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NAME
erl_nif - API functions for an Erlang NIF library.
DESCRIPTION
A NIF library contains native implementation of some functions of an Erlang module. The native
implemented functions (NIFs) are called like any other functions without any difference to the caller.
Each NIF must have an implementation in Erlang that is invoked if the function is called before the NIF
library is successfully loaded. A typical such stub implementation is to throw an exception. But it can
also be used as a fallback implementation if the NIF library is not implemented for some architecture.
Warning:
Use this functionality with extreme care.
A native function is executed as a direct extension of the native code of the VM. Execution is not made
in a safe environment. The VM cannot provide the same services as provided when executing Erlang code,
such as pre-emptive scheduling or memory protection. If the native function does not behave well, the
whole VM will misbehave.
* A native function that crash will crash the whole VM.
* An erroneously implemented native function can cause a VM internal state inconsistency, which can
cause a crash of the VM, or miscellaneous misbehaviors of the VM at any point after the call to the
native function.
* A native function doing lengthy work before returning degrades responsiveness of the VM, and can
cause miscellaneous strange behaviors. Such strange behaviors include, but are not limited to,
extreme memory usage, and bad load balancing between schedulers. Strange behaviors that can occur
because of lengthy work can also vary between Erlang/OTP releases.
A minimal example of a NIF library can look as follows:
/* niftest.c */
#include <erl_nif.h>
static ERL_NIF_TERM hello(ErlNifEnv* env, int argc, const ERL_NIF_TERM argv[])
{
return enif_make_string(env, "Hello world!", ERL_NIF_LATIN1);
}
static ErlNifFunc nif_funcs[] =
{
{"hello", 0, hello}
};
ERL_NIF_INIT(niftest,nif_funcs,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL)
The Erlang module can look as follows:
-module(niftest).
-export([init/0, hello/0]).
init() ->
erlang:load_nif("./niftest", 0).
hello() ->
"NIF library not loaded".
Compile and test can look as follows (on Linux):
$> gcc -fPIC -shared -o niftest.so niftest.c -I $ERL_ROOT/usr/include/
$> erl
1> c(niftest).
{ok,niftest}
2> niftest:hello().
"NIF library not loaded"
3> niftest:init().
ok
4> niftest:hello().
"Hello world!"
A better solution for a real module is to take advantage of the new directive on_load (see section
Running a Function When a Module is Loaded in the Erlang Reference Manual) to load the NIF library
automatically when the module is loaded.
Note:
A NIF does not have to be exported, it can be local to the module. However, unused local stub functions
will be optimized away by the compiler, causing loading of the NIF library to fail.
Once loaded, a NIF library is persistent. It will not be unloaded until the module code version that it
belongs to is purged.
FUNCTIONALITY
All interaction between NIF code and the Erlang runtime system is performed by calling NIF API functions.
Functions exist for the following functionality:
Read and write Erlang terms:
Any Erlang terms can be passed to a NIF as function arguments and be returned as function return
values. The terms are of C-type ERL_NIF_TERM and can only be read or written using API functions.
Most functions to read the content of a term are prefixed enif_get_ and usually return true (or
false) if the term is of the expected type (or not). The functions to write terms are all prefixed
enif_make_ and usually return the created ERL_NIF_TERM. There are also some functions to query terms,
like enif_is_atom, enif_is_identical, and enif_compare.
All terms of type ERL_NIF_TERM belong to an environment of type ErlNifEnv. The lifetime of a term is
controlled by the lifetime of its environment object. All API functions that read or write terms has
the environment that the term belongs to as the first function argument.
Binaries:
Terms of type binary are accessed with the help of struct type ErlNifBinary, which contains a pointer
(data) to the raw binary data and the length (size) of the data in bytes. Both data and size are
read-only and are only to be written using calls to API functions. Instances of ErlNifBinary are,
however, always allocated by the user (usually as local variables).
