bionic (3) Math::PlanePath::FlowsnakeCentres.3pm.gz
NAME
Math::PlanePath::FlowsnakeCentres -- self-similar path of hexagon centres
SYNOPSIS
use Math::PlanePath::FlowsnakeCentres;
my $path = Math::PlanePath::FlowsnakeCentres->new;
my ($x, $y) = $path->n_to_xy (123);
DESCRIPTION
This path is a variation of the flowsnake curve by William Gosper which follows the flowsnake tiling the
same way but the centres of the hexagons instead of corners across. The result is the same overall
shape, but a symmetric base figure.
39----40 8
/ \
32----33 38----37 41 7
/ \ \ \
31----30 34----35----36 42 47 6
\ / / \
28----29 16----15 43 46 48--... 5
/ / \ \ \
27 22 17----18 14 44----45 4
/ / \ \ \
26 23 21----20----19 13 10 3
\ \ / / \
25----24 4---- 5 12----11 9 2
/ \ /
3---- 2 6---- 7---- 8 1
\
0---- 1 <- Y=0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 X=0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
The points are spread out on every second X coordinate to make little triangles with integer coordinates,
per "Triangular Lattice" in Math::PlanePath.
The base pattern is the seven points 0 to 6,
4---- 5
/ \
3---- 2 6---
\
0---- 1
This repeats at 7-fold increasing scale, with sub-sections rotated according to the edge direction, and
the 1, 2 and 6 sub-sections in reverse. Eg. N=7 to N=13 is the "1" part taking the base figure in
reverse and rotated so the end points towards the "2".
The next level can be seen at the midpoints of each such group, being N=2,11,18,23,30,37,46.
---- 37
---- ---
30---- ---
| ---
| 46
|
| ----18
| ----- ---
23--- ---
---
--- 11
-----
2 ---
Arms
The optional "arms" parameter can give up to three copies of the curve, each advancing successively. For
example "arms=>3" is as follows. Notice the N=3*k points are the plain curve, and N=3*k+1 and N=3*k+2
are rotated copies of it.
84---... 48----45 5
/ / \
81 66 51----54 42 4
/ / \ \ \
28----25 78 69 63----60----57 39 30 3
/ \ \ \ / / \
31----34 22 75----72 12----15 36----33 27 2
\ \ / \ /
40----37 19 4 9---- 6 18----21----24 1
/ / / \ \
43 58 16 7 1 0---- 3 77----80 <- Y=0
/ / \ \ \ / \
46 55 61 13----10 2 11 74----71 83 -1
\ \ \ / / \ \ \
49----52 64 73 5---- 8 14 65----68 86 -2
/ / \ / / /
... 67----70 76 20----17 62 53 ... -3
\ / / / / \
85----82----79 23 38 59----56 50 -4
/ / \ /
26 35 41----44----47 -5
\ \
29----32 -6
^
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 X=0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
As described in "Arms" in Math::PlanePath::Flowsnake the flowsnake essentially fills a hexagonal shape
with wiggly sides. For this Centres variation the start of each arm corresponds to the centre of a
little hexagon. The N=0 little hexagon is at the origin, and the 1 and 2 beside and below,
^ / \ / \
\ \ / \
| \ | |
| 1 | 0--->
| | |
\ / \ /
\ / \ /
| |
| 2 |
| / |
/ /
v \ /
Like the main Flowsnake the sides of the arms mesh perfectly and three arms fill the plane.
FUNCTIONS
See "FUNCTIONS" in Math::PlanePath for behaviour common to all path classes.
"$path = Math::PlanePath::FlowsnakeCentres->new ()"
Create and return a new path object.
"($x,$y) = $path->n_to_xy ($n)"
Return the X,Y coordinates of point number $n on the path. Points begin at 0 and if "$n < 0" then
the return is an empty list.
Fractional positions give an X,Y position along a straight line between the integer positions.
