Provided by: libmath-gsl-perl_0.39-1build2_amd64 
NAME
Math::GSL::Statistics - Statistical functions
SYNOPSIS
use Math::GSL::Statistics qw /:all/;
my $data = [17.2, 18.1, 16.5, 18.3, 12.6];
my $mean = gsl_stats_mean($data, 1, 5);
my $variance = gsl_stats_variance($data, 1, 5);
my $largest = gsl_stats_max($data, 1, 5);
my $smallest = gsl_stats_min($data, 1, 5);
print qq{
Dataset : @$data
Sample mean $mean
Estimated variance $variance
Largest value $largest
Smallest value $smallest
};
DESCRIPTION
Here is a list of all the functions in this module :
• "gsl_stats_mean($data, $stride, $n)" - This function returns the arithmetic mean of the array reference
$data, a dataset of length $n with stride $stride. The arithmetic mean, or sample mean, is denoted by
\Hat\mu and defined as, \Hat\mu = (1/N) \sum x_i where x_i are the elements of the dataset $data. For
samples drawn from a gaussian distribution the variance of \Hat\mu is \sigma^2 / N.
• "gsl_stats_variance($data, $stride, $n)" - This function returns the estimated, or sample, variance of
data, an array reference of length $n with stride $stride. The estimated variance is denoted by
\Hat\sigma^2 and is defined by, \Hat\sigma^2 = (1/(N-1)) \sum (x_i - \Hat\mu)^2 where x_i are the
elements of the dataset data. Note that the normalization factor of 1/(N-1) results from the derivation
of \Hat\sigma^2 as an unbiased estimator of the population variance \sigma^2. For samples drawn from a
gaussian distribution the variance of \Hat\sigma^2 itself is 2 \sigma^4 / N. This function computes the
mean via a call to gsl_stats_mean. If you have already computed the mean then you can pass it directly
to gsl_stats_variance_m.
• "gsl_stats_sd($data, $stride, $n)"
• "gsl_stats_sd_m($data, $stride, $n, $mean)"
The standard deviation is defined as the square root of the variance. These functions return the square
root of the corresponding variance functions above.
• "gsl_stats_variance_with_fixed_mean($data, $stride, $n, $mean)" - This function calculates the standard
deviation of the array reference $data for a fixed population mean $mean. The result is the square root
of the corresponding variance function.
• "gsl_stats_sd_with_fixed_mean($data, $stride, $n, $mean)" - This function computes an unbiased estimate
of the variance of data when the population mean $mean of the underlying distribution is known a
priori. In this case the estimator for the variance uses the factor 1/N and the sample mean \Hat\mu is
replaced by the known population mean \mu, \Hat\sigma^2 = (1/N) \sum (x_i - \mu)^2
• "gsl_stats_tss($data, $stride, $n)"
• "gsl_stats_tss_m($data, $stride, $n, $mean)"
These functions return the total sum of squares (TSS) of data about the mean. For gsl_stats_tss_m the
user-supplied value of mean is used, and for gsl_stats_tss it is computed using gsl_stats_mean. TSS =
\sum (x_i - mean)^2
• "gsl_stats_absdev($data, $stride, $n)" - This function computes the absolute deviation from the mean of
data, a dataset of length $n with stride $stride. The absolute deviation from the mean is defined as,
absdev = (1/N) \sum |x_i - \Hat\mu| where x_i are the elements of the array reference $data. The
absolute deviation from the mean provides a more robust measure of the width of a distribution than the
variance. This function computes the mean of data via a call to gsl_stats_mean.
• "gsl_stats_skew($data, $stride, $n)" - This function computes the skewness of $data, a dataset in the
form of an array reference of length $n with stride $stride. The skewness is defined as, skew = (1/N)
\sum ((x_i - \Hat\mu)/\Hat\sigma)^3 where x_i are the elements of the dataset $data. The skewness
measures the asymmetry of the tails of a distribution. The function computes the mean and estimated
standard deviation of data via calls to gsl_stats_mean and gsl_stats_sd.
• "gsl_stats_skew_m_sd($data, $stride, $n, $mean, $sd)" - This function computes the skewness of the
array reference $data using the given values of the mean $mean and standard deviation $sd, skew = (1/N)
\sum ((x_i - mean)/sd)^3. These functions are useful if you have already computed the mean and standard
deviation of $data and want to avoid recomputing them.
• "gsl_stats_kurtosis($data, $stride, $n)" - This function computes the kurtosis of data, an array
reference of length $n with stride $stride. The kurtosis is defined as, kurtosis = ((1/N) \sum ((x_i -
\Hat\mu)/\Hat\sigma)^4) - 3. The kurtosis measures how sharply peaked a distribution is, relative to
its width. The kurtosis is normalized to zero for a gaussian distribution.
