              The specified names are marked for automatic export to the environment  of  subsequently  executed
              commands.   Equivalent  to  typeset  -gx.   If a parameter specified does not already exist, it is
              created in the global scope.

       false [ arg ... ]
              Do nothing and return an exit status of 1.

       fc [ -e ename ] [ -LI ] [ -m match ] [ old=new ... ] [ first [ last ] ]
       fc -l [ -LI ] [ -nrdfEiD ] [ -t timefmt ] [ -m match ]
             [ old=new ... ] [ first [ last ] ]
       fc -p [ -a ] [ filename [ histsize [ savehistsize ] ] ]
       fc -P
       fc -ARWI [ filename ]
              The fc command controls the interactive history mechanism.   Note  that  reading  and  writing  of
              history  options  is  only  performed  if  the  shell  is  interactive.   Usually this is detected
              automatically, but it can be forced by setting the interactive option when starting the shell.

              The first two forms of this command select a range of events from first to last from  the  history
              list.   The  arguments  first  and  last  may be specified as a number or as a string.  A negative
              number is used as an offset to the current history event number.   A  string  specifies  the  most
              recent  event  beginning  with  the  given  string.   All  substitutions old=new, if any, are then
              performed on the text of the events.

              In addition to the number range,
              -I     restricts to only internal events (not from $HISTFILE)
              -L     restricts to only local events (not from other shells, see SHARE_HISTORY  in  zshoptions(1)
                     -- note that $HISTFILE is considered local when read at startup)
              -m     takes  the  first  argument  as  a  pattern  (should be quoted) and only the history events
                     matching this pattern are considered

              If first is not specified, it will be set to -1 (the most recent event), or to -16 if the -l  flag
              is  given.   If  last is not specified, it will be set to first, or to -1 if the -l flag is given.
              However, if the current event has added entries to the history with `print -s' or  `fc  -R',  then
              the default last for -l includes all new history entries since the current event began.

              When  the  -l  flag  is  given, the resulting events are listed on standard output.  Otherwise the
              editor program ename is invoked on a file containing these history events.  If ename is not given,
              the value of the parameter FCEDIT is used; if that is not set the value of the parameter EDITOR is
              used; if that is not set a builtin default, usually `vi' is used.  If ename is `-', no  editor  is
              invoked.  When editing is complete, the edited command is executed.

              The  flag  -r  reverses  the  order  of  the  events and the flag -n suppresses event numbers when
              listing.

              Also when listing,
              -d     prints timestamps for each event
              -f     prints full time-date stamps in the US `MM/DD/YY hh:mm' format
              -E     prints full time-date stamps in the European `dd.mm.yyyy hh:mm' format
              -i     prints full time-date stamps in ISO8601 `yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm' format
              -t fmt prints time and date stamps in the  given  format;  fmt  is  formatted  with  the  strftime
                     function  with the zsh extensions described for the %D{string} prompt format in the section
                     EXPANSION OF PROMPT SEQUENCES in zshmisc(1).  The resulting formatted  string  must  be  no
                     more than 256 characters or will not be printed
              -D     prints elapsed times; may be combined with one of the options above

              `fc  -p'  pushes the current history list onto a stack and switches to a new history list.  If the
              -a option is also specified, this history list will  be  automatically  popped  when  the  current
              function  scope  is  exited, which is a much better solution than creating a trap function to call
              `fc -P' manually.  If no arguments are specified, the history list is  left  empty,  $HISTFILE  is
              unset,  and  $HISTSIZE  &  $SAVEHIST  are  set to their default values.  If one argument is given,
              $HISTFILE is set to that filename, $HISTSIZE & $SAVEHIST are left unchanged, and the history  file
              is  read  in  (if  it  exists)  to  initialize  the  new list.  If a second argument is specified,
              $HISTSIZE & $SAVEHIST are instead set to the single specified numeric value.  Finally, if a  third
              argument  is  specified,  $SAVEHIST  is  set  to a separate value from $HISTSIZE.  You are free to
              change these environment values for the new history list however you desire in order to manipulate
              the new history list.

              `fc -P' pops the history list back to an older list saved by `fc -p'.  The current list  is  saved
              to  its  $HISTFILE  before  it  is  destroyed  (assuming  that  $HISTFILE  and  $SAVEHIST  are set
              appropriately, of course).  The values of $HISTFILE, $HISTSIZE, and $SAVEHIST are restored to  the
              values  they  had  when  `fc  -p' was called.  Note that this restoration can conflict with making
              these variables "local", so your best bet is to avoid local declarations for  these  variables  in
              functions  that  use  `fc  -p'.   The  one  other  guaranteed-safe  combination is declaring these
              variables to be local at the top of your function and using the automatic  option  (-a)  with  `fc
              -p'.   Finally,  note  that it is legal to manually pop a push marked for automatic popping if you
              need to do so before the function exits.

              `fc -R' reads the history from the given file, `fc -W' writes the history out to the  given  file,
              and `fc -A' appends the history out to the given file.  If no filename is specified, the $HISTFILE
              is  assumed.   If  the  -I option is added to -R, only those events that are not already contained
              within the internal history list are added.  If the -I option is added to -A  or  -W,  only  those
              events  that are new since last incremental append/write to the history file are appended/written.
              In any case, the created file will have no more than $SAVEHIST entries.

       fg [ job ... ]
       job ...
              Bring each specified job in turn to the foreground.  If no job is specified,  resume  the  current
              job.

       float [ {+|-}Hghlprtux ] [ {+|-}EFLRZ [ n ] ] [ name[=value] ... ]
              Equivalent  to  typeset  -E,  except  that  options  irrelevant  to floating point numbers are not
              permitted.

       functions [ {+|-}UkmtTuWz ] [ -x num ] [ name ... ]
       functions -M [-s] mathfn [ min [ max [ shellfn ] ] ]
       functions -M [ -m pattern ... ]
       functions +M [ -m ] mathfn ...
              Equivalent to typeset -f, with the exception of the -x, -M and -W options.  For functions  -u  and
              functions -U, see autoload, which provides additional options.

              The  -x  option  indicates  that  any functions output will have each leading tab for indentation,
              added by the shell to show syntactic structure, expanded to the given number num of  spaces.   num
              can also be 0 to suppress all indentation.

              The  -W  option turns on the option WARN_NESTED_VAR for the named function or functions only.  The
              option is turned off at the start of nested functions (apart from anonoymous functions) unless the
              called function also has the -W attribute.

              Use of the -M option may not be combined with any of the options handled by typeset -f.

              functions -M mathfn defines mathfn as the name of a mathematical function recognised in all  forms
              of  arithmetical  expressions;  see the section `Arithmetic Evaluation' in zshmisc(1).  By default
              mathfn may take any number of comma-separated arguments.  If min is given, it  must  have  exactly
              min  args; if min and max are both given, it must have at least min and at most max args.  max may
              be -1 to indicate that there is no upper limit.

              By default the function is implemented by a shell  function  of  the  same  name;  if  shellfn  is
              specified it gives the name of the corresponding shell function while mathfn remains the name used
              in  arithmetical  expressions.   The  name  of  the function in $0 is mathfn (not shellfn as would
              usually be the  case),  provided  the  option  FUNCTION_ARGZERO  is  in  effect.   The  positional
              parameters  in  the  shell function correspond to the arguments of the mathematical function call.
              The result of the last arithmetical expression evaluated inside the shell function (even if it  is
              a form that normally only returns a status) gives the result of the mathematical function.

              If  the  additional  option  -s is given to functions -M, the argument to the function is a single
              string: anything between the opening and matching closing parenthesis is passed to the function as
              a single argument, even if it includes commas or white space.  The minimum  and  maximum  argument
              specifiers  must  therefore  be  1  if  given.   An empty argument list is passed as a zero-length
              string.

              functions -M with no arguments lists all such  user-defined  functions  in  the  same  form  as  a
              definition.   With  the  additional  option -m and a list of arguments, all functions whose mathfn
              matches one of the pattern arguments are listed.

              function +M removes the list  of  mathematical  functions;  with  the  additional  option  -m  the
              arguments  are treated as patterns and all functions whose mathfn matches the pattern are removed.
              Note that the shell function implementing the behaviour is not removed (regardless of whether  its
              name coincides with mathfn).

              For example, the following prints the cube of 3:

                     zmath_cube() { (( $1 * $1 * $1 )) }
                     functions -M cube 1 1 zmath_cube
                     print $(( cube(3) ))

              The following string function takes a single argument, including the commas, so prints 11:

                     stringfn() { (( $#1 )) }
                     functions -Ms stringfn
                     print $(( stringfn(foo,bar,rod) ))

       getcap See the section `The zsh/cap Module' in zshmodules(1).

       getln [ -AclneE ] name ...
              Read  the  top  value from the buffer stack and put it in the shell parameter name.  Equivalent to
              read -zr.

       getopts optstring name [ arg ... ]
              Checks the args for legal options.  If the args are omitted, use  the  positional  parameters.   A
              valid  option argument begins with a `+' or a `-'.  An argument not beginning with a `+' or a `-',
              or the argument `--', ends the options.  Note that a single `-' is not considered a  valid  option
              argument.   optstring  contains the letters that getopts recognizes.  If a letter is followed by a
              `:', that option requires an argument.  The options can be separated from the argument by blanks.

              Each time it is invoked, getopts places the option letter it finds in the  shell  parameter  name,
              prepended  with  a `+' when arg begins with a `+'.  The index of the next arg is stored in OPTIND.
              The option argument, if any, is stored in OPTARG.

              The first option to be examined may be changed by explicitly assigning to OPTIND.  OPTIND  has  an
              initial value of 1, and is normally set to 1 upon entry to a shell function and restored upon exit
              (this  is  disabled by the POSIX_BUILTINS option).  OPTARG is not reset and retains its value from
              the most recent call to getopts.  If either of OPTIND or OPTARG is explicitly  unset,  it  remains
              unset,  and the index or option argument is not stored.  The option itself is still stored in name
              in this case.

              A leading `:' in optstring causes getopts to store the letter of any invalid option in OPTARG, and
              to set name to `?' for an unknown  option  and  to  `:'  when  a  required  argument  is  missing.
              Otherwise,  getopts  sets  name to `?' and prints an error message when an option is invalid.  The
              exit status is nonzero when there are no more options.

       hash [ -Ldfmrv ] [ name[=value] ] ...
              hash can be used to directly modify the  contents  of  the  command  hash  table,  and  the  named
              directory  hash  table.   Normally  one would modify these tables by modifying one's PATH (for the
              command hash table) or by creating appropriate shell parameters  (for  the  named  directory  hash
              table).   The  choice  of hash table to work on is determined by the -d option; without the option
              the command hash table is used, and with the option the named directory hash table is used.

              Given no arguments, and neither the -r or -f options, the selected hash table will  be  listed  in
              full.

              The  -r  option  causes the selected hash table to be emptied.  It will be subsequently rebuilt in
              the normal fashion.  The -f option causes the selected hash table to be fully rebuilt immediately.
              For the command hash table this hashes all the absolute directories in the PATH, and for the named
              directory hash table this adds all users' home directories.  These two options cannot be used with
              any arguments.

              The -m option causes the arguments to be taken as  patterns  (which  should  be  quoted)  and  the
              elements of the hash table matching those patterns are printed.  This is the only way to display a
              limited selection of hash table elements.

              For  each  name  with a corresponding value, put `name' in the selected hash table, associating it
              with the pathname `value'.  In the command hash table, this means that whenever `name' is used  as
              a  command  argument,  the  shell  will  try  to  execute the file given by `value'.  In the named
              directory hash table, this means that `value' may be referred to as `~name'.

              For each name with no corresponding value, attempt to add name to the hash  table,  checking  what
              the  appropriate value is in the normal manner for that hash table.  If an appropriate value can't
              be found, then the hash table will be unchanged.

              The -v option causes hash table entries to be listed as they are added by explicit  specification.
              If has no effect if used with -f.

              If the -L flag is present, then each hash table entry is printed in the form of a call to hash.

       history
              Same as fc -l.

       integer [ {+|-}Hghlprtux ] [ {+|-}LRZi [ n ] ] [ name[=value] ... ]
              Equivalent to typeset -i, except that options irrelevant to integers are not permitted.

       jobs [ -dlprs ] [ job ... ]
       jobs -Z string
              Lists  information about each given job, or all jobs if job is omitted.  The -l flag lists process
              IDs, and the -p flag lists process groups.  If the -r flag is specified only running jobs will  be
              listed  and  if  the  -s  flag is given only stopped jobs are shown.  If the -d flag is given, the
              directory from which the job was started (which may not be the current directory of the job)  will
              also be shown.

              The -Z option replaces the shell's argument and environment space with the given string, truncated
              if  necessary  to  fit.   This  will  normally be visible in ps (ps(1)) listings.  This feature is
              typically used by daemons, to indicate their state.

       kill [ -s signal_name | -n signal_number | -sig ] job ...
       kill -l [ sig ... ]
              Sends either SIGTERM or the specified signal to the given jobs or processes.  Signals are given by
              number or by names, with or without the `SIG' prefix.  If the signal being sent is not  `KILL'  or
              `CONT',  then  the job will be sent a `CONT' signal if it is stopped.  The argument job can be the
              process ID of a job not in the job list.  In the second form, kill -l, if sig is not specified the
              signal names are listed.  Otherwise, for each sig that is a name, the corresponding signal  number
              is  listed.   For  each  sig that is a signal number or a number representing the exit status of a
              process which was terminated or stopped by a signal the name of the signal is printed.

              On some systems, alternative signal names are allowed for a few  signals.   Typical  examples  are
              SIGCHLD and SIGCLD or SIGPOLL and SIGIO, assuming they correspond to the same signal number.  kill
              -l  will  only  list  the  preferred  form,  however kill -l alt will show if the alternative form
              corresponds to a signal number.  For example, under Linux kill -l IO and kill -l POLL both  output
              29, hence kill -IO and kill -POLL have the same effect.

              Many  systems  will  allow  process IDs to be negative to kill a process group or zero to kill the
              current process group.

       let arg ...
              Evaluate each arg as an  arithmetic  expression.   See  the  section  `Arithmetic  Evaluation'  in
              zshmisc(1)  for a description of arithmetic expressions.  The exit status is 0 if the value of the
              last expression is nonzero, 1 if it is zero, and 2 if an error occurred.

       limit [ -hs ] [ resource [ limit ] ] ...
              Set or display resource limits.  Unless the -s flag is given, the limit applies only the  children
              of the shell.  If -s is given without other arguments, the resource limits of the current shell is
              set to the previously set resource limits of the children.

              If  limit is not specified, print the current limit placed on resource, otherwise set the limit to
              the specified value.  If the -h flag is given, use hard limits instead  of  soft  limits.   If  no
              resource is given, print all limits.

              When  looping  over  multiple  resources,  the  shell will abort immediately if it detects a badly
              formed argument.  However, if it fails to set a limit for  some  other  reason  it  will  continue
              trying to set the remaining limits.

              resource can be one of:

              addressspace
                     Maximum amount of address space used.
              aiomemorylocked
                     Maximum amount of memory locked in RAM for AIO operations.
              aiooperations
                     Maximum number of AIO operations.
              cachedthreads
                     Maximum number of cached threads.
              coredumpsize
                     Maximum size of a core dump.
              cputime
                     Maximum CPU seconds per process.
              datasize
                     Maximum data size (including stack) for each process.
              descriptors
                     Maximum value for a file descriptor.
              filesize
                     Largest single file allowed.
              kqueues
                     Maximum number of kqueues allocated.
              maxproc
                     Maximum number of processes.
              maxpthreads
                     Maximum number of threads per process.
              memorylocked
                     Maximum amount of memory locked in RAM.
              memoryuse
                     Maximum resident set size.
              msgqueue
                     Maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues.
              posixlocks
                     Maximum number of POSIX locks per user.
              pseudoterminals
                     Maximum number of pseudo-terminals.
              resident
                     Maximum resident set size.
              sigpending
                     Maximum number of pending signals.
              sockbufsize
                     Maximum size of all socket buffers.
              stacksize
                     Maximum stack size for each process.
              swapsize
                     Maximum amount of swap used.
              vmemorysize
                     Maximum amount of virtual memory.

              Which  of  these resource limits are available depends on the system.  resource can be abbreviated
              to any unambiguous prefix.  It can also be an integer, which corresponds to  the  integer  defined
              for the resource by the operating system.

              If argument corresponds to a number which is out of the range of the resources configured into the
              shell,  the  shell  will  try  to read or write the limit anyway, and will report an error if this
              fails.  As the shell does not store such resources internally, an attempt to set  the  limit  will
              fail unless the -s option is present.

              limit is a number, with an optional scaling factor, as follows:

              nh     hours
              nk     kilobytes (default)
              nm     megabytes or minutes
              ng     gigabytes
              [mm:]ss
                     minutes and seconds

              The  limit  command  is  not  made  available by default when the shell starts in a mode emulating
              another shell.  It can be made available with the command `zmodload -F zsh/rlimits b:limit'.

       local [ {+|-}AHUahlprtux ] [ {+|-}EFLRZi [ n ] ] [ name[=value] ... ]
              Same as typeset, except that the options -g, and -f are not permitted.  In this case the -x option
              does not force the use of -g, i.e. exported variables will be local to functions.

       log    List all users currently logged in who are affected by the current setting of the watch parameter.

       logout [ n ]
              Same as exit, except that it only works in a login shell.

       noglob simple command
              See the section `Precommand Modifiers' in zshmisc(1).

       popd [ -q ] [ {+|-}n ]
              Remove an entry from the directory stack, and perform a cd to the  new  top  directory.   With  no
              argument, the current top entry is removed.  An argument of the form `+n' identifies a stack entry
              by  counting from the left of the list shown by the dirs command, starting with zero.  An argument
              of the form -n counts from the right.  If the PUSHD_MINUS option is set, the meanings of  `+'  and
              `-' in this context are swapped.

              If  the  -q  (quiet)  option  is specified, the hook function chpwd and the functions in the array
              $chpwd_functions are not called, and the new directory stack is not printed.  This is  useful  for
              calls to popd that do not change the environment seen by an interactive user.

       print [ -abcDilmnNoOpPrsSz ] [ -u n ] [ -f format ] [ -C cols ]
             [ -v name ] [ -xX tabstop ] [ -R [ -en ]] [ arg ... ]
              With  the `-f' option the arguments are printed as described by printf.  With no flags or with the
              flag `-', the arguments are printed on  the  standard  output  as  described  by  echo,  with  the
              following  differences:  the  escape sequence `\M-x' (or `\Mx') metafies the character x (sets the
              highest bit), `\C-x' (or  `\Cx')  produces  a  control  character  (`\C-@'  and  `\C-?'  give  the
              characters  NULL  and  delete),  a  character  code  in octal is represented by `\NNN' (instead of
              `\0NNN'), and `\E' is a synonym for `\e'.  Finally, if not in an escape sequence, `\' escapes  the
              following character and is not printed.

              -a     Print  arguments  with  the  column  incrementing  first.   Only  useful with the -c and -C
                     options.

              -b     Recognize all the escape sequences defined for the bindkey command, see  the  section  `Zle
                     Builtins' in zshzle(1).

              -c     Print  the  arguments  in columns.  Unless -a is also given, arguments are printed with the
                     row incrementing first.

              -C cols
                     Print the arguments in cols columns.  Unless -a is also given, arguments are  printed  with
                     the row incrementing first.

              -D     Treat the arguments as paths, replacing directory prefixes with ~ expressions corresponding
                     to directory names, as appropriate.

              -i     If given together with -o or -O, sorting is performed case-independently.

              -l     Print the arguments separated by newlines instead of spaces.

              -m     Take  the  first  argument as a pattern (should be quoted), and remove it from the argument
                     list together with subsequent arguments that do not match this pattern.

              -n     Do not add a newline to the output.

              -N     Print the arguments separated and terminated by nulls.

              -o     Print the arguments sorted in ascending order.

              -O     Print the arguments sorted in descending order.

              -p     Print the arguments to the input of the coprocess.

              -P     Perform prompt expansion (see EXPANSION OF PROMPT SEQUENCES in zshmisc(1)).  In combination
                     with `-f', prompt escape sequences are  parsed  only  within  interpolated  arguments,  not
                     within the format string.

              -r     Ignore the escape conventions of echo.

              -R     Emulate the BSD echo command, which does not process escape sequences unless the -e flag is
                     given.   The  -n  flag  suppresses  the  trailing  newline.   Only  the -e and -n flags are
                     recognized after -R; all other arguments and options are printed.

              -s     Place the results in the history list instead of on the standard output.  Each argument  to
                     the print command is treated as a single word in the history, regardless of its content.

              -S     Place the results in the history list instead of on the standard output.  In this case only
                     a  single  argument  is  allowed;  it  will  be split into words as if it were a full shell
                     command line.  The effect is similar to reading the line  from  a  history  file  with  the
                     HIST_LEX_WORDS option active.

              -u n   Print the arguments to file descriptor n.

              -v name
                     Store the printed arguments as the value of the parameter name.

              -x tab-stop
                     Expand  leading tabs on each line of output in the printed string assuming a tab stop every
                     tab-stop characters.  This is appropriate for formatting code that  may  be  indented  with
                     tabs.   Note  that leading tabs of any argument to print, not just the first, are expanded,
                     even if print is using spaces to separate arguments (the column count is maintained  across
                     arguments but may be incorrect on output owing to previous unexpanded tabs).

                     The  start  of  the  output of each print command is assumed to be aligned with a tab stop.
                     Widths of multibyte characters are handled if the option  MULTIBYTE  is  in  effect.   This
                     option  is  ignored  if  other formatting options are in effect, namely column alignment or
                     printf style, or if output is to a special location such as shell history  or  the  command
                     line editor.

              -X tab-stop
                     This  is  similar  to -x, except that all tabs in the printed string are expanded.  This is
                     appropriate if tabs in the arguments are being used to produce a table format.

              -z     Push the arguments onto the editing buffer stack, separated by spaces.

              If any of `-m', `-o' or `-O' are used in combination with `-f' and there are no  arguments  (after
              the removal process in the case of `-m') then nothing is printed.

       printf [ -v name ] format [ arg ... ]
              Print  the  arguments according to the format specification. Formatting rules are the same as used
              in C. The same escape sequences as for echo  are  recognised  in  the  format.  All  C  conversion
              specifications  ending in one of csdiouxXeEfgGn are handled. In addition to this, `%b' can be used
              instead of `%s' to cause escape sequences in the argument to be recognised and `%q' can be used to
              quote the argument in such a way that allows it to be reused as  shell  input.  With  the  numeric
              format  specifiers, if the corresponding argument starts with a quote character, the numeric value
              of the following character is used as the number to print; otherwise the argument is evaluated  as
              an  arithmetic expression. See the section `Arithmetic Evaluation' in zshmisc(1) for a description
              of arithmetic expressions. With `%n', the corresponding argument is taken as an  identifier  which
              is created as an integer parameter.

              Normally,  conversion specifications are applied to each argument in order but they can explicitly
              specify the nth argument is to be used by replacing  `%'  by  `%n$'  and  `*'  by  `*n$'.   It  is
              recommended  that  you  do not mix references of this explicit style with the normal style and the
              handling of such mixed styles may be subject to future change.

              If arguments remain unused after formatting, the format string is reused until all arguments  have
              been  consumed.  With  the  print  builtin, this can be suppressed by using the -r option. If more
              arguments are required by the format than have been specified, the behaviour is as if zero  or  an
              empty string had been specified as the argument.

              The  -v  option  causes  the  output  to  be stored as the value of the parameter name, instead of
              printed. If name is an array and the format string is reused when  consuming  arguments  then  one
              array element will be used for each use of the format string.

       pushd [ -qsLP ] [ arg ]
       pushd [ -qsLP ] old new
       pushd [ -qsLP ] {+|-}n
              Change the current directory, and push the old current directory onto the directory stack.  In the
              first  form,  change  the current directory to arg.  If arg is not specified, change to the second
              directory on the stack (that is, exchange the  top  two  entries),  or  change  to  $HOME  if  the
              PUSHD_TO_HOME  option  is  set  or  if  there  is  only one entry on the stack.  Otherwise, arg is
              interpreted as it would be by cd.  The meaning of old and new in the second form is also the  same
              as for cd.

              The third form of pushd changes directory by rotating the directory list.  An argument of the form
              `+n'  identifies  a  stack  entry by counting from the left of the list shown by the dirs command,
              starting with zero.  An argument of the form `-n' counts  from  the  right.   If  the  PUSHD_MINUS
              option is set, the meanings of `+' and `-' in this context are swapped.

              If  the  -q  (quiet)  option  is specified, the hook function chpwd and the functions in the array
              $chpwd_functions are not called, and the new directory stack is not printed.  This is  useful  for
              calls to pushd that do not change the environment seen by an interactive user.

              If  the  option  -q  is  not specified and the shell option PUSHD_SILENT is not set, the directory
              stack will be printed after a pushd is performed.

              The options -s, -L and -P have the same meanings as for the cd builtin.

       pushln [ arg ... ]
              Equivalent to print -nz.

       pwd [ -rLP ]
              Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.   If  the  -r  or  the  -P  flag  is
              specified,  or  the  CHASE_LINKS option is set and the -L flag is not given, the printed path will
              not contain symbolic links.

       r      Same as fc -e -.

       read [ -rszpqAclneE ] [ -t [ num ] ] [ -k [ num ] ] [ -d delim ]
            [ -u n ] [ name[?prompt] ] [ name ...  ]
              Read one line and break it into fields using the characters in $IFS as separators, except as noted
              below.  The first field is assigned to the first name, the second field to the second name,  etc.,
              with leftover fields assigned to the last name.  If name is omitted then REPLY is used for scalars
              and reply for arrays.

              -r     Raw  mode: a `\' at the end of a line does not signify line continuation and backslashes in
                     the line don't quote the following character and are not removed.

              -s     Don't echo back characters if reading from the terminal.

              -q     Read only one character from the terminal and set name to `y' if this character was `y'  or
                     `Y'  and  to  `n'  otherwise.   With  this  flag  set the return status is zero only if the
                     character was `y' or `Y'.  This option may be used with a timeout (see  -t);  if  the  read
                     times  out,  or  encounters  end  of  file,  status  2 is returned.  Input is read from the
                     terminal unless one of -u or -p is present.  This  option  may  also  be  used  within  zle
                     widgets.

              -k [ num ]
                     Read  only  one  (or  num)  characters.   All  are assigned to the first name, without word
                     splitting.  This flag is ignored when -q is present.   Input  is  read  from  the  terminal
                     unless one of -u or -p is present.  This option may also be used within zle widgets.

                     Note  that  despite  the  mnemonic  `key'  this option does read full characters, which may
                     consist of multiple bytes if the option MULTIBYTE is set.

              -z     Read one entry from the editor buffer stack and assign it to the first name,  without  word
                     splitting.   Text  is pushed onto the stack with `print -z' or with push-line from the line
                     editor (see zshzle(1)).  This flag is ignored when the -k or -q flags are present.

              -e
              -E     The input read is printed (echoed) to the standard output.  If the  -e  flag  is  used,  no
                     input is assigned to the parameters.

              -A     The first name is taken as the name of an array and all words are assigned to it.

              -c
              -l     These  flags  are  allowed  only if called inside a function used for completion (specified
                     with the -K flag to compctl).  If the -c flag is given, the words of  the  current  command
                     are  read.  If the -l flag is given, the whole line is assigned as a scalar.  If both flags
                     are present, -l is used and -c is ignored.

              -n     Together with -c, the number of the word the cursor is on is read.  With -l, the  index  of
                     the  character  the cursor is on is read.  Note that the command name is word number 1, not
                     word 0, and that when the cursor is at the end of the line,  its  character  index  is  the
                     length of the line plus one.

              -u n   Input is read from file descriptor n.

              -p     Input is read from the coprocess.

              -d delim
                     Input is terminated by the first character of delim instead of by newline.

              -t [ num ]
                     Test  if  input  is  available before attempting to read.  If num is present, it must begin
                     with a digit and will be evaluated to give a number of seconds, which  may  be  a  floating
                     point  number;  in this case the read times out if input is not available within this time.
                     If num is not present, it is taken to be zero, so that read returns immediately if no input
                     is available.  If no input is available, return status 1 and do not set any variables.

                     This option is not available when reading from the editor buffer with -z, when called  from
                     within  completion  with  -c or -l, with -q which clears the input queue before reading, or
                     within zle where other mechanisms should be used to test for input.

                     Note that read does not attempt to alter the input processing mode.  The  default  mode  is
                     canonical  input,  in which an entire line is read at a time, so usually `read -t' will not
                     read anything until an entire line has been typed.  However, when reading from the terminal
                     with -k input is processed one key at a time; in this case, only availability of the  first
                     character  is  tested, so that e.g. `read -t -k 2' can still block on the second character.
                     Use two instances of `read -t -k' if this is not what is wanted.

              If the first argument contains a `?', the remainder of this word is used as a prompt  on  standard
              error when the shell is interactive.

              The  value  (exit  status)  of  read  is 1 when an end-of-file is encountered, or when -c or -l is
              present and the command is not called from a compctl function, or as described for -q.   Otherwise
              the value is 0.

              The  behavior  of some combinations of the -k, -p, -q, -u and -z flags is undefined.  Presently -q
              cancels all the others, -p cancels -u, -k cancels -z, and otherwise -z cancels both -p and -u.

              The -c or -l flags cancel any and all of -kpquz.

       readonly
              Same as typeset -r.  With the POSIX_BUILTINS option set, same as typeset -gr.

       rehash Same as hash -r.

       return [ n ]
              Causes a shell function or `.' script to return to the invoking  script  with  the  return  status
              specified  by  an  arithmetic expression n. If n is omitted, the return status is that of the last
              command executed.

              If return was executed from a trap in a TRAPNAL function, the effect is  different  for  zero  and
              non-zero  return  status.   With zero status (or after an implicit return at the end of the trap),
              the shell will return to whatever it was previously processing; with a non-zero status, the  shell
              will  behave  as interrupted except that the return status of the trap is retained.  Note that the
              numeric value of the signal which caused the  trap  is  passed  as  the  first  argument,  so  the
              statement `return $((128+$1))' will return the same status as if the signal had not been trapped.

       sched  See the section `The zsh/sched Module' in zshmodules(1).

       set [ {+|-}options | {+|-}o [ option_name ] ] ... [ {+|-}A [ name ] ]
           [ arg ... ]
              Set  the  options for the shell and/or set the positional parameters, or declare and set an array.
              If the -s option is given, it causes the specified arguments to be sorted before assigning them to
              the positional parameters (or to the array name if  -A  is  used).   With  +s  sort  arguments  in
              descending  order.  For the meaning of the other flags, see zshoptions(1).  Flags may be specified
              by name using the -o option. If no option name is supplied with -o, the current option states  are
              printed:   see  the  description of setopt below for more information on the format.  With +o they
              are printed in a form that can be used as input to the shell.

              If the -A flag is specified, name is set to an array containing the given  args;  if  no  name  is
              specified, all arrays are printed together with their values.

              If  +A is used and name is an array, the given arguments will replace the initial elements of that
              array; if no name is specified, all arrays are printed without their values.

              The behaviour of arguments after -A name or +A name depends on whether the  option  KSH_ARRAYS  is
              set.   If  it  is  not  set,  all  arguments  following  name are treated as values for the array,
              regardless of their form.  If the option is set, normal option processing continues at that point;
              only regular arguments are treated as values for the array.  This means that

                     set -A array -x -- foo

              sets array to `-x -- foo' if KSH_ARRAYS is not set, but sets the array to foo  and  turns  on  the
              option `-x' if it is set.

              If  the  -A  flag  is  not  present,  but  there  are arguments beyond the options, the positional
              parameters are set.  If the option list (if any) is terminated by `--', and there are  no  further
              arguments, the positional parameters will be unset.

              If  no arguments and no `--' are given, then the names and values of all parameters are printed on
              the standard output.  If the only argument is `+', the names of all parameters are printed.

              For historical reasons, `set -' is treated as `set +xv' and `set - args' as `set +xv -- args' when
              in any other emulation mode than zsh's native mode.

       setcap See the section `The zsh/cap Module' in zshmodules(1).

       setopt [ {+|-}options | {+|-}o option_name ] [ -m ] [ name ... ]
              Set the options for the shell.  All options specified either with flags or by name are set.

              If no arguments are supplied, the names of all options currently set are  printed.   The  form  is
              chosen  so  as to minimize the differences from the default options for the current emulation (the
              default emulation being native zsh, shown as <Z>  in  zshoptions(1)).   Options  that  are  on  by
              default  for  the emulation are shown with the prefix no only if they are off, while other options
              are shown without the prefix no and only if they are on.  In addition to options changed from  the
              default  state  by  the  user,  any  options  activated  automatically  by the shell (for example,
              SHIN_STDIN or INTERACTIVE) will be shown in the list.  The  format  is  further  modified  by  the
              option  KSH_OPTION_PRINT, however the rationale for choosing options with or without the no prefix
              remains the same in this case.

              If the -m flag is given the arguments are taken as patterns (which should  be  quoted  to  protect
              them from filename expansion), and all options with names matching these patterns are set.

              Note  that a bad option name does not cause execution of subsequent shell code to be aborted; this
              is behaviour is different from that of `set -o'.  This is because set is  regarded  as  a  special
              builtin by the POSIX standard, but setopt is not.

       shift [ -p ] [ n ] [ name ... ]
              The  positional  parameters  ${n+1} ... are renamed to $1 ..., where n is an arithmetic expression
              that defaults to 1.  If any names are given then the arrays with these names are  shifted  instead
              of the positional parameters.

              If  the  option  -p  is  given arguments are instead removed (popped) from the end rather than the
              start of the array.

       source file [ arg ... ]
              Same as `.', except that the current directory is always searched and is  always  searched  first,
              before directories in $path.

       stat   See the section `The zsh/stat Module' in zshmodules(1).

       suspend [ -f ]
              Suspend the execution of the shell (send it a SIGTSTP) until it receives a SIGCONT.  Unless the -f
              option is given, this will refuse to suspend a login shell.

       test [ arg ... ]
       [ [ arg ... ] ]
              Like  the  system  version  of test.  Added for compatibility; use conditional expressions instead
              (see the section  `Conditional  Expressions').   The  main  differences  between  the  conditional
              expression  syntax and the test and [ builtins are:  these commands are not handled syntactically,
              so for example an empty variable expansion may cause an argument  to  be  omitted;  syntax  errors
              cause  status  2  to be returned instead of a shell error; and arithmetic operators expect integer
              arguments rather than arithmetic expressions.

              The  command  attempts  to  implement  POSIX  and  its  extensions  where  these  are   specified.
              Unfortunately there are intrinsic ambiguities in the syntax; in particular there is no distinction
              between test operators and strings that resemble them.  The standard attempts to resolve these for
              small numbers of arguments (up to four); for five or more arguments compatibility cannot be relied
              on.   Users  are  urged  wherever  possible  to use the `[[' test syntax which does not have these
              ambiguities.

       times  Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for processes run from the shell.

       trap [ arg ] [ sig ... ]
              arg is a series of commands (usually quoted to protect it from immediate evaluation by the  shell)
              to  be  read  and executed when the shell receives any of the signals specified by one or more sig
              args.  Each sig can be given as a number, or as the name of a signal either with  or  without  the
              string SIG in front (e.g. 1, HUP, and SIGHUP are all the same signal).

              If  arg  is  `-',  then  the specified signals are reset to their defaults, or, if no sig args are
              present, all traps are reset.

              If arg is an empty string, then the specified signals  are  ignored  by  the  shell  (and  by  the
              commands it invokes).

              If  arg  is  omitted  but  one  or more sig args are provided (i.e.  the first argument is a valid
              signal number or name), the effect is the same as if arg had been specified as `-'.

              The trap command with no arguments prints a list of commands associated with each signal.

              If sig is ZERR then arg will be executed after each command with a nonzero exit status.  ERR is an
              alias for ZERR on systems that have no SIGERR signal (this is the usual case).

              If sig is DEBUG then arg will be executed before each command if the  option  DEBUG_BEFORE_CMD  is
              set  (as  it is by default), else after each command.  Here, a `command' is what is described as a
              `sublist' in the shell grammar, see the section SIMPLE COMMANDS &  PIPELINES  in  zshmisc(1).   If
              DEBUG_BEFORE_CMD  is set various additional features are available.  First, it is possible to skip
              the next command by setting the option ERR_EXIT; see the description of  the  ERR_EXIT  option  in
              zshoptions(1).   Also, the shell parameter ZSH_DEBUG_CMD is set to the string corresponding to the
              command to be executed following the trap.  Note  that  this  string  is  reconstructed  from  the
              internal  format  and  may  not  be formatted the same way as the original text.  The parameter is
              unset after the trap is executed.

              If sig is 0 or EXIT and the trap statement is executed inside the body of  a  function,  then  the
              command  arg  is executed after the function completes.  The value of $? at the start of execution
              is the exit status of the shell or the return status of the function exiting.  If sig is 0 or EXIT
              and the trap statement is not executed inside the body of a function,  then  the  command  arg  is
              executed when the shell terminates; the trap runs before any zshexit hook functions.

              ZERR,  DEBUG,  and  EXIT traps are not executed inside other traps.  ZERR and DEBUG traps are kept
              within subshells, while other traps are reset.

              Note that traps defined with the trap  builtin  are  slightly  different  from  those  defined  as
              `TRAPNAL  ()  {  ...  }',  as  the latter have their own function environment (line numbers, local
              variables, etc.) while the former use the environment of the command in which  they  were  called.
              For example,

                     trap 'print $LINENO' DEBUG

              will print the line number of a command executed after it has run, while

                     TRAPDEBUG() { print $LINENO; }

              will always print the number zero.

              Alternative  signal names are allowed as described under kill above.  Defining a trap under either
              name causes any trap under an alternative name to be removed.  However, it is recommended that for
              consistency users stick exclusively to one name or another.

       true [ arg ... ]
              Do nothing and return an exit status of 0.

       ttyctl [ -fu ]
              The -f option freezes the tty (i.e. terminal or terminal emulator), and -u unfreezes it.  When the
              tty is frozen, no changes made to the tty settings by external programs will  be  honored  by  the
              shell,  except  for changes in the size of the screen; the shell will simply reset the settings to
              their previous values as soon as each command exits or  is  suspended.   Thus,  stty  and  similar
              programs have no effect when the tty is frozen.  Freezing the tty does not cause the current state
              to be remembered: instead, it causes future changes to the state to be blocked.

              Without options it reports whether the terminal is frozen or not.

              Note  that, regardless of whether the tty is frozen or not, the shell needs to change the settings
              when the line editor starts, so unfreezing the tty does not guarantee settings made on the command
              line are preserved.  Strings of  commands  run  between  editing  the  command  line  will  see  a
              consistent tty state.  See also the shell variable STTY for a means of initialising the tty before
              running external commands.

       type [ -wfpamsS ] name ...
              Equivalent to whence -v.

       typeset [ {+|-}AHUaghlmprtux ] [ {+|-}EFLRZi [ n ] ]
               [ + ] [ name[=value] ... ]
       typeset -T [ {+|-}Uglprux ] [ {+|-}LRZ [ n ] ]
               [ + | SCALAR[=value] array[=(value ...)] [ sep ] ]
       typeset -f [ {+|-}TUkmtuz ] [ + ] [ name ... ]
              Set or display attributes and values for shell parameters.

              Except  as noted below for control flags that change the behavior, a parameter is created for each
              name that does not already refer to one.  When inside a function, a new parameter is  created  for
              every  name  (even those that already exist), and is unset again when the function completes.  See
              `Local Parameters' in zshparam(1).  The same rules apply to special shell parameters, which retain
              their special attributes when made local.

              For each name=value assignment, the parameter name is set to value.

              If the shell option TYPESET_SILENT is not set, for each remaining name that refers to a  parameter
              that is already set, the name and value of the parameter are printed in the form of an assignment.
              Nothing  is  printed  for  newly-created  parameters, or when any attribute flags listed below are
              given along with the name.  Using `+' instead of minus to introduce an attribute turns it off.

              If no name is present, the names and values of all parameters  are  printed.   In  this  case  the
              attribute  flags restrict the display to only those parameters that have the specified attributes,
              and using `+' rather than `-'  to  introduce  the  flag  suppresses  printing  of  the  values  of
              parameters when there is no parameter name.

              All  forms  of  the  command handle scalar assignment.  Array assignment is possible if any of the
              reserved words declare, export, float, integer, local, readonly or typeset  is  matched  when  the
              line  is  parsed  (N.B.  not  when  it  is  executed).   In  this case the arguments are parsed as
              assignments, except that the `+=' syntax and the GLOB_ASSIGN option are not supported, and  scalar
              values  after  =  are not split further into words, even if expanded (regardless of the setting of
              the KSH_TYPESET option; this option is obsolete).

              Examples of the differences between command and reserved word parsing:

                     # Reserved word parsing
                     typeset svar=$(echo one word) avar=(several words)

              The above creates a scalar parameter svar and an array parameter avar as if  the  assignments  had
              been

                     svar="one word"
                     avar=(several words)

              On the other hand:

                     # Normal builtin interface
                     builtin typeset svar=$(echo two words)

              The  builtin  keyword  causes  the above to use the standard builtin interface to typeset in which
              argument parsing is performed in the same way as for  other  commands.   This  example  creates  a
              scalar  svar  containing the value two and another scalar parameter words with no value.  An array
              value in this case would either cause an error or be treated as an obscure set of glob qualifiers.

              Arbitrary arguments are allowed if they take the form of assignments after command line expansion;
              however, these only perform scalar assignment:

                     var='svar=val'
                     typeset $var

              The above sets the scalar parameter svar to the value val.  Parentheses around  the  value  within
              var  would  not cause array assignment as they will be treated as ordinary characters when $var is
              substituted.  Any non-trivial expansion in the name part of the assignment causes the argument  to
              be treated in this fashion:

                     typeset {var1,var2,var3}=name

              The above syntax is valid, and has the expected effect of setting the three parameters to the same
              value,  but  the command line is parsed as a set of three normal command line arguments to typeset
              after expansion.  Hence it is not possible to assign to multiple arrays by this means.

              Note that each interface to any of the commands my be disabled separately.  For example,  `disable
              -r typeset' disables the reserved word interface to typeset, exposing the builtin interface, while
              `disable  typeset'  disables  the  builtin.   Note  that disabling the reserved word interface for
              typeset may cause problems with the output of  `typeset  -p',  which  assumes  the  reserved  word
              interface is available in order to restore array and associative array values.

              Unlike  parameter  assignment  statements,  typeset's exit status on an assignment that involves a
              command substitution does not reflect the exit status of the command substitution.  Therefore,  to
              test  for  an  error in a command substitution, separate the declaration of the parameter from its
              initialization:

                     # WRONG
                     typeset var1=$(exit 1) || echo "Trouble with var1"

                     # RIGHT
                     typeset var1 && var1=$(exit 1) || echo "Trouble with var1"

              To initialize a parameter param to a command output and mark it readonly, use typeset -r param  or
              readonly param after the parameter assignment statement.

              If  no attribute flags are given, and either no name arguments are present or the flag +m is used,
              then each parameter name printed is preceded by a list of the attributes of that parameter (array,
              association, exported, float, integer, readonly, or undefined for autoloaded  parameters  not  yet
              loaded).   If  +m  is  used  with  attribute flags, and all those flags are introduced with +, the
              matching parameter names are printed but their values are not.

              The following control flags change the behavior of typeset:

              +      If `+' appears by itself in a separate word as the last  option,  then  the  names  of  all
                     parameters  (functions  with -f) are printed, but the values (function bodies) are not.  No
                     name arguments may appear, and it is an error for any other options  to  follow  `+'.   The
                     effect  of  `+' is as if all attribute flags which precede it were given with a `+' prefix.
                     For example, `typeset -U +' is equivalent to `typeset +U' and displays  the  names  of  all
                     arrays having the uniqueness attribute, whereas `typeset -f -U +' displays the names of all
                     autoloadable  functions.   If + is the only option, then type information (array, readonly,
                     etc.) is also printed for each parameter, in the same manner as `typeset +m "*"'.

              -g     The -g (global) means that any resulting parameter will not be restricted to  local  scope.
                     Note  that  this  does  not necessarily mean that the parameter will be global, as the flag
                     will apply to any existing parameter (even if unset) from an enclosing function.  This flag
                     does not affect the parameter after creation, hence it has no effect when listing  existing
                     parameters, nor does the flag +g have any effect except in combination with -m (see below).

              -m     If  the  -m  flag is given the name arguments are taken as patterns (use quoting to prevent
                     these from being interpreted as file patterns).  With no attribute  flags,  all  parameters
                     (or  functions  with  the  -f  flag)  with  matching  names  are  printed (the shell option
                     TYPESET_SILENT is not used in this case).

                     If the +g flag is combined with -m, a new local parameter is  created  for  every  matching
                     parameter  that  is not already local.  Otherwise -m applies all other flags or assignments
                     to the existing parameters.

                     Except when assignments are made with name=value, using +m forces the  matching  parameters
                     and  their attributes to be printed, even inside a function.  Note that -m is ignored if no
                     patterns are given, so `typeset -m' displays attributes but `typeset -a +m' does not.

              -p     If the -p option is given, parameters and values are printed  in  the  form  of  a  typeset
                     command  with  an assignment, regardless of other flags and options.  Note that the -H flag
                     on parameters is respected; no value will be shown for these parameters.

              -T [ scalar[=value] array[=(value ...)] [ sep ] ]
                     This flag has a different meaning when used with -f; see below.  Otherwise  the  -T  option
                     requires  zero,  two,  or  three  arguments  to be present.  With no arguments, the list of
                     parameters created in this fashion is shown.  With two or three arguments,  the  first  two
                     are  the  name  of  a  scalar  and  of an array parameter (in that order) that will be tied
                     together  in  the  manner  of  $PATH  and  $path.   The  optional  third  argument   is   a
                     single-character separator which will be used to join the elements of the array to form the
                     scalar;  if  absent,  a  colon  is  used,  as  with $PATH.  Only the first character of the
                     separator is significant; any remaining characters are ignored.  Multibyte  characters  are
                     not yet supported.

                     Only  one  of  the  scalar  and  array  parameters  may  be  assigned an initial value (the
                     restrictions on assignment forms described above also apply).

                     Both the scalar and the array may be manipulated as normal.  If one  is  unset,  the  other
                     will  automatically  be  unset  too.   There  is  no  way  of untying the variables without
                     unsetting them, nor of converting the type of one of them with another typeset command;  +T
                     does  not  work,  assigning an array to scalar is an error, and assigning a scalar to array
                     sets it to be a single-element array.

                     Note that both `typeset -xT ...'  and `export -T ...' work, but only  the  scalar  will  be
                     marked  for  export.   Setting  the  value  using  the scalar version causes a split on all
                     separators (which cannot be quoted).  It is possible to apply -T  to  two  previously  tied
                     variables  but  with  a  different  separator character, in which case the variables remain
                     joined as before but the separator is changed.

              Attribute flags that transform the final value (-L, -R, -Z,  -l,  -u)  are  only  applied  to  the
              expanded  value  at the point of a parameter expansion expression using `$'.  They are not applied
              when a parameter is retrieved internally by the shell for any purpose.

              The following attribute flags may be specified:

              -A     The names refer to associative array parameters; see `Array Parameters' in zshparam(1).

              -L [ n ]
                     Left justify and remove leading blanks from the value when the parameter is expanded.  If n
                     is nonzero, it defines the width of the field.  If n is zero, the width  is  determined  by
                     the  width  of  the  value of the first assignment.  In the case of numeric parameters, the
                     length of the complete value assigned to the parameter is used to determine the width,  not
                     the value that would be output.

                     The  width  is  the count of characters, which may be multibyte characters if the MULTIBYTE
                     option is in effect.  Note that the screen  width  of  the  character  is  not  taken  into
                     account;  if  this is required, use padding with parameter expansion flags ${(ml...)...} as
                     described in `Parameter Expansion Flags' in zshexpn(1).

                     When the parameter is expanded, it is filled on the  right  with  blanks  or  truncated  if
                     necessary  to  fit  the field.  Note truncation can lead to unexpected results with numeric
                     parameters.  Leading zeros are removed if the -Z flag is also set.

              -R [ n ]
                     Similar to -L, except that right justification is used; when the parameter is expanded, the
                     field is left filled with blanks or truncated from the end.  May not be combined  with  the
                     -Z flag.

              -U     For  arrays  (but  not  for  associative  arrays),  keep  only the first occurrence of each
                     duplicated value.  This may also be set for colon-separated special parameters like PATH or
                     FIGNORE, etc.  Note the flag takes effect on assignment, and the type of the variable being
                     assigned to is determinative; for variables with shared values it is therefore  recommended
                     to set the flag for all interfaces, e.g. `typeset -U PATH path'.

                     This flag has a different meaning when used with -f; see below.

              -Z [ n ]
                     Specially  handled  if  set  along with the -L flag.  Otherwise, similar to -R, except that
                     leading zeros are used for padding instead of blanks if the first non-blank character is  a
                     digit.  Numeric parameters are specially handled: they are always eligible for padding with
                     zeroes, and the zeroes are inserted at an appropriate place in the output.

              -a     The  names  refer  to array parameters.  An array parameter may be created this way, but it
                     may be assigned to in the typeset statement only if the reserved word form  of  typeset  is
                     enabled  (as  it  is  by default).  When displaying, both normal and associative arrays are
                     shown.

              -f     The names refer to functions rather than parameters.  No assignments can be made,  and  the
                     only  other  valid  flags  are  -t,  -T, -k, -u, -U and -z.  The flag -t turns on execution
                     tracing for this function; the flag -T does the same, but turns off tracing for  any  named
                     (not  anonymous) function called from the present one, unless that function also has the -t
                     or -T flag.  The -u and -U flags cause the function to be marked for autoloading;  -U  also
                     causes  alias  expansion to be suppressed when the function is loaded.  See the description
                     of the `autoload' builtin for details.

                     Note that the builtin functions provides the same basic  capabilities  as  typeset  -f  but
                     gives access to a few extra options; autoload gives further additional options for the case
                     typeset -fu and typeset -fU.

              -h     Hide:  only useful for special parameters (those marked `<S>' in the table in zshparam(1)),
                     and for local parameters with the same name as a special  parameter,  though  harmless  for
                     others.   A  special  parameter with this attribute will not retain its special effect when
                     made local.  Thus after `typeset -h PATH', a function containing `typeset PATH' will create
                     an ordinary local parameter without the usual behaviour of PATH.  Alternatively, the  local
                     parameter  may  itself  be  given this attribute; hence inside a function `typeset -h PATH'
                     creates an ordinary local parameter and the special PATH parameter is not  altered  in  any
                     way.  It is also possible to create a local parameter using `typeset +h special', where the
                     local  copy  of  special  will  retain  its  special properties regardless of having the -h
                     attribute.  Global special  parameters  loaded  from  shell  modules  (currently  those  in
                     zsh/mapfile  and  zsh/parameter)  are  automatically  given  the -h attribute to avoid name
                     clashes.

              -H     Hide value: specifies that typeset will not display the value of the parameter when listing
                     parameters; the display for such parameters is always as if the `+' flag  had  been  given.
                     Use  of  the  parameter  is  in other respects normal, and the option does not apply if the
                     parameter is specified by name, or by pattern with the -m option.  This is  on  by  default
                     for  the  parameters  in  the  zsh/parameter  and zsh/mapfile modules.  Note, however, that
                     unlike the -h flag this is also useful for non-special parameters.

              -i [ n ]
                     Use an internal integer representation.  If n is nonzero it defines the  output  arithmetic
                     base, otherwise it is determined by the first assignment.  Bases from 2 to 36 inclusive are
                     allowed.

              -E [ n ]
                     Use  an  internal  double-precision  floating point representation.  On output the variable
                     will be converted to scientific notation.  If  n  is  nonzero  it  defines  the  number  of
                     significant figures to display; the default is ten.

              -F [ n ]
                     Use  an  internal  double-precision  floating point representation.  On output the variable
                     will be converted to fixed-point decimal notation.  If n is nonzero it defines  the  number
                     of digits to display after the decimal point; the default is ten.

              -l     Convert  the  result  to  lower  case whenever the parameter is expanded.  The value is not
                     converted when assigned.

              -r     The given names are marked readonly.  Note  that  if  name  is  a  special  parameter,  the
                     readonly attribute can be turned on, but cannot then be turned off.

                     If  the  POSIX_BUILTINS  option  is  set, the readonly attribute is more restrictive: unset
                     variables can be marked  readonly  and  cannot  then  be  set;  furthermore,  the  readonly
                     attribute  cannot  be removed from any variable.  Note that in zsh (unlike other shells) it
                     is still possible to create a local variable of the same  name  as  this  is  considered  a
                     different variable (though this variable, too, can be marked readonly).

              -t     Tags  the  named  parameters.   Tags have no special meaning to the shell.  This flag has a
                     different meaning when used with -f; see above.

              -u     Convert the result to upper case whenever the parameter is  expanded.   The  value  is  not
                     converted when assigned.  This flag has a different meaning when used with -f; see above.

              -x     Mark  for  automatic  export  to the environment of subsequently executed commands.  If the
                     option GLOBAL_EXPORT is set, this implies the option  -g,  unless  +g  is  also  explicitly
                     given;  in  other words the parameter is not made local to the enclosing function.  This is
                     for compatibility with previous versions of zsh.

       ulimit [ -HSa ] [ { -bcdfiklmnpqrsTtvwx | -N resource } [ limit ] ... ]
              Set or display resource limits of the shell and the processes started by the shell.  The value  of
              limit  can be a number in the unit specified below or one of the values `unlimited', which removes
              the limit on the resource, or `hard', which uses the current  value  of  the  hard  limit  on  the
              resource.

              By  default,  only soft limits are manipulated. If the -H flag is given use hard limits instead of
              soft limits.  If the -S flag is given together with the -H flag set both hard and soft limits.

              If no options are used, the file size limit (-f) is assumed.

              If limit is omitted the current value of the specified resources are printed.  When more than  one
              resource value is printed, the limit name and unit is printed before each value.

              When  looping  over  multiple  resources,  the  shell will abort immediately if it detects a badly
              formed argument.  However, if it fails to set a limit for  some  other  reason  it  will  continue
              trying to set the remaining limits.

              Not  all  the following resources are supported on all systems.  Running ulimit -a will show which
              are supported.

              -a     Lists all of the current resource limits.
              -b     Socket buffer size in bytes (N.B. not kilobytes)
              -c     512-byte blocks on the size of core dumps.
              -d     Kilobytes on the size of the data segment.
              -f     512-byte blocks on the size of files written.
              -i     The number of pending signals.
              -k     The number of kqueues allocated.
              -l     Kilobytes on the size of locked-in memory.
              -m     Kilobytes on the size of physical memory.
              -n     open file descriptors.
              -p     The number of pseudo-terminals.
              -q     Bytes in POSIX message queues.
              -r     Maximum real time priority.  On some systems where this is not available, such  as  NetBSD,
                     this has the same effect as -T for compatibility with sh.
              -s     Kilobytes on the size of the stack.
              -T     The number of simultaneous threads available to the user.
              -t     CPU seconds to be used.
              -u     The number of processes available to the user.
              -v     Kilobytes  on  the size of virtual memory.  On some systems this refers to the limit called
                     `address space'.
              -w     Kilobytes on the size of swapped out memory.
              -x     The number of locks on files.

              A resource may also be specified by integer in the form `-N resource', where resource  corresponds
              to  the  integer  defined  for  the resource by the operating system.  This may be used to set the
              limits for resources known to the shell which do not correspond to option  letters.   Such  limits
              will be shown by number in the output of `ulimit -a'.

              The  number  may  alternatively  be out of the range of limits compiled into the shell.  The shell
              will try to read or write the limit anyway, and will report an error if this fails.

       umask [ -S ] [ mask ]
              The umask is set to mask.  mask can be either an octal number or a symbolic value as described  in
              chmod(1).   If mask is omitted, the current value is printed.  The -S option causes the mask to be
              printed as a symbolic value.  Otherwise, the mask is printed as an octal number.  Note that in the
              symbolic form the permissions you specify are those which are to be allowed (not  denied)  to  the
              users specified.

       unalias [ -ams ] name ...
              Removes  aliases.  This command works the same as unhash -a, except that the -a option removes all
              regular or global aliases, or with -s all suffix aliases: in  this  case  no  name  arguments  may
              appear.   The  options  -m  (remove  by  pattern) and -s without -a (remove listed suffix aliases)
              behave as for unhash -a.  Note that the meaning of -a is different between unalias and unhash.

       unfunction
              Same as unhash -f.

       unhash [ -adfms ] name ...
              Remove the element named name from an internal hash table.  The default is  remove  elements  from
              the  command  hash  table.   The -a option causes unhash to remove regular or global aliases; note
              when removing a global aliases that the argument must be quoted to prevent it from being  expanded
              before being passed to the command.  The -s option causes unhash to remove suffix aliases.  The -f
              option  causes  unhash  to  remove  shell functions.  The -d options causes unhash to remove named
              directories.  If the -m flag is given the arguments are taken as patterns (should be  quoted)  and
              all elements of the corresponding hash table with matching names will be removed.

       unlimit [ -hs ] resource ...
              The  resource  limit  for each resource is set to the hard limit.  If the -h flag is given and the
              shell has appropriate privileges, the hard resource limit  for  each  resource  is  removed.   The
              resources of the shell process are only changed if the -s flag is given.

              The  unlimit  command  is  not made available by default when the shell starts in a mode emulating
              another shell.  It can be made available with the command `zmodload -F zsh/rlimits b:unlimit'.

       unset [ -fmv ] name ...
              Each named parameter is unset.  Local parameters remain local even if  unset;  they  appear  unset
              within scope, but the previous value will still reappear when the scope ends.

              Individual  elements  of  associative  array  parameters may be unset by using subscript syntax on
              name, which should be quoted (or the entire command prefixed with noglob) to protect the subscript
              from filename generation.

              If the -m flag is specified the arguments are  taken  as  patterns  (should  be  quoted)  and  all
              parameters  with  matching  names  are  unset.   Note  that  this  cannot  be  used when unsetting
              associative array elements, as the subscript will be treated as part of the pattern.

              The -v flag specifies that name refers to parameters. This is the default behaviour.

              unset -f is equivalent to unfunction.

       unsetopt [ {+|-}options | {+|-}o option_name ] [ name ... ]
              Unset the options for the shell.  All options specified either with flags or by  name  are  unset.
              If  no  arguments  are  supplied, the names of all options currently unset are printed.  If the -m
              flag is given the arguments are taken as patterns (which should be quoted to  preserve  them  from
              being interpreted as glob patterns), and all options with names matching these patterns are unset.

       vared  See the section `Zle Builtins' in zshzle(1).

       wait [ job ... ]
              Wait  for  the  specified  jobs or processes.  If job is not given then all currently active child
              processes are waited for.  Each job can be either a job specification or the process ID of  a  job
              in the job table.  The exit status from this command is that of the job waited for.

              It  is  possible  to  wait  for  recent  processes (specified by process ID, not by job) that were
              running in the background even if the process has  exited.   Typically  the  process  ID  will  be
              recorded by capturing the value of the variable $! immediately after the process has been started.
              There  is a limit on the number of process IDs remembered by the shell; this is given by the value
              of the system configuration parameter CHILD_MAX.  When this limit is reached,  older  process  IDs
              are discarded, least recently started processes first.

              Note there is no protection against the process ID wrapping, i.e. if the wait is not executed soon
              enough there is a chance the process waited for is the wrong one.  A conflict implies both process
              IDs  have  been  generated by the shell, as other processes are not recorded, and that the user is
              potentially interested in both, so this problem is intrinsic to process IDs.

       whence [ -vcwfpamsS ] [ -x num ] name ...
              For each name, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a command name.

              whence is most useful when name is only the last path  component  of  a  command,  i.e.  does  not
              include  a  `/'; in particular, pattern matching only succeeds if just the non-directory component
              of the command is passed.

              -v     Produce a more verbose report.

              -c     Print the results in a csh-like format.  This takes precedence over -v.

              -w     For each name, print `name: word' where word is one of alias, builtin,  command,  function,
                     hashed, reserved or none, according as name corresponds to an alias, a built-in command, an
                     external  command,  a  shell  function, a command defined with the hash builtin, a reserved
                     word, or is not recognised.  This takes precedence over -v and -c.

              -f     Causes the contents of a shell function to be displayed, which would otherwise  not  happen
                     unless the -c flag were used.

              -p     Do a path search for name even if it is an alias, reserved word, shell function or builtin.

              -a     Do  a  search  for  all occurrences of name throughout the command path.  Normally only the
                     first occurrence is printed.

              -m     The arguments are taken  as  patterns  (pattern  characters  should  be  quoted),  and  the
                     information is displayed for each command matching one of these patterns.

              -s     If a pathname contains symlinks, print the symlink-free pathname as well.

              -S     As  -s,  but  if  the  pathname  had  to  be  resolved  by following multiple symlinks, the
                     intermediate steps are printed, too.  The symlink resolved at each step might  be  anywhere
                     in the path.

              -x num Expand  tabs when outputting shell functions using the -c option.  This has the same effect
                     as the -x option to the functions builtin.

       where [ -wpmsS ] [ -x num ] name ...
              Equivalent to whence -ca.

       which [ -wpamsS ] [ -x num ] name ...
              Equivalent to whence -c.

       zcompile [ -U ] [ -z | -k ] [ -R | -M ] file [ name ... ]
       zcompile -ca [ -m ] [ -R | -M ] file [ name ... ]
       zcompile -t file [ name ... ]
              This builtin command can be used to compile functions or scripts, storing the compiled form  in  a
              file,  and  to  examine  files  containing  the  compiled form.  This allows faster autoloading of
              functions and sourcing of scripts by avoiding parsing of the text when the files are read.

              The first form (without the -c, -a or -t options) creates a  compiled  file.   If  only  the  file
              argument  is  given,  the  output  file  has  the  name  `file.zwc' and will be placed in the same
              directory as the file.  The shell will load the compiled file instead of the normal function  file
              when  the  function  is  autoloaded;  see  the section `Autoloading Functions' in zshmisc(1) for a
              description of how autoloaded functions are searched.  The extension .zwc  stands  for  `zsh  word
              code'.

              If  there  is  at  least  one name argument, all the named files are compiled into the output file
              given as the first argument.  If file does not  end  in  .zwc,  this  extension  is  automatically
              appended.   Files  containing  multiple  compiled  functions  are  called  `digest' files, and are
              intended to be used as elements of the FPATH/fpath special array.

              The second form, with the -c or -a options, writes the compiled  definitions  for  all  the  named
              functions  into  file.   For  -c,  the names must be functions currently defined in the shell, not
              those marked for autoloading.  Undefined functions that are marked for autoloading may be  written
              by  using  the  -a  option, in which case the fpath is searched and the contents of the definition
              files for those functions, if found, are compiled into file.  If both -c and -a are  given,  names
              of  both defined functions and functions marked for autoloading may be given.  In either case, the
              functions in files written with the -c or -a option will be  autoloaded  as  if  the  KSH_AUTOLOAD
              option were unset.

              The  reason  for  handling loaded and not-yet-loaded functions with different options is that some
              definition files for autoloading define multiple functions, including the function with  the  same
              name  as the file, and, at the end, call that function.  In such cases the output of `zcompile -c'
              does not include the additional functions defined in the file, and any other  initialization  code
              in the file is lost.  Using `zcompile -a' captures all this extra information.

              If the -m option is combined with -c or -a, the names are used as patterns and all functions whose
              names  match  one  of  these patterns will be written. If no name is given, the definitions of all
              functions currently defined or marked as autoloaded will be written.

              Note the second form cannot be used for compiling functions that include redirections as  part  of
              the definition rather than within the body of the function; for example

                     fn1() { { ... } >~/logfile }

              can be compiled but

                     fn1() { ... } >~/logfile

              cannot.   It  is possible to use the first form of zcompile to compile autoloadable functions that
              include the full function definition instead of just the body of the function.

              The third form, with  the  -t  option,  examines  an  existing  compiled  file.   Without  further
              arguments,  the names of the original files compiled into it are listed.  The first line of output
              shows the version of the shell which compiled the file and how the file  will  be  used  (i.e.  by
              reading  it  directly  or  by  mapping it into memory).  With arguments, nothing is output and the
              return status is set to zero if definitions for all names were found in  the  compiled  file,  and
              non-zero if the definition for at least one name was not found.

              Other options:

              -U     Aliases are not expanded when compiling the named files.

              -R     When  the  compiled  file  is read, its contents are copied into the shell's memory, rather
                     than memory-mapped (see -M).  This happens automatically on systems  that  do  not  support
                     memory mapping.

                     When compiling scripts instead of autoloadable functions, it is often desirable to use this
                     option; otherwise the whole file, including the code to define functions which have already
                     been defined, will remain mapped, consequently wasting memory.

              -M     The  compiled  file is mapped into the shell's memory when read. This is done in such a way
                     that multiple instances of the shell running on the same host will share this mapped  file.
                     If neither -R nor -M is given, the zcompile builtin decides what to do based on the size of
                     the compiled file.

              -k
              -z     These  options  are  used  when  the  compiled  file  contains  functions  which  are to be
                     autoloaded. If -z is given, the function will be autoloaded as if the  KSH_AUTOLOAD  option
                     is  not  set,  even  if it is set at the time the compiled file is read, while if the -k is
                     given, the function will be loaded as if KSH_AUTOLOAD is  set.   These  options  also  take
                     precedence over any -k or -z options specified to the autoload builtin. If neither of these
                     options  is  given,  the  function  will  be  loaded  as  determined  by the setting of the
                     KSH_AUTOLOAD option at the time the compiled file is read.

                     These options may also appear as many times  as  necessary  between  the  listed  names  to
                     specify the loading style of all following functions, up to the next -k or -z.

                     The  created  file  always contains two versions of the compiled format, one for big-endian
                     machines and one for small-endian machines.  The upshot of this is that the  compiled  file
                     is  machine  independent and if it is read or mapped, only one half of the file is actually
                     used (and mapped).

       zformat
              See the section `The zsh/zutil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       zftp   See the section `The zsh/zftp Module' in zshmodules(1).

       zle    See the section `Zle Builtins' in zshzle(1).

       zmodload [ -dL ] [ -s ] [ ... ]
       zmodload -F [ -alLme -P param ] module [ [+-]feature ... ]
       zmodload -e [ -A ] [ ... ]
       zmodload [ -a [ -bcpf [ -I ] ] ] [ -iL ] ...
       zmodload -u [ -abcdpf [ -I ] ] [ -iL ] ...
       zmodload -A [ -L ] [ modalias[=module] ... ]
       zmodload -R modalias ...
              Performs operations relating to zsh's loadable modules.  Loading of modules  while  the  shell  is
              running  (`dynamical  loading') is not available on all operating systems, or on all installations
              on a particular operating system, although the zmodload command itself is always available and can
              be used to manipulate modules built into  versions  of  the  shell  executable  without  dynamical
              loading.

              Without  arguments  the  names  of all currently loaded binary modules are printed.  The -L option
              causes this list to be in the form of a series of zmodload commands.  Forms with arguments are:

              zmodload [ -is ] name ...
              zmodload -u [ -i ] name ...
                     In the simplest case, zmodload loads a binary module.  The module must be in a file with  a
                     name  consisting  of the specified name followed by a standard suffix, usually `.so' (`.sl'
                     on HPUX).  If the module to be loaded is already loaded the duplicate  module  is  ignored.
                     If zmodload detects an inconsistency, such as an invalid module name or circular dependency
                     list,  the  current  code  block  is  aborted.  If it is available, the module is loaded if
                     necessary, while if it is not available, non-zero status is silently returned.  The  option
                     -i is accepted for compatibility but has no effect.

                     The  named  module is searched for in the same way a command is, using $module_path instead
                     of $path.  However, the path search is performed even when the module name contains a  `/',
                     which it usually does.  There is no way to prevent the path search.

                     If  the  module  supports  features (see below), zmodload tries to enable all features when
                     loading a module.  If the module was successfully loaded but  not  all  features  could  be
                     enabled, zmodload returns status 2.

                     If  the  option  -s  is  given, no error is printed if the module was not available (though
                     other errors indicating a  problem  with  the  module  are  printed).   The  return  status
                     indicates if the module was loaded.  This is appropriate if the caller considers the module
                     optional.

                     With  -u,  zmodload  unloads  modules.  The same name must be given that was given when the
                     module was loaded, but it is not necessary for the module to exist in the file system.  The
                     -i option suppresses the error if the module is already unloaded (or was never loaded).

                     Each module has a boot and a cleanup function.  The module will not be loaded if  its  boot
                     function  fails.   Similarly  a  module  can  only be unloaded if its cleanup function runs
                     successfully.

              zmodload -F [ -almLe -P param ] module [ [+-]feature ... ]
                     zmodload -F allows more selective control over the features provided by modules.   With  no
                     options apart from -F, the module named module is loaded, if it was not already loaded, and
                     the  list  of  features  is  set  to the required state.  If no features are specified, the
                     module is loaded, if it was not already loaded, but the state  of  features  is  unchanged.
                     Each  feature  may be preceded by a + to turn the feature on, or - to turn it off; the + is
                     assumed if neither character is present.  Any feature not explicitly mentioned is  left  in
                     its  current  state;  if  the module was not previously loaded this means any such features
                     will remain disabled.  The return status is zero if all features were set, 1 if the  module
                     failed  to load, and 2 if some features could not be set (for example, a parameter couldn't
                     be added because there was a different parameter of the  same  name)  but  the  module  was
                     loaded.

                     The  standard  features  are builtins, conditions, parameters and math functions; these are
                     indicated by the  prefix  `b:',  `c:'  (`C:'  for  an  infix  condition),  `p:'  and  `f:',
                     respectively,  followed by the name that the corresponding feature would have in the shell.
                     For example, `b:strftime' indicates a builtin named strftime and p:EPOCHSECONDS indicates a
                     parameter named EPOCHSECONDS.  The module may provide other (`abstract')  features  of  its
                     own as indicated by its documentation; these have no prefix.

                     With  -l  or  -L,  features  provided  by  the module are listed.  With -l alone, a list of
                     features together with their states is shown, one feature  per  line.   With  -L  alone,  a
                     zmodload  -F  command  that  would  cause enabled features of the module to be turned on is
                     shown.  With -lL, a zmodload -F command that would cause all the  features  to  be  set  to
                     their  current  state  is  shown.  If one of these combinations is given with the option -P
                     param then the parameter param is set to an array of  features,  either  features  together
                     with their state or (if -L alone is given) enabled features.

                     With  the option -L the module name may be omitted; then a list of all enabled features for
                     all modules providing features is printed in the form of zmodload -F commands.   If  -l  is
                     also given, the state of both enabled and disabled features is output in that form.

                     A  set  of  features may be provided together with -l or -L and a module name; in that case
                     only the state of those features is considered.  Each feature may be preceded by + or - but
                     the character has no effect.   If  no  set  of  features  is  provided,  all  features  are
                     considered.

                     With  -e,  the  command  first  tests  that the module is loaded; if it is not, status 1 is
                     returned.  If the module is loaded, the list of features given as an argument is  examined.
                     Any  feature  given  with  no prefix is simply tested to see if the module provides it; any
                     feature given with a prefix + or - is tested to see if is provided and in the given  state.
                     If the tests on all features in the list succeed, status 0 is returned, else status 1.

                     With  -m,  each  entry  in  the  given list of features is taken as a pattern to be matched
                     against the list of features provided by the module.  An initial  +  or  -  must  be  given
                     explicitly.   This  may  not  be combined with the -a option as autoloads must be specified
                     explicitly.

                     With -a, the given list of features is marked for autoload from the specified module, which
                     may not yet be loaded.  An optional + may appear before the feature name.  If  the  feature
                     is prefixed with -, any existing autoload is removed.  The options -l and -L may be used to
                     list  autoloads.  Autoloading is specific to individual features; when the module is loaded
                     only the requested feature is enabled.  Autoload requests are preserved if  the  module  is
                     subsequently  unloaded  until  an explicit `zmodload -Fa module -feature' is issued.  It is
                     not an error to request an autoload for a feature of a module that is already loaded.

                     When the module is loaded each autoload is checked against the features  actually  provided
                     by  the  module; if the feature is not provided the autoload request is deleted.  A warning
                     message is output; if the module is being loaded to provide a different feature,  and  that
                     autoload  is  successful,  there is no effect on the status of the current command.  If the
                     module is already loaded at the time when zmodload -Fa is run, an error message is  printed
                     and status 1 returned.

                     zmodload  -Fa  can  be  used with the -l, -L, -e and -P options for listing and testing the
                     existence of autoloadable features.  In this  case  -l  is  ignored  if  -L  is  specified.
                     zmodload -FaL with no module name lists autoloads for all modules.

                     Note  that  only  standard  features  as  described above can be autoloaded; other features
                     require the module to be loaded before enabling.

              zmodload -d [ -L ] [ name ]
              zmodload -d name dep ...
              zmodload -ud name [ dep ... ]
                     The -d option can be used to specify module dependencies.  The modules named in the  second
                     and subsequent arguments will be loaded before the module named in the first argument.

                     With  -d  and  one  argument,  all dependencies for that module are listed.  With -d and no
                     arguments,  all  module  dependencies  are  listed.   This  listing  is  by  default  in  a
                     Makefile-like format.  The -L option changes this format to a list of zmodload -d commands.

                     If  -d  and -u are both used, dependencies are removed.  If only one argument is given, all
                     dependencies for that module are removed.

              zmodload -ab [ -L ]
              zmodload -ab [ -i ] name [ builtin ... ]
              zmodload -ub [ -i ] builtin ...
                     The -ab option defines autoloaded builtins.  It defines the specified builtins.   When  any
                     of  those  builtins is called, the module specified in the first argument is loaded and all
                     its features are enabled (for selective  control  of  features  use  `zmodload  -F  -a'  as
                     described above).  If only the name is given, one builtin is defined, with the same name as
                     the  module.   -i suppresses the error if the builtin is already defined or autoloaded, but
                     not if another builtin of the same name is already defined.

                     With -ab and no arguments, all autoloaded builtins are listed, with  the  module  name  (if
                     different)  shown in parentheses after the builtin name.  The -L option changes this format
                     to a list of zmodload -a commands.

                     If -b is used together with the -u option, it removes builtins previously defined with -ab.
                     This is only possible if the builtin is not yet loaded.  -i suppresses  the  error  if  the
                     builtin is already removed (or never existed).

                     Autoload  requests  are  retained  if the module is subsequently unloaded until an explicit
                     `zmodload -ub builtin' is issued.

              zmodload -ac [ -IL ]
              zmodload -ac [ -iI ] name [ cond ... ]
              zmodload -uc [ -iI ] cond ...
                     The -ac option is used to define autoloaded condition codes.  The  cond  strings  give  the
                     names  of  the  conditions  defined by the module. The optional -I option is used to define
                     infix condition names. Without this option prefix condition names are defined.

                     If given no condition names, all defined names are listed (as a series of zmodload commands
                     if the -L option is given).

                     The -uc option removes definitions for autoloaded conditions.

              zmodload -ap [ -L ]
              zmodload -ap [ -i ] name [ parameter ... ]
              zmodload -up [ -i ] parameter ...
                     The -p option is like the -b  and  -c  options,  but  makes  zmodload  work  on  autoloaded
                     parameters instead.

              zmodload -af [ -L ]
              zmodload -af [ -i ] name [ function ... ]
              zmodload -uf [ -i ] function ...
                     The  -f  option  is  like the -b, -p, and -c options, but makes zmodload work on autoloaded
                     math functions instead.

              zmodload -a [ -L ]
              zmodload -a [ -i ] name [ builtin ... ]
              zmodload -ua [ -i ] builtin ...
                     Equivalent to -ab and -ub.

              zmodload -e [ -A ] [ string ... ]
                     The -e option without arguments lists all loaded modules; if the -A option is  also  given,
                     module  aliases corresponding to loaded modules are also shown.  If arguments are provided,
                     nothing is printed; the return status is set to zero if all strings given as arguments  are
                     names  of  loaded  modules  and  to  one  if at least on string is not the name of a loaded
                     module.  This can be used to test for the availability of things  implemented  by  modules.
                     In this case, any aliases are automatically resolved and the -A flag is not used.

              zmodload -A [ -L ] [ modalias[=module] ... ]
                     For  each  argument,  if both modalias and module are given, define modalias to be an alias
                     for the module module.  If the module modalias is ever subsequently requested, either via a
                     call to zmodload or implicitly, the shell will attempt to load module instead.   If  module
                     is not given, show the definition of modalias.  If no arguments are given, list all defined
                     module  aliases.   When  listing,  if  the -L flag was also given, list the definition as a
                     zmodload command to recreate the alias.

                     The existence of aliases for modules is completely independent of whether the name resolved
                     is actually loaded as a module: while the alias exists, loading and  unloading  the  module
                     under any alias has exactly the same effect as using the resolved name, and does not affect
                     the  connection  between  the  alias  and  the resolved name which can be removed either by
                     zmodload -R or by redefining the alias.  Chains of aliases (i.e. where the  first  resolved
                     name  is itself an alias) are valid so long as these are not circular.  As the aliases take
                     the same format as module names, they may include path separators:  in this case, there  is
                     no requirement for any part of the path named to exist as the alias will be resolved first.
                     For example, `any/old/alias' is always a valid alias.

                     Dependencies  added  to  aliased  modules  are actually added to the resolved module; these
                     remain if the alias is removed.  It is valid to create an alias whose name is  one  of  the
                     standard  shell modules and which resolves to a different module.  However, if a module has
                     dependencies, it will not be possible to use the module name as an alias as the module will
                     already be marked as a loadable module in its own right.

                     Apart from the above, aliases can be used in the zmodload command anywhere module names are
                     required.  However, aliases will not be shown in  lists  of  loaded  modules  with  a  bare
                     `zmodload'.

              zmodload -R modalias ...
                     For  each  modalias argument that was previously defined as a module alias via zmodload -A,
                     delete the alias.  If any was not defined, an error is caused and the remainder of the line
                     is ignored.

              Note that zsh makes no distinction between modules that were linked into  the  shell  and  modules
              that  are  loaded dynamically. In both cases this builtin command has to be used to make available
              the builtins and other things defined by  modules  (unless  the  module  is  autoloaded  on  these
              definitions). This is true even for systems that don't support dynamic loading of modules.

       zparseopts
              See the section `The zsh/zutil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       zprof  See the section `The zsh/zprof Module' in zshmodules(1).

       zpty   See the section `The zsh/zpty Module' in zshmodules(1).

       zregexparse
              See the section `The zsh/zutil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       zsocket
              See the section `The zsh/net/socket Module' in zshmodules(1).

       zstyle See the section `The zsh/zutil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       ztcp   See the section `The zsh/net/tcp Module' in zshmodules(1).

zsh 5.4.2                                        August 27, 2017                                  ZSHBUILTINS(1)