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NAME
File::Path - Create or remove directory trees
VERSION
This document describes version 2.12 of File::Path.
SYNOPSIS
use File::Path qw(make_path remove_tree);
@created = make_path('foo/bar/baz', '/zug/zwang');
@created = make_path('foo/bar/baz', '/zug/zwang', {
verbose => 1,
mode => 0711,
});
make_path('foo/bar/baz', '/zug/zwang', {
chmod => 0777,
});
$removed_count = remove_tree('foo/bar/baz', '/zug/zwang');
$removed_count = remove_tree('foo/bar/baz', '/zug/zwang', {
verbose => 1,
error => \my $err_list,
});
# legacy (interface promoted before v2.00)
@created = mkpath('/foo/bar/baz');
@created = mkpath('/foo/bar/baz', 1, 0711);
@created = mkpath(['/foo/bar/baz', 'blurfl/quux'], 1, 0711);
$removed_count = rmtree('foo/bar/baz', 1, 1);
$removed_count = rmtree(['foo/bar/baz', 'blurfl/quux'], 1, 1);
# legacy (interface promoted before v2.06)
@created = mkpath('foo/bar/baz', '/zug/zwang', { verbose => 1, mode => 0711 });
$removed_count = rmtree('foo/bar/baz', '/zug/zwang', { verbose => 1, mode => 0711 });
DESCRIPTION
This module provide a convenient way to create directories of arbitrary depth and to delete an entire
directory subtree from the filesystem.
The following functions are provided:
make_path( $dir1, $dir2, .... )
make_path( $dir1, $dir2, ...., \%opts )
The "make_path" function creates the given directories if they don't exists before, much like the
Unix command "mkdir -p".
The function accepts a list of directories to be created. Its behaviour may be tuned by an optional
hashref appearing as the last parameter on the call.
The function returns the list of directories actually created during the call; in scalar context the
number of directories created.
The following keys are recognised in the option hash:
mode => $num
The numeric permissions mode to apply to each created directory (defaults to 0777), to be
modified by the current "umask". If the directory already exists (and thus does not need to be
created), the permissions will not be modified.
"mask" is recognised as an alias for this parameter.
chmod => $num
Takes a numeric mode to apply to each created directory (not modified by the current "umask"). If
the directory already exists (and thus does not need to be created), the permissions will not be
modified.
verbose => $bool
If present, will cause "make_path" to print the name of each directory as it is created. By
default nothing is printed.
error => \$err
If present, it should be a reference to a scalar. This scalar will be made to reference an
array, which will be used to store any errors that are encountered. See the "ERROR HANDLING"
section for more information.
If this parameter is not used, certain error conditions may raise a fatal error that will cause
the program to halt, unless trapped in an "eval" block.
owner => $owner
user => $owner
uid => $owner
If present, will cause any created directory to be owned by $owner. If the value is numeric, it
will be interpreted as a uid, otherwise as username is assumed. An error will be issued if the
username cannot be mapped to a uid, or the uid does not exist, or the process lacks the
privileges to change ownership.
Ownership of directories that already exist will not be changed.
"user" and "uid" are aliases of "owner".
group => $group
If present, will cause any created directory to be owned by the group $group. If the value is
numeric, it will be interpreted as a gid, otherwise as group name is assumed. An error will be
issued if the group name cannot be mapped to a gid, or the gid does not exist, or the process
lacks the privileges to change group ownership.
Group ownership of directories that already exist will not be changed.
make_path '/var/tmp/webcache', {owner=>'nobody', group=>'nogroup'};
mkpath( $dir )
mkpath( $dir, $verbose, $mode )
mkpath( [$dir1, $dir2,...], $verbose, $mode )
mkpath( $dir1, $dir2,..., \%opt )
The mkpath() function provide the legacy interface of make_path() with a different interpretation of
the arguments passed. The behaviour and return value of the function is otherwise identical to
make_path().
remove_tree( $dir1, $dir2, .... )
remove_tree( $dir1, $dir2, ...., \%opts )
The "remove_tree" function deletes the given directories and any files and subdirectories they might
contain, much like the Unix command "rm -r" or the Windows commands "rmdir /s" and "rd /s". The only
exception to the function similarity is "remove_tree" accepts only directories whereas "rm -r" also
accepts files.
The function accepts a list of directories to be removed. Its behaviour may be tuned by an optional
hashref appearing as the last parameter on the call. If an empty string is passed to "remove_tree",
an error will occur.
The functions returns the number of files successfully deleted.
The following keys are recognised in the option hash:
verbose => $bool
If present, will cause "remove_tree" to print the name of each file as it is unlinked. By default
nothing is printed.
safe => $bool
When set to a true value, will cause "remove_tree" to skip the files for which the process lacks
the required privileges needed to delete files, such as delete privileges on VMS. In other words,
the code will make no attempt to alter file permissions. Thus, if the process is interrupted, no
filesystem object will be left in a more permissive mode.
keep_root => $bool
When set to a true value, will cause all files and subdirectories to be removed, except the
initially specified directories. This comes in handy when cleaning out an application's scratch
directory.
remove_tree( '/tmp', {keep_root => 1} );
result => \$res
If present, it should be a reference to a scalar. This scalar will be made to reference an
array, which will be used to store all files and directories unlinked during the call. If nothing
is unlinked, the array will be empty.
remove_tree( '/tmp', {result => \my $list} );
print "unlinked $_\n" for @$list;
This is a useful alternative to the "verbose" key.
error => \$err
If present, it should be a reference to a scalar. This scalar will be made to reference an
array, which will be used to store any errors that are encountered. See the "ERROR HANDLING"
section for more information.
Removing things is a much more dangerous proposition than creating things. As such, there are
certain conditions that "remove_tree" may encounter that are so dangerous that the only sane
action left is to kill the program.
Use "error" to trap all that is reasonable (problems with permissions and the like), and let it
die if things get out of hand. This is the safest course of action.
rmtree( $dir )
rmtree( $dir, $verbose, $safe )
rmtree( [$dir1, $dir2,...], $verbose, $safe )
rmtree( $dir1, $dir2,..., \%opt )
The rmtree() function provide the legacy interface of remove_tree() with a different interpretation
of the arguments passed. The behaviour and return value of the function is otherwise identical to
remove_tree().
ERROR HANDLING
NOTE:
The following error handling mechanism is consistent throughout all code paths EXCEPT in cases where
the ROOT node is nonexistent. In version 2.11 the maintainers attempted to rectify this
inconsistency but too many downstream modules encountered problems. In such case, if you require
root node evaluation or error checking prior to calling "make_path" or "remove_tree", you should take
additional precautions.
If "make_path" or "remove_tree" encounter an error, a diagnostic message will be printed to "STDERR" via
"carp" (for non-fatal errors), or via "croak" (for fatal errors).
If this behaviour is not desirable, the "error" attribute may be used to hold a reference to a variable,
which will be used to store the diagnostics. The variable is made a reference to an array of hash
references. Each hash contain a single key/value pair where the key is the name of the file, and the
value is the error message (including the contents of $! when appropriate). If a general error is
encountered the diagnostic key will be empty.
An example usage looks like:
remove_tree( 'foo/bar', 'bar/rat', {error => \my $err} );
if (@$err) {
for my $diag (@$err) {
my ($file, $message) = %$diag;
if ($file eq '') {
print "general error: $message\n";
}
else {
print "problem unlinking $file: $message\n";
}
}
}
else {
print "No error encountered\n";
}
Note that if no errors are encountered, $err will reference an empty array. This means that $err will
always end up TRUE; so you need to test @$err to determine if errors occurred.
NOTES
"File::Path" blindly exports "mkpath" and "rmtree" into the current namespace. These days, this is
considered bad style, but to change it now would break too much code. Nonetheless, you are invited to
specify what it is you are expecting to use:
use File::Path 'rmtree';
The routines "make_path" and "remove_tree" are not exported by default. You must specify which ones you
want to use.
use File::Path 'remove_tree';
Note that a side-effect of the above is that "mkpath" and "rmtree" are no longer exported at all. This is
due to the way the "Exporter" module works. If you are migrating a codebase to use the new interface, you
will have to list everything explicitly. But that's just good practice anyway.
use File::Path qw(remove_tree rmtree);
API CHANGES
The API was changed in the 2.0 branch. For a time, "mkpath" and "rmtree" tried, unsuccessfully, to deal
with the two different calling mechanisms. This approach was considered a failure.
The new semantics are now only available with "make_path" and "remove_tree". The old semantics are only
available through "mkpath" and "rmtree". Users are strongly encouraged to upgrade to at least 2.08 in
order to avoid surprises.
SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
There were race conditions 1.x implementations of File::Path's "rmtree" function (although sometimes
patched depending on the OS distribution or platform). The 2.0 version contains code to avoid the problem
mentioned in CVE-2002-0435.
See the following pages for more information:
http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=286905
http://www.nntp.perl.org/group/perl.perl5.porters/2005/01/msg97623.html
http://www.debian.org/security/2005/dsa-696
Additionally, unless the "safe" parameter is set (or the third parameter in the traditional interface is
TRUE), should a "remove_tree" be interrupted, files that were originally in read-only mode may now have
their permissions set to a read-write (or "delete OK") mode.
DIAGNOSTICS
FATAL errors will cause the program to halt ("croak"), since the problem is so severe that it would be
dangerous to continue. (This can always be trapped with "eval", but it's not a good idea. Under the
circumstances, dying is the best thing to do).
SEVERE errors may be trapped using the modern interface. If the they are not trapped, or the old
interface is used, such an error will cause the program will halt.
All other errors may be trapped using the modern interface, otherwise they will be "carp"ed about.
Program execution will not be halted.
mkdir [path]: [errmsg] (SEVERE)
"make_path" was unable to create the path. Probably some sort of permissions error at the point of
departure, or insufficient resources (such as free inodes on Unix).
No root path(s) specified
"make_path" was not given any paths to create. This message is only emitted if the routine is called
with the traditional interface. The modern interface will remain silent if given nothing to do.
No such file or directory
On Windows, if "make_path" gives you this warning, it may mean that you have exceeded your
filesystem's maximum path length.
cannot fetch initial working directory: [errmsg]
"remove_tree" attempted to determine the initial directory by calling "Cwd::getcwd", but the call
failed for some reason. No attempt will be made to delete anything.
cannot stat initial working directory: [errmsg]
"remove_tree" attempted to stat the initial directory (after having successfully obtained its name
via "getcwd"), however, the call failed for some reason. No attempt will be made to delete anything.
cannot chdir to [dir]: [errmsg]
"remove_tree" attempted to set the working directory in order to begin deleting the objects therein,
but was unsuccessful. This is usually a permissions issue. The routine will continue to delete other
things, but this directory will be left intact.
directory [dir] changed before chdir, expected dev=[n] ino=[n], actual dev=[n] ino=[n], aborting. (FATAL)
"remove_tree" recorded the device and inode of a directory, and then moved into it. It then performed
a "stat" on the current directory and detected that the device and inode were no longer the same. As
this is at the heart of the race condition problem, the program will die at this point.
cannot make directory [dir] read+writeable: [errmsg]
"remove_tree" attempted to change the permissions on the current directory to ensure that subsequent
unlinkings would not run into problems, but was unable to do so. The permissions remain as they were,
and the program will carry on, doing the best it can.
cannot read [dir]: [errmsg]
"remove_tree" tried to read the contents of the directory in order to acquire the names of the
directory entries to be unlinked, but was unsuccessful. This is usually a permissions issue. The
program will continue, but the files in this directory will remain after the call.
cannot reset chmod [dir]: [errmsg]
"remove_tree", after having deleted everything in a directory, attempted to restore its permissions
to the original state but failed. The directory may wind up being left behind.
cannot remove [dir] when cwd is [dir]
The current working directory of the program is /some/path/to/here and you are attempting to remove
an ancestor, such as /some/path. The directory tree is left untouched.
The solution is to "chdir" out of the child directory to a place outside the directory tree to be
removed.
cannot chdir to [parent-dir] from [child-dir]: [errmsg], aborting. (FATAL)
"remove_tree", after having deleted everything and restored the permissions of a directory, was
unable to chdir back to the parent. The program halts to avoid a race condition from occurring.
cannot stat prior working directory [dir]: [errmsg], aborting. (FATAL)
"remove_tree" was unable to stat the parent directory after have returned from the child. Since there
is no way of knowing if we returned to where we think we should be (by comparing device and inode)
the only way out is to "croak".
previous directory [parent-dir] changed before entering [child-dir], expected dev=[n] ino=[n], actual
dev=[n] ino=[n], aborting. (FATAL)
When "remove_tree" returned from deleting files in a child directory, a check revealed that the
parent directory it returned to wasn't the one it started out from. This is considered a sign of
malicious activity.
cannot make directory [dir] writeable: [errmsg]
Just before removing a directory (after having successfully removed everything it contained),
"remove_tree" attempted to set the permissions on the directory to ensure it could be removed and
failed. Program execution continues, but the directory may possibly not be deleted.
cannot remove directory [dir]: [errmsg]
"remove_tree" attempted to remove a directory, but failed. This may because some objects that were
unable to be removed remain in the directory, or a permissions issue. The directory will be left
behind.
cannot restore permissions of [dir] to [0nnn]: [errmsg]
After having failed to remove a directory, "remove_tree" was unable to restore its permissions from a
permissive state back to a possibly more restrictive setting. (Permissions given in octal).
cannot make file [file] writeable: [errmsg]
"remove_tree" attempted to force the permissions of a file to ensure it could be deleted, but failed
to do so. It will, however, still attempt to unlink the file.
cannot unlink file [file]: [errmsg]
"remove_tree" failed to remove a file. Probably a permissions issue.
cannot restore permissions of [file] to [0nnn]: [errmsg]
After having failed to remove a file, "remove_tree" was also unable to restore the permissions on the
file to a possibly less permissive setting. (Permissions given in octal).
unable to map [owner] to a uid, ownership not changed");
"make_path" was instructed to give the ownership of created directories to the symbolic name [owner],
but "getpwnam" did not return the corresponding numeric uid. The directory will be created, but
ownership will not be changed.
unable to map [group] to a gid, group ownership not changed
"make_path" was instructed to give the group ownership of created directories to the symbolic name
[group], but "getgrnam" did not return the corresponding numeric gid. The directory will be created,
but group ownership will not be changed.
SEE ALSO
• File::Remove
Allows files and directories to be moved to the Trashcan/Recycle Bin (where they may later be
restored if necessary) if the operating system supports such functionality. This feature may one day
be made available directly in "File::Path".
• File::Find::Rule
When removing directory trees, if you want to examine each file to decide whether to delete it (and
possibly leaving large swathes alone), File::Find::Rule offers a convenient and flexible approach to
examining directory trees.
BUGS AND LIMITATIONS
The following describes File::Path limitations and how to report bugs.
MULTITHREAD APPLICATIONS
File::Path rmtree and remove_tree will not work with multithreaded applications due to its use of chdir.
At this time, no warning or error results and you will certainly encounter unexpected results.
The implementation that surfaces this limitation may change in a future release.
NFS Mount Points
File::Path is not responsible for triggering the automounts, mirror mounts, and the contents of network
mounted filesystems. If your NFS implementation requires an action to be performed on the filesystem in
order for File::Path to perform operations, it is strongly suggested you assure filesystem availability
by reading the root of the mounted filesystem.
REPORTING BUGS
Please report all bugs on the RT queue, either via the web interface:
<http://rt.cpan.org/NoAuth/Bugs.html?Dist=File-Path>
or by email:
bug-File-Path@rt.cpan.org
In either case, please attach patches to the bug report rather than including them inline in the web post
or the body of the email.
You can also send pull requests to the Github repository:
<https://github.com/rpcme/File-Path>
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Paul Szabo identified the race condition originally, and Brendan O'Dea wrote an implementation for Debian
that addressed the problem. That code was used as a basis for the current code. Their efforts are
greatly appreciated.
Gisle Aas made a number of improvements to the documentation for 2.07 and his advice and assistance is
also greatly appreciated.
AUTHORS
Prior authors and maintainers: Tim Bunce, Charles Bailey, and David Landgren <david@landgren.net>.
Current maintainers are Richard Elberger <riche@cpan.org> and James (Jim) Keenan <jkeenan@cpan.org>.
CONTRIBUTORS
Contributors to File::Path, in alphabetical order.
<bulkdd@cpan.org>
Craig A. Berry <craigberry@mac.com>
Richard Elberger <riche@cpan.org>
Ryan Yee <ryee@cpan.org>
Skye Shaw <shaw@cpan.org>
Tom Lutz <tommylutz@gmail.com>
COPYRIGHT
This module is copyright (C) Charles Bailey, Tim Bunce, David Landgren, James Keenan, and Richard
Elberger 1995-2015. All rights reserved.
LICENSE
This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl
itself.
perl v5.26.1 2023-05-23 File::Path(3perl)