"($n_lo, $n_hi) = $path->rect_to_n_range ($x1,$y1, $x2,$y2)"
In the current code the returned range is exact, meaning $n_lo and $n_hi are the smallest and biggest
in the rectangle, but don't rely on that yet since finding the exact range is a touch on the slow
side. (The advantage of which though is that it helps avoid very big ranges from a simple over-
estimate.)
Level Methods
"($n_lo, $n_hi) = $path->level_to_n_range($level)"
Return "(0, 7**$level - 1)", or for multiple arms return "(0, $arms * 7**$level - 1)".
There are 7^level points in a level, or arms*7^level for multiple arms, numbered starting from 0.
FORMULAS
N to X,Y
The "n_to_xy()" calculation follows Ed Schouten's method
<http://80386.nl/projects/flowsnake/>
breaking N into base-7 digits, applying reversals from high to low according to digits 1, 2, or 6, then
applying rotation and position according to the resulting digits.
Unlike Ed's code, the path here starts from N=0 at the edge of the Gosper island shape and for that
reason doesn't cover the plane. An offset of N-2*7^21 and suitable X,Y offset can be applied to get the
same result.
X,Y to N
The "xy_to_n()" calculation also follows Ed Schouten's method. It's based on a nice observation that the
seven cells of the base figure can be identified from their X,Y coordinates, and the centre of those
seven cell figures then shrunk down a level to be a unit apart, thus generating digits of N from low to
high.
In triangular grid X,Y a remainder is formed
m = (x + 2*y) mod 7
Taking the base figure's N=0 at 0,0 the remainders are
4---- 6
/ \
1---- 3 5
\
0---- 2
The remainders are unchanged when the shape is moved by some multiple of the next level X=5,Y=1 or the
same at 120 degrees X=1,Y=3 or 240 degrees X=-4,Y=1. Those vectors all have X+2*Y==0 mod 7.
From the m remainder an offset can be applied to move X,Y to the 0 position, leaving X,Y a multiple of
the next level vectors X=5,Y=1 etc. Those vectors can then be shrunk down with
Xshrunk = (3*Y + 5*X) / 14
Yshrunk = (5*Y - X) / 14
This gives integers since 3*Y+5*X and 5*Y-X are always multiples of 14. For example the N=35 point at
X=2,Y=6 reduces to X = (3*6+5*2)/14 = 2 and Y = (5*6-2)/14 = 2, which is then the "5" part of the base
figure.
The remainders can be mapped to digits and then reversals and rotations applied, from high to low,
according to the edge orientation. Those steps can be combined in a single lookup table with 6 states
(three rotations, and each one forward or reverse).
For the main curve the reduction ends at 0,0. For the multi-arm form the second arm ends to the right at
-2,0 and the third below at -1,-1. Notice the modulo and shrink procedure maps those three points back
to themselves unchanged. The calculation can be done without paying attention to which arms are supposed
to be in use. On reaching one of the three ends the "arm" is determined and the original X,Y can be
rejected or accepted accordingly.
The key to this approach is that the base figure is symmetric around a central point, so the tiling can
be broken down first, and the rotations or reversals in the path applied afterwards. Can it work on a
non-symmetric base figure like the "across" style of the main Flowsnake, or something like the
"DragonCurve" for that matter?
SEE ALSO
Math::PlanePath, Math::PlanePath::Flowsnake, Math::PlanePath::GosperIslands
Math::PlanePath::KochCurve, Math::PlanePath::HilbertCurve, Math::PlanePath::PeanoCurve,
Math::PlanePath::ZOrderCurve
<http://80386.nl/projects/flowsnake/> -- Ed Schouten's code
HOME PAGE
<http://user42.tuxfamily.org/math-planepath/index.html>
LICENSE
Copyright 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 Kevin Ryde
This file is part of Math-PlanePath.
Math-PlanePath is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU
General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your
option) any later version.
Math-PlanePath is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even
the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public
License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with Math-PlanePath. If not, see
<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.