• "gsl_stats_kurtosis_m_sd($data, $stride, $n, $mean, $sd)" - This function computes the kurtosis of the
array reference $data using the given values of the mean $mean and standard deviation $sd, kurtosis =
((1/N) \sum ((x_i - mean)/sd)^4) - 3. This function is useful if you have already computed the mean and
standard deviation of data and want to avoid recomputing them.
• "gsl_stats_lag1_autocorrelation($data, $stride, $n)" - This function computes the lag-1 autocorrelation
of the array reference data.
a_1 = {\sum_{i = 1}^{n} (x_{i} - \Hat\mu) (x_{i-1} - \Hat\mu)
\over
\sum_{i = 1}^{n} (x_{i} - \Hat\mu) (x_{i} - \Hat\mu)}
• "gsl_stats_lag1_autocorrelation_m($data, $stride, $n, $mean)" - This function computes the lag-1
autocorrelation of the array reference $data using the given value of the mean $mean.
• "gsl_stats_covariance($data1, $stride1, $data2, $stride2, $n)" - This function computes the covariance
of the array reference $data1 and $data2 which must both be of the same length $n. covar = (1/(n - 1))
\sum_{i = 1}^{n} (x_i - \Hat x) (y_i - \Hat y)
• "gsl_stats_covariance_m($data1, $stride1, $data2, $stride2, $n, $mean1, $mean2)" - This function
computes the covariance of the array reference $data1 and $data2 using the given values of the means,
$mean1 and $mean2. This is useful if you have already computed the means of $data1 and $data2 and want
to avoid recomputing them.
• "gsl_stats_correlation($data1, $stride1, $data2, $stride2, $n)" - This function efficiently computes
the Pearson correlation coefficient between the array reference $data1 and $data2 which must both be of
the same length $n.
r = cov(x, y) / (\Hat\sigma_x \Hat\sigma_y)
= {1/(n-1) \sum (x_i - \Hat x) (y_i - \Hat y)
\over
\sqrt{1/(n-1) \sum (x_i - \Hat x)^2} \sqrt{1/(n-1) \sum (y_i - \Hat y)^2}
}
• "gsl_stats_variance_m($data, $stride, $n, $mean)" - This function returns the sample variance of $data,
an array reference, relative to the given value of $mean. The function is computed with \Hat\mu
replaced by the value of mean that you supply, \Hat\sigma^2 = (1/(N-1)) \sum (x_i - mean)^2
• "gsl_stats_absdev_m($data, $stride, $n, $mean)" - This function computes the absolute deviation of the
dataset $data, an array reference, relative to the given value of $mean, absdev = (1/N) \sum |x_i -
mean|. This function is useful if you have already computed the mean of data (and want to avoid
recomputing it), or wish to calculate the absolute deviation relative to another value (such as zero,
or the median).
• "gsl_stats_wmean($w, $wstride, $data, $stride, $n)" - This function returns the weighted mean of the
dataset $data array reference with stride $stride and length $n, using the set of weights $w, which is
an array reference, with stride $wstride and length $n. The weighted mean is defined as, \Hat\mu =
(\sum w_i x_i) / (\sum w_i)
• "gsl_stats_wvariance($w, $wstride, $data, $stride, $n)" - This function returns the estimated variance
of the dataset $data, which is the dataset, with stride $stride and length $n, using the set of weights
$w (as an array reference) with stride $wstride and length $n. The estimated variance of a weighted
dataset is defined as, \Hat\sigma^2 = ((\sum w_i)/((\sum w_i)^2 - \sum (w_i^2))) \sum w_i (x_i -
\Hat\mu)^2. Note that this expression reduces to an unweighted variance with the familiar 1/(N-1)
factor when there are N equal non-zero weights.
• "gsl_stats_wvariance_m($w, $wstride, $data, $stride, $n, $wmean, $wsd)" - This function returns the
estimated variance of the weighted dataset $data (which is an array reference) using the given weighted
mean $wmean.
• "gsl_stats_wsd($w, $wstride, $data, $stride, $n)" - The standard deviation is defined as the square
root of the variance. This function returns the square root of the corresponding variance function
gsl_stats_wvariance above.
• "gsl_stats_wsd_m($w, $wstride, $data, $stride, $n, $wmean)" - This function returns the square root of
the corresponding variance function gsl_stats_wvariance_m above.
• "gsl_stats_wvariance_with_fixed_mean($w, $wstride, $data, $stride, $n, $mean)" - This function computes
an unbiased estimate of the variance of weighted dataset $data (which is an array reference) when the
population mean $mean of the underlying distribution is known a priori. In this case the estimator for
the variance replaces the sample mean \Hat\mu by the known population mean \mu, \Hat\sigma^2 = (\sum
w_i (x_i - \mu)^2) / (\sum w_i)
• "gsl_stats_wsd_with_fixed_mean($w, $wstride, $data, $stride, $n, $mean)" - The standard deviation is
defined as the square root of the variance. This function returns the square root of the corresponding
variance function above.
• "gsl_stats_wtss($w, $wstride, $data, $stride, $n)"
• "gsl_stats_wtss_m($w, $wstride, $data, $stride, $n, $wmean)" - These functions return the weighted
total sum of squares (TSS) of data about the weighted mean. For gsl_stats_wtss_m the user-supplied
value of $wmean is used, and for gsl_stats_wtss it is computed using gsl_stats_wmean. TSS = \sum w_i
(x_i - wmean)^2
• "gsl_stats_wabsdev($w, $wstride, $data, $stride, $n)" - This function computes the weighted absolute
deviation from the weighted mean of $data, which is an array reference. The absolute deviation from the
mean is defined as, absdev = (\sum w_i |x_i - \Hat\mu|) / (\sum w_i)
• "gsl_stats_wabsdev_m($w, $wstride, $data, $stride, $n, $wmean)" - This function computes the absolute
deviation of the weighted dataset $data (an array reference) about the given weighted mean $wmean.
• "gsl_stats_wskew($w, $wstride, $data, $stride, $n)" - This function computes the weighted skewness of
the dataset $data, an array reference. skew = (\sum w_i ((x_i - xbar)/\sigma)^3) / (\sum w_i)
• "gsl_stats_wskew_m_sd($w, $wstride, $data, $stride, $n, $wmean, $wsd)" - This function computes the
weighted skewness of the dataset $data using the given values of the weighted mean and weighted
standard deviation, $wmean and $wsd.
• "gsl_stats_wkurtosis($w, $wstride, $data, $stride, $n)" - This function computes the weighted kurtosis
of the dataset $data, an array reference. kurtosis = ((\sum w_i ((x_i - xbar)/sigma)^4) / (\sum w_i)) -
3
• "gsl_stats_wkurtosis_m_sd($w, $wstride, $data, $stride, $n, $wmean, $wsd)" - This function computes the
weighted kurtosis of the dataset $data, an array reference, using the given values of the weighted mean
and weighted standard deviation, $wmean and $wsd.
• "gsl_stats_pvariance($data, $stride, $n, $data2, $stride2, $n2)"
• "gsl_stats_ttest($data1, $stride1, $n1, $data2, $stride2, $n2)"
• "gsl_stats_max($data, $stride, $n)" - This function returns the maximum value in the $data array
reference, a dataset of length $n with stride $stride. The maximum value is defined as the value of the
element x_i which satisfies x_i >= x_j for all j. If you want instead to find the element with the
largest absolute magnitude you will need to apply fabs or abs to your data before calling this
function.
• "gsl_stats_min($data, $stride, $n)" - This function returns the minimum value in $data (which is an
array reference) a dataset of length $n with stride $stride. The minimum value is defined as the value
of the element x_i which satisfies x_i <= x_j for all j. If you want instead to find the element with
the smallest absolute magnitude you will need to apply fabs or abs to your data before calling this
function.
• "gsl_stats_minmax($data, $stride, $n)" - This function finds both the minimum and maximum values in
$data, which is an array reference, in a single pass and returns them in this order.
• "gsl_stats_max_index($data, $stride, $n)" - This function returns the index of the maximum value in
$data array reference, a dataset of length $n with stride $stride. The maximum value is defined as the
value of the element x_i which satisfies x_i >= x_j for all j. When there are several equal maximum
elements then the first one is chosen.
• "gsl_stats_min_index($data, $stride, $n)" - This function returns the index of the minimum value in
$data array reference, a dataset of length $n with stride $stride. The minimum value is defined as the
value of the element x_i which satisfies x_i <= x_j for all j. When there are several equal minimum
elements then the first one is chosen.
• "gsl_stats_minmax_index($data, $stride, $n)" - This function returns the indexes of the minimum and
maximum values in $data, an array reference in a single pass. The value are returned in this order.
• "gsl_stats_median_from_sorted_data($sorted_data, $stride, $n)" - This function returns the median value
of $sorted_data (which is an array reference), a dataset of length $n with stride $stride. The elements
of the array must be in ascending numerical order. There are no checks to see whether the data are
sorted, so the function gsl_sort should always be used first. This function can be found in the
Math::GSL::Sort module. When the dataset has an odd number of elements the median is the value of
element (n-1)/2. When the dataset has an even number of elements the median is the mean of the two
nearest middle values, elements (n-1)/2 and n/2. Since the algorithm for computing the median involves
interpolation this function always returns a floating-point number, even for integer data types.
• "gsl_stats_quantile_from_sorted_data($sorted_data, $stride, $n, $f)" - This function returns a quantile
value of $sorted_data, a double-precision array reference of length $n with stride $stride. The
elements of the array must be in ascending numerical order. The quantile is determined by the f, a
fraction between 0 and 1. For example, to compute the value of the 75th percentile f should have the
value 0.75. There are no checks to see whether the data are sorted, so the function gsl_sort should
always be used first. This function can be found in the Math::GSL::Sort module. The quantile is found
by interpolation, using the formula quantile = (1 - \delta) x_i + \delta x_{i+1} where i is floor((n -
1)f) and \delta is (n-1)f - i. Thus the minimum value of the array (data[0*stride]) is given by f equal
to zero, the maximum value (data[(n-1)*stride]) is given by f equal to one and the median value is
given by f equal to 0.5. Since the algorithm for computing quantiles involves interpolation this
function always returns a floating-point number, even for integer data types.
The following function are simply variants for int and char of the last functions:
• "gsl_stats_int_mean "
• "gsl_stats_int_variance "
• "gsl_stats_int_sd "
• "gsl_stats_int_variance_with_fixed_mean "
• "gsl_stats_int_sd_with_fixed_mean "
• "gsl_stats_int_tss "
• "gsl_stats_int_tss_m "
• "gsl_stats_int_absdev "
• "gsl_stats_int_skew "
• "gsl_stats_int_kurtosis "
• "gsl_stats_int_lag1_autocorrelation "
• "gsl_stats_int_covariance "
• "gsl_stats_int_correlation "
• "gsl_stats_int_variance_m "
• "gsl_stats_int_sd_m "
• "gsl_stats_int_absdev_m "
• "gsl_stats_int_skew_m_sd "
• "gsl_stats_int_kurtosis_m_sd "
• "gsl_stats_int_lag1_autocorrelation_m "
• "gsl_stats_int_covariance_m "
• "gsl_stats_int_pvariance "
• "gsl_stats_int_ttest "
• "gsl_stats_int_max "
• "gsl_stats_int_min "
• "gsl_stats_int_minmax "
• "gsl_stats_int_max_index "
• "gsl_stats_int_min_index "
• "gsl_stats_int_minmax_index "
• "gsl_stats_int_median_from_sorted_data "
• "gsl_stats_int_quantile_from_sorted_data "
• "gsl_stats_char_mean "
• "gsl_stats_char_variance "
• "gsl_stats_char_sd "
• "gsl_stats_char_variance_with_fixed_mean "
• "gsl_stats_char_sd_with_fixed_mean "
• "gsl_stats_char_tss "
• "gsl_stats_char_tss_m "
• "gsl_stats_char_absdev "
• "gsl_stats_char_skew "
• "gsl_stats_char_kurtosis "
• "gsl_stats_char_lag1_autocorrelation "
• "gsl_stats_char_covariance "
• "gsl_stats_char_correlation "
• "gsl_stats_char_variance_m "
• "gsl_stats_char_sd_m "
• "gsl_stats_char_absdev_m "
• "gsl_stats_char_skew_m_sd "
• "gsl_stats_char_kurtosis_m_sd "
• "gsl_stats_char_lag1_autocorrelation_m "
• "gsl_stats_char_covariance_m "
• "gsl_stats_char_pvariance "
• "gsl_stats_char_ttest "
• "gsl_stats_char_max "
• "gsl_stats_char_min "
• "gsl_stats_char_minmax "
• "gsl_stats_char_max_index "
• "gsl_stats_char_min_index "
• "gsl_stats_char_minmax_index "
• "gsl_stats_char_median_from_sorted_data "
• "gsl_stats_char_quantile_from_sorted_data "
You have to add the functions you want to use inside the qw /put_funtion_here /. You can also write use
Math::GSL::Statistics qw/:all/; to use all available functions of the module. Other tags are also
available, here is a complete list of all tags for this module :
all
int
char
For more information on the functions, we refer you to the GSL offcial documentation:
<http://www.gnu.org/software/gsl/manual/html_node/>
AUTHORS
Jonathan "Duke" Leto <jonathan@leto.net> and Thierry Moisan <thierry.moisan@gmail.com>
COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
Copyright (C) 2008-2011 Jonathan "Duke" Leto and Thierry Moisan
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl
itself.
perl v5.26.0 2017-08-06 Math::GSL::Statistics(3pm)