The raw data pointed to by data is only mutable after a call to enif_alloc_binary or
enif_realloc_binary. All other functions that operate on a binary leave the data as read-only. A
mutable binary must in the end either be freed with enif_release_binary or made read-only by
transferring it to an Erlang term with enif_make_binary. However, it does not have to occur in the
same NIF call. Read-only binaries do not have to be released.
enif_make_new_binary can be used as a shortcut to allocate and return a binary in the same NIF call.
Binaries are sequences of whole bytes. Bitstrings with an arbitrary bit length have no support yet.
Resource objects:
The use of resource objects is a safe way to return pointers to native data structures from a NIF. A
resource object is only a block of memory allocated with enif_alloc_resource. A handle ("safe
pointer") to this memory block can then be returned to Erlang by the use of enif_make_resource. The
term returned by enif_make_resource is opaque in nature. It can be stored and passed between
processes, but the only real end usage is to pass it back as an argument to a NIF. The NIF can then
call enif_get_resource and get back a pointer to the memory block, which is guaranteed to still be
valid. A resource object is not deallocated until the last handle term is garbage collected by the VM
and the resource is released with enif_release_resource (not necessarily in that order).
All resource objects are created as instances of some resource type. This makes resources from
different modules to be distinguishable. A resource type is created by calling
enif_open_resource_type when a library is loaded. Objects of that resource type can then later be
allocated and enif_get_resource verifies that the resource is of the expected type. A resource type
can have a user-supplied destructor function, which is automatically called when resources of that
type are released (by either the garbage collector or enif_release_resource). Resource types are
uniquely identified by a supplied name string and the name of the implementing module.
The following is a template example of how to create and return a resource object.
ERL_NIF_TERM term;
MyStruct* obj = enif_alloc_resource(my_resource_type, sizeof(MyStruct));
/* initialize struct ... */
term = enif_make_resource(env, obj);
if (keep_a_reference_of_our_own) {
/* store 'obj' in static variable, private data or other resource object */
}
else {
enif_release_resource(obj);
/* resource now only owned by "Erlang" */
}
return term;
Notice that once enif_make_resource creates the term to return to Erlang, the code can choose to
either keep its own native pointer to the allocated struct and release it later, or release it
immediately and rely only on the garbage collector to deallocate the resource object eventually when
it collects the term.
Another use of resource objects is to create binary terms with user-defined memory management.
enif_make_resource_binary creates a binary term that is connected to a resource object. The
destructor of the resource is called when the binary is garbage collected, at which time the binary
data can be released. An example of this can be a binary term consisting of data from a mmap'ed file.
The destructor can then do munmap to release the memory region.
Resource types support upgrade in runtime by allowing a loaded NIF library to take over an already
existing resource type and by that "inherit" all existing objects of that type. The destructor of the
new library is thereafter called for the inherited objects and the library with the old destructor
function can be safely unloaded. Existing resource objects, of a module that is upgraded, must either
be deleted or taken over by the new NIF library. The unloading of a library is postponed as long as
there exist resource objects with a destructor function in the library.
Module upgrade and static data:
A loaded NIF library is tied to the Erlang module instance that loaded it. If the module is upgraded,
the new module instance needs to load its own NIF library (or maybe choose not to). The new module
instance can, however, choose to load the exact same NIF library as the old code if it wants to.
Sharing the dynamic library means that static data defined by the library is shared as well. To avoid
unintentionally shared static data between module instances, each Erlang module version can keep its
own private data. This private data can be set when the NIF library is loaded and later retrieved by
calling enif_priv_data.
Threads and concurrency:
A NIF is thread-safe without any explicit synchronization as long as it acts as a pure function and
only reads the supplied arguments. When you write to a shared state either through static variables
or enif_priv_data, you need to supply your own explicit synchronization. This includes terms in
process-independent environments that are shared between threads. Resource objects also require
synchronization if you treat them as mutable.
The library initialization callbacks load and upgrade are thread-safe even for shared state data.
Version Management:
When a NIF library is built, information about the NIF API version is compiled into the library. When
a NIF library is loaded, the runtime system verifies that the library is of a compatible version.
erl_nif.h defines the following:
ERL_NIF_MAJOR_VERSION:
Incremented when NIF library incompatible changes are made to the Erlang runtime system. Normally
it suffices to recompile the NIF library when the ERL_NIF_MAJOR_VERSION has changed, but it can,
under rare circumstances, mean that NIF libraries must be slightly modified. If so, this will of
course be documented.
ERL_NIF_MINOR_VERSION:
Incremented when new features are added. The runtime system uses the minor version to determine
what features to use.
The runtime system normally refuses to load a NIF library if the major versions differ, or if the
major versions are equal and the minor version used by the NIF library is greater than the one used
by the runtime system. Old NIF libraries with lower major versions are, however, allowed after a bump
of the major version during a transition period of two major releases. Such old NIF libraries can
however fail if deprecated features are used.
Time Measurement:
Support for time measurement in NIF libraries:
* ErlNifTime
* ErlNifTimeUnit
* enif_monotonic_time()
* enif_time_offset()
* enif_convert_time_unit()
I/O Queues:
The Erlang nif library contains function for easily working with I/O vectors as used by the unix
system call writev. The I/O Queue is not thread safe, so some other synchronization mechanism has to
be used.
* SysIOVec
* ErlNifIOVec
* enif_ioq_create()
* enif_ioq_destroy()
* enif_ioq_enq_binary()
* enif_ioq_enqv()
* enif_ioq_deq()
* enif_ioq_peek()
* enif_inspect_iovec()
* enif_free_iovec()
Typical usage when writing to a file descriptor looks like this:
int writeiovec(ErlNifEnv *env, ERL_NIF_TERM term, ERL_NIF_TERM *tail,
ErlNifIOQueue *q, int fd) {
ErlNifIOVec vec, *iovec = &vec;
SysIOVec *sysiovec;
int saved_errno;
int iovcnt, n;
if (!enif_inspect_iovec(env, 64, term, tail, &iovec))
return -2;
if (enif_ioq_size(q) > 0) {
/* If the I/O queue contains data we enqueue the iovec and
then peek the data to write out of the queue. */
if (!enif_ioq_enqv(q, iovec, 0))
return -3;
sysiovec = enif_ioq_peek(q, &iovcnt);
} else {
/* If the I/O queue is empty we skip the trip through it. */
iovcnt = iovec->iovcnt;
sysiovec = iovec->iov;
}
/* Attempt to write the data */
n = writev(fd, sysiovec, iovcnt);
saved_errno = errno;
if (enif_ioq_size(q) == 0) {
/* If the I/O queue was initially empty we enqueue any
remaining data into the queue for writing later. */
if (n >= 0 && !enif_ioq_enqv(q, iovec, n))
return -3;
} else {
/* Dequeue any data that was written from the queue. */
if (n > 0 && !enif_ioq_deq(q, n, NULL))
return -4;
}
/* return n, which is either number of bytes written or -1 if
some error happened */
errno = saved_errno;
return n;
}
Long-running NIFs:
As mentioned in the warning text at the beginning of this manual page, it is of vital importance that
a native function returns relatively fast. It is difficult to give an exact maximum amount of time
that a native function is allowed to work, but usually a well-behaving native function is to return
to its caller within 1 millisecond. This can be achieved using different approaches. If you have full
control over the code to execute in the native function, the best approach is to divide the work into
multiple chunks of work and call the native function multiple times. This is, however, not always
possible, for example when calling third-party libraries.
The enif_consume_timeslice() function can be used to inform the runtime system about the length of
the NIF call. It is typically always to be used unless the NIF executes very fast.
If the NIF call is too lengthy, this must be handled in one of the following ways to avoid degraded
responsiveness, scheduler load balancing problems, and other strange behaviors:
Yielding NIF:
If the functionality of a long-running NIF can be split so that its work can be achieved through a
series of shorter NIF calls, the application has two options:
* Make that series of NIF calls from the Erlang level.
* Call a NIF that first performs a chunk of the work, then invokes the enif_schedule_nif function
to schedule another NIF call to perform the next chunk. The final call scheduled in this manner
can then return the overall result.
Breaking up a long-running function in this manner enables the VM to regain control between calls
to the NIFs.
This approach is always preferred over the other alternatives described below. This both from a
performance perspective and a system characteristics perspective.
Threaded NIF:
This is accomplished by dispatching the work to another thread managed by the NIF library, return
from the NIF, and wait for the result. The thread can send the result back to the Erlang process
using enif_send. Information about thread primitives is provided below.
Dirty NIF:
Note:
Dirty NIF support is available only when the emulator is configured with dirty scheduler support. As
of ERTS version 9.0, dirty scheduler support is enabled by default on the runtime system with SMP
support. The Erlang runtime without SMP support does not support dirty schedulers even when the dirty
scheduler support is explicitly enabled. To check at runtime for the presence of dirty scheduler
threads, code can use the enif_system_info() API function.
A NIF that cannot be split and cannot execute in a millisecond or less is called a "dirty NIF", as
it performs work that the ordinary schedulers of the Erlang runtime system cannot handle cleanly.
Applications that make use of such functions must indicate to the runtime that the functions are
dirty so they can be handled specially. This is handled by executing dirty jobs on a separate set
of schedulers called dirty schedulers. A dirty NIF executing on a dirty scheduler does not have the
same duration restriction as a normal NIF.
It is important to classify the dirty job correct. An I/O bound job should be classified as such,
and a CPU bound job should be classified as such. If you should classify CPU bound jobs as I/O
bound jobs, dirty I/O schedulers might starve ordinary schedulers. I/O bound jobs are expected to
either block waiting for I/O, and/or spend a limited amount of time moving data.
To schedule a dirty NIF for execution, the application has two options:
* Set the appropriate flags value for the dirty NIF in its ErlNifFunc entry.
* Call enif_schedule_nif, pass to it a pointer to the dirty NIF to be executed, and indicate with
argument flags whether it expects the operation to be CPU-bound or I/O-bound.
A job that alternates between I/O bound and CPU bound can be reclassified and rescheduled using
enif_schedule_nif so that it executes on the correct type of dirty scheduler at all times. For more
information see the documentation of the erl(1) command line arguments +SDcpu, and +SDio.
While a process executes a dirty NIF, some operations that communicate with it can take a very long
time to complete. Suspend or garbage collection of a process executing a dirty NIF cannot be done
until the dirty NIF has returned. Thus, other processes waiting for such operations to complete
might have to wait for a very long time. Blocking multi-scheduling, that is, calling
erlang:system_flag(multi_scheduling, block), can also take a very long time to complete. This
becaue all ongoing dirty operations on all dirty schedulers must complete before the block
operation can complete.
Many operations communicating with a process executing a dirty NIF can, however, complete while it
executes the dirty NIF. For example, retrieving information about it through erlang:process_info,
setting its group leader, register/unregister its name, and so on.
Termination of a process executing a dirty NIF can only be completed up to a certain point while it
executes the dirty NIF. All Erlang resources, such as its registered name and its ETS tables, are
released. All links and monitors are triggered. The execution of the NIF is, however, not stopped.
The NIF can safely continue execution, allocate heap memory, and so on, but it is of course better
to stop executing as soon as possible. The NIF can check whether a current process is alive using
enif_is_current_process_alive. Communication using enif_send and enif_port_command is also dropped
when the sending process is not alive. Deallocation of certain internal resources, such as process
heap and process control block, is delayed until the dirty NIF has completed.
INITIALIZATION
ERL_NIF_INIT(MODULE, ErlNifFunc funcs[], load, NULL, upgrade, unload):
This is the magic macro to initialize a NIF library. It is to be evaluated in global file scope.
MODULE is the name of the Erlang module as an identifier without string quotations. It is stringified
by the macro.
funcs is a static array of function descriptors for all the implemented NIFs in this library.
load, upgrade and unload are pointers to functions. One of load or upgrade is called to initialize
the library. unload is called to release the library. All are described individually below.
The fourth argument NULL is ignored. It was earlier used for the deprectated reload callback which is
no longer supported since OTP 20.
If compiling a NIF for static inclusion through --enable-static-nifs, you must define
STATIC_ERLANG_NIF before the ERL_NIF_INIT declaration.
int (*load)(ErlNifEnv* env, void** priv_data, ERL_NIF_TERM load_info):
load is called when the NIF library is loaded and no previously loaded library exists for this
module.
*priv_data can be set to point to some private data if the library needs to keep a state between NIF
calls. enif_priv_data returns this pointer. *priv_data is initialized to NULL when load is called.
load_info is the second argument to erlang:load_nif/2.
The library fails to load if load returns anything other than 0. load can be NULL if initialization
is not needed.
int (*upgrade)(ErlNifEnv* env, void** priv_data, void** old_priv_data, ERL_NIF_TERM load_info):
upgrade is called when the NIF library is loaded and there is old code of this module with a loaded
NIF library.
Works as load, except that *old_priv_data already contains the value set by the last call to load or
upgrade for the old module code. *priv_data is initialized to NULL when upgrade is called. It is
allowed to write to both *priv_data and *old_priv_data.
The library fails to load if upgrade returns anything other than 0 or if upgrade is NULL.
void (*unload)(ErlNifEnv* env, void* priv_data):
unload is called when the module code that the NIF library belongs to is purged as old. New code of
the same module may or may not exist.
DATA TYPES
ERL_NIF_TERM:
Variables of type ERL_NIF_TERM can refer to any Erlang term. This is an opaque type and values of it
can only by used either as arguments to API functions or as return values from NIFs. All
ERL_NIF_TERMs belong to an environment (ErlNifEnv). A term cannot be destructed individually, it is
valid until its environment is destructed.
ErlNifEnv:
ErlNifEnv represents an environment that can host Erlang terms. All terms in an environment are valid
as long as the environment is valid. ErlNifEnv is an opaque type; pointers to it can only be passed
on to API functions. Two types of environments exist:
Process-bound environment:
Passed as the first argument to all NIFs. All function arguments passed to a NIF belong to that
environment. The return value from a NIF must also be a term belonging to the same environment.
A process-bound environment contains transient information about the calling Erlang process. The
environment is only valid in the thread where it was supplied as argument until the NIF returns. It
is thus useless and dangerous to store pointers to process-bound environments between NIF calls.
Process-independent environment:
Created by calling enif_alloc_env. This environment can be used to store terms between NIF calls
and to send terms with enif_send. A process-independent environment with all its terms is valid
until you explicitly invalidate it with enif_free_env or enif_send.
All contained terms of a list/tuple/map must belong to the same environment as the list/tuple/map
itself. Terms can be copied between environments with enif_make_copy.
ErlNifFunc:
typedef struct {
const char* name;
unsigned arity;
ERL_NIF_TERM (*fptr)(ErlNifEnv* env, int argc, const ERL_NIF_TERM argv[]);
unsigned flags;
} ErlNifFunc;
Describes a NIF by its name, arity, and implementation.
fptr:
A pointer to the function that implements the NIF.
argv:
Contains the function arguments passed to the NIF.
argc:
The array length, that is, the function arity. argv[N-1] thus denotes the Nth argument to the NIF.
Notice that the argument argc allows for the same C function to implement several Erlang functions
with different arity (but probably with the same name).
flags:
Is 0 for a regular NIF (and so its value can be omitted for statically initialized ErlNifFunc
instances).
flags can be used to indicate that the NIF is a dirty NIF that is to be executed on a dirty
scheduler thread.
If the dirty NIF is expected to be CPU-bound, its flags field is to be set to
ERL_NIF_DIRTY_JOB_CPU_BOUND or ERL_NIF_DIRTY_JOB_IO_BOUND.
Note:
If one of the ERL_NIF_DIRTY_JOB_*_BOUND flags is set, and the runtime system has no support for dirty
schedulers, the runtime system refuses to load the NIF library.
ErlNifBinary:
typedef struct {
unsigned size;
unsigned char* data;
} ErlNifBinary;
ErlNifBinary contains transient information about an inspected binary term. data is a pointer to a
buffer of size bytes with the raw content of the binary.
Notice that ErlNifBinary is a semi-opaque type and you are only allowed to read fields size and data.
ErlNifBinaryToTerm:
An enumeration of the options that can be specified to enif_binary_to_term. For default behavior, use
value 0.
When receiving data from untrusted sources, use option ERL_NIF_BIN2TERM_SAFE.
ErlNifMonitor:
This is an opaque data type that identifies a monitor.
The nif writer is to provide the memory for storing the monitor when calling enif_monitor_process.
The address of the data is not stored by the runtime system, so ErlNifMonitor can be used as any
other data, it can be copied, moved in memory, forgotten, and so on. To compare two monitors,
enif_compare_monitors must be used.
ErlNifPid:
A process identifier (pid). In contrast to pid terms (instances of ERL_NIF_TERM), ErlNifPids are
self-contained and not bound to any environment. ErlNifPid is an opaque type.
ErlNifPort:
A port identifier. In contrast to port ID terms (instances of ERL_NIF_TERM), ErlNifPorts are self-
contained and not bound to any environment. ErlNifPort is an opaque type.
ErlNifResourceType:
Each instance of ErlNifResourceType represents a class of memory-managed resource objects that can be
garbage collected. Each resource type has a unique name and a destructor function that is called when
objects of its type are released.
ErlNifResourceTypeInit:
typedef struct {
ErlNifResourceDtor* dtor;
ErlNifResourceStop* stop;
ErlNifResourceDown* down;
} ErlNifResourceTypeInit;
Initialization structure read by enif_open_resource_type_x.
ErlNifResourceDtor:
typedef void ErlNifResourceDtor(ErlNifEnv* env, void* obj);
The function prototype of a resource destructor function.
The obj argument is a pointer to the resource. The only allowed use for the resource in the
destructor is to access its user data one final time. The destructor is guaranteed to be the last
callback before the resource is deallocated.
ErlNifResourceDown:
typedef void ErlNifResourceDown(ErlNifEnv* env, void* obj, const ErlNifPid* pid, const ErlNifMonitor* mon);
The function prototype of a resource down function, called on the behalf of enif_monitor_process.
obj is the resource, pid is the identity of the monitored process that is exiting, and mon is the
identity of the monitor.
ErlNifResourceStop:
typedef void ErlNifResourceStop(ErlNifEnv* env, void* obj, ErlNifEvent event, int is_direct_call);
The function prototype of a resource stop function, called on the behalf of enif_select. obj is the
resource, event is OS event, is_direct_call is true if the call is made directly from enif_select or
false if it is a scheduled call (potentially from another thread).
ErlNifCharEncoding:
typedef enum {
ERL_NIF_LATIN1
}ErlNifCharEncoding;
The character encoding used in strings and atoms. The only supported encoding is ERL_NIF_LATIN1 for
ISO Latin-1 (8-bit ASCII).
ErlNifSysInfo:
Used by enif_system_info to return information about the runtime system. Contains the same content as
ErlDrvSysInfo.
ErlNifSInt64:
A native signed 64-bit integer type.
ErlNifUInt64:
A native unsigned 64-bit integer type.
ErlNifTime:
A signed 64-bit integer type for representation of time.
ErlNifTimeUnit:
An enumeration of time units supported by the NIF API:
ERL_NIF_SEC:
Seconds
ERL_NIF_MSEC:
Milliseconds
ERL_NIF_USEC:
Microseconds
ERL_NIF_NSEC:
Nanoseconds
ErlNifUniqueInteger:
An enumeration of the properties that can be requested from enif_unique_integer. For default
properties, use value 0.
ERL_NIF_UNIQUE_POSITIVE:
Return only positive integers.
ERL_NIF_UNIQUE_MONOTONIC:
Return only strictly monotonically increasing integer corresponding to creation time.
ErlNifHash:
An enumeration of the supported hash types that can be generated using enif_hash.
ERL_NIF_INTERNAL_HASH:
Non-portable hash function that only guarantees the same hash for the same term within one Erlang
VM instance.
It takes 32-bit salt values and generates hashes within 0..2^32-1.
ERL_NIF_PHASH2:
Portable hash function that gives the same hash for the same Erlang term regardless of machine
architecture and ERTS version.
It ignores salt values and generates hashes within 0..2^27-1.
Slower than ERL_NIF_INTERNAL_HASH. It corresponds to erlang:phash2/1.
SysIOVec:
A system I/O vector, as used by writev on Unix and WSASend on Win32. It is used in ErlNifIOVec and by
enif_ioq_peek.
ErlNifIOVec:
typedef struct {
int iovcnt;
size_t size;
SysIOVec* iov;
} ErlNifIOVec;
An I/O vector containing iovcnt SysIOVecs pointing to the data. It is used by enif_inspect_iovec and
enif_ioq_enqv.
ErlNifIOQueueOpts:
Options to configure a ErlNifIOQueue.
ERL_NIF_IOQ_NORMAL:
Create a normal I/O Queue
EXPORTS
void *enif_alloc(size_t size)
Allocates memory of size bytes.
Returns NULL if the allocation fails.
The returned pointer is suitably aligned for any built-in type that fit in the allocated memory.
int enif_alloc_binary(size_t size, ErlNifBinary* bin)
Allocates a new binary of size size bytes. Initializes the structure pointed to by bin to refer to
the allocated binary. The binary must either be released by enif_release_binary or ownership
transferred to an Erlang term with enif_make_binary. An allocated (and owned) ErlNifBinary can be
kept between NIF calls.
Returns true on success, or false if allocation fails.
ErlNifEnv *enif_alloc_env()
Allocates a new process-independent environment. The environment can be used to hold terms that
are not bound to any process. Such terms can later be copied to a process environment with
enif_make_copy or be sent to a process as a message with enif_send.
Returns pointer to the new environment.
void *enif_alloc_resource(ErlNifResourceType*
type, unsigned size)
Allocates a memory-managed resource object of type type and size size bytes.
size_t enif_binary_to_term(ErlNifEnv *env,
const unsigned char* data, size_t size, ERL_NIF_TERM *term,
ErlNifBinaryToTerm opts)
Creates a term that is the result of decoding the binary data at data, which must be encoded
according to the Erlang external term format. No more than size bytes are read from data. Argument
opts corresponds to the second argument to erlang:binary_to_term/2 and must be either 0 or
ERL_NIF_BIN2TERM_SAFE.
On success, stores the resulting term at *term and returns the number of bytes read. Returns 0 if
decoding fails or if opts is invalid.
See also ErlNifBinaryToTerm, erlang:binary_to_term/2, and enif_term_to_binary.
void enif_clear_env(ErlNifEnv* env)
Frees all terms in an environment and clears it for reuse. The environment must have been
allocated with enif_alloc_env.
int enif_compare(ERL_NIF_TERM lhs, ERL_NIF_TERM rhs)
Returns an integer < 0 if lhs < rhs, 0 if lhs = rhs, and > 0 if lhs > rhs. Corresponds to the
Erlang operators ==, /=, =<, <, >=, and > (but not =:= or =/=).
int enif_compare_monitors(const ErlNifMonitor
*monitor1, const ErlNifMonitor *monitor2)
Compares two ErlNifMonitors. Can also be used to imply some artificial order on monitors, for
whatever reason.
Returns 0 if monitor1 and monitor2 are equal, < 0 if monitor1 < monitor2, and > 0 if monitor1 >
monitor2.
void enif_cond_broadcast(ErlNifCond *cnd)
Same as erl_drv_cond_broadcast.
ErlNifCond *enif_cond_create(char *name)
Same as erl_drv_cond_create.
void enif_cond_destroy(ErlNifCond *cnd)
Same as erl_drv_cond_destroy.
void enif_cond_signal(ErlNifCond *cnd)
Same as erl_drv_cond_signal.
void enif_cond_wait(ErlNifCond *cnd, ErlNifMutex *mtx)
Same as erl_drv_cond_wait.
int enif_consume_timeslice(ErlNifEnv *env, int percent)
Gives the runtime system a hint about how much CPU time the current NIF call has consumed since
the last hint, or since the start of the NIF if no previous hint has been specified. The time is
specified as a percent of the timeslice that a process is allowed to execute Erlang code until it
can be suspended to give time for other runnable processes. The scheduling timeslice is not an
exact entity, but can usually be approximated to about 1 millisecond.
Notice that it is up to the runtime system to determine if and how to use this information.
Implementations on some platforms can use other means to determine consumed CPU time. Lengthy NIFs
should regardless of this frequently call enif_consume_timeslice to determine if it is allowed to
continue execution.
Argument percent must be an integer between 1 and 100. This function must only be called from a
NIF-calling thread, and argument env must be the environment of the calling process.
Returns 1 if the timeslice is exhausted, otherwise 0. If 1 is returned, the NIF is to return as
soon as possible in order for the process to yield.
This function is provided to better support co-operative scheduling, improve system
responsiveness, and make it easier to prevent misbehaviors of the VM because of a NIF monopolizing
a scheduler thread. It can be used to divide length work into a number of repeated NIF calls
without the need to create threads.
See also the warning text at the beginning of this manual page.
ErlNifTime enif_convert_time_unit(ErlNifTime
val, ErlNifTimeUnit from, ErlNifTimeUnit to)
Converts the val value of time unit from to the corresponding value of time unit to. The result is
rounded using the floor function.
val:
Value to convert time unit for.
from:
Time unit of val.
to:
Time unit of returned value.
Returns ERL_NIF_TIME_ERROR if called with an invalid time unit argument.
See also ErlNifTime and ErlNifTimeUnit.
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_cpu_time(ErlNifEnv *)
Returns the CPU time in the same format as erlang:timestamp(). The CPU time is the time the
current logical CPU has spent executing since some arbitrary point in the past. If the OS does not
support fetching this value, enif_cpu_time invokes enif_make_badarg.
int enif_demonitor_process(ErlNifEnv* env, void* obj,
const ErlNifMonitor* mon)
Cancels a monitor created earlier with enif_monitor_process. Argument obj is a pointer to the
resource holding the monitor and *mon identifies the monitor.
Returns 0 if the monitor was successfully identified and removed. Returns a non-zero value if the
monitor could not be identified, which means it was either
* never created for this resource
* already cancelled
* already triggered
* just about to be triggered by a concurrent thread
This function is only thread-safe when the emulator with SMP support is used. It can only be used
in a non-SMP emulator from a NIF-calling thread.
int enif_equal_tids(ErlNifTid tid1, ErlNifTid tid2)
Same as erl_drv_equal_tids.
void enif_free(void* ptr)
Frees memory allocated by enif_alloc.
void enif_free_env(ErlNifEnv* env)
Frees an environment allocated with enif_alloc_env. All terms created in the environment are freed
as well.
void enif_free_iovec(ErlNifIOvec* iov)
Frees an io vector returned from enif_inspect_iovec. This is needed only if a NULL environment is
passed to enif_inspect_iovec.
ErlNifIOVec *iovec = NULL;
size_t max_elements = 128;
ERL_NIF_TERM tail;
if (!enif_inspect_iovