NAME

       "CPS::Functional" - functional utilities in Continuation-Passing Style

SYNOPSIS

        use CPS::Functional qw( kmap );

        use Example::HTTP::Client qw( k_get_http );
        use List::Util qw( sum );

        my @URLs = (
           "http://www.foo.com",
           "http://www.bar.com",
        );

        kmap( \@URLs,
           sub {
              my ( $item, $kret ) = @_;

              k_get_http( uri => $item, on_response => sub {
                 my ( $response ) = @_;

                 $kret->( $response->content_length );
              } );
           },
           sub {
              my ( @sizes ) = @_;

              say "Total length of all URLs: " . sum(@sizes);
           },
        );

DESCRIPTION

       This module provides CPS versions of data-flow functionals, such as Perl's "map" and "grep", where
       function bodies are invoked and expected to return data, which the functional manages. They are built on
       top of the control-flow functionals provided by the "CPS" module itself.

FUNCTIONS

   kmap( \@items, \&body, $k )
       CPS version of perl's "map" statement. Calls the "body" code once for each element in @items, capturing
       the list of values the body passes into its continuation. When the items are exhausted, $k is invoked and
       passed a list of all the collected values.

        $body->( $item, $kret )
           $kret->( @items_out )

        $k->( @all_items_out )

   kgrep( \@items, \&body, $k )
       CPS version of perl's "grep" statement. Calls the "body" code once for each element in @items, capturing
       those elements where the body's continuation was invoked with a true value. When the items are exhausted,
       $k is invoked and passed a list of the subset of @items which were selected.

        $body->( $item, $kret )
           $kret->( $select )

        $k->( @chosen_items )

   kfoldl( \@items, \&body, $k )
       CPS version of "List::Util::reduce", which collapses (or "folds") a list of values down to a single
       scalar, by successively accumulating values together.

       If @items is empty, invokes $k immediately, passing in "undef".

       If @items contains a single value, invokes $k immediately, passing in just that single value.

       Otherwise, initialises an accumulator variable with the first value in @items, then for each additional
       item, invokes the "body" passing in the accumulator and the next item, storing back into the accumulator
       the value that "body" passed to its continuation. When the @items are exhausted, it invokes $k, passing
       in the final value of the accumulator.

        $body->( $acc, $item, $kret )
           $kret->( $new_acc )

        $k->( $final_acc )

       Technically, this is not a true Scheme/Haskell-style "foldl", as it does not take an initial value. (It
       is what Haskell calls "foldl1".) However, if such an initial value is required, this can be provided by

        kfoldl( [ $initial, @items ], \&body, $k )

   kfoldr( \@items, \&body, $k )
       A right-associative version of "kfoldl()". Where "kfoldl()" starts with the first two elements in @items
       and works forward, "kfoldr()" starts with the last two and works backward.

        $body->( $item, $acc, $kret )
           $kret->( $new_acc )

        $k->( $final_acc )

       As before, an initial value can be provided by modifying the @items array, though note it has to be last
       this time:

        kfoldr( [ @items, $initial ], \&body, $k )

   kunfold( $seed, \&body, $k )
       An inverse operation to "kfoldl()"; turns a single scalar into a list of items. Repeatedly calls the
       "body" code, capturing the values it returns, until it indicates the end of the loop, then invoke $k with
       the collected values.

        $body->( $seed, $kmore, $kdone )
           $kmore->( $new_seed, @items )
           $kdone->( @items )

        $k->( @all_items )

       With each iteration, the "body" is invoked and passed the current $seed value and two continuations,
       $kmore and $kdone. If $kmore is invoked, the passed items, if any, are appended to the eventual result
       list. The "body" is then re-invoked with the new $seed value. If $klast is invoked, the passed items, if
       any, are appended to the return list, then the entire list is passed to $k.

EXAMPLES

       The following aren't necessarily examples of code which would be found in real programs, but instead,
       demonstrations of how to use the above functions as ways of controlling program flow.

       Without dragging in large amount of detail on an asynchronous or event-driven framework, it is difficult
       to give a useful example of behaviour that CPS allows that couldn't be done just as easily without.
       Nevertheless, I hope the following examples will be useful to demonstrate use of the above functions, in
       a way which hints at their use in a real program.

   Implementing "join()" using "kfoldl()"
        use CPS::Functional qw( kfoldl );

        my @words = qw( My message here );

        kfoldl(
           \@words,
           sub {
              my ( $left, $right, $k ) = @_;

              $k->( "$left $right" );
           },
           sub {
              my ( $str ) = @_;

              print "Joined up words: $str\n";
           }
        );

   Implementing "split()" using "kunfold()"
       The following program illustrates the way that "kunfold()" can split a string, in a reverse way to the
       way "kfoldl()" can join it.

        use CPS::Functional qw( kunfold );

        my $str = "My message here";

        kunfold(
           $str,
           sub {
              my ( $s, $kmore, $kdone ) = @_;

              if( $s =~ s/^(.*?) // ) {
                 return $kmore->( $s, $1 );
              }
              else {
                 return $kdone->( $s );
              }
           },
           sub {
              my @words = @_;
              print "Words in message:\n";
              print "$_\n" for @words;
           }
        );

   Generating Prime Numbers
       While the design of "kunfold()" is symmetric to "kfoldl()", the seed value doesn't have to be
       successively broken apart into pieces. Another valid use for it may be storing intermediate values in
       computation, such as in this example, storing a list of known primes, to help generate the next one:

        use CPS::Functional qw( kunfold );

        kunfold(
           [ 2, 3 ],
           sub {
              my ( $vals, $kmore, $kdone ) = @_;

              return $kdone->() if @$vals >= 50;

              PRIME: for( my $n = $vals->[-1] + 2; ; $n += 2 ) {
                 $n % $_ == 0 and next PRIME for @$vals;

                 push @$vals, $n;
                 return $kmore->( $vals, $n );
              }
           },
           sub {
              my @primes = ( 2, 3, @_ );
              print "Primes are @primes\n";
           }
        );

   Forward-reading Program Flow
       One side benefit of the CPS control-flow methods which is unassociated with asynchronous operation, is
       that the flow of data reads in a more natural left-to-right direction, instead of the right-to-left flow
       in functional style. Compare

        sub square { $_ * $_ }
        sub add { $a + $b }

        print reduce( \&add, map( square, primes(10) ) );

       (because "map" is a language builtin but "reduce" is a function with "(&)" prototype, it has a different
       way to pass in the named functions)

       with

        my $ksquare = liftk { $_[0] * $_[0] };
        my $kadd = liftk { $_[0] + $_[1] };

        kprimes 10, sub {
           kmap \@_, $ksquare, sub {
              kfoldl \@_, $kadd, sub {
                 print $_[0];
              }
           }
        };

       This translates roughly to a functional vs imperative way to describe the problem:

        Print the sum of the squares of the first 10 primes.

        Take the first 10 primes. Square them. Sum them. Print.

       Admittedly the closure creation somewhat clouds the point in this small example, but in a larger example,
       the real problem-solving logic would be larger, and stand out more clearly against the background
       boilerplate.

SEE ALSO

       •   CPS - manage flow of control in Continuation-Passing Style

AUTHOR

       Paul Evans <leonerd@leonerd.org.uk>

perl v5.20.2                                       2015-06-08                               CPS::Functional(3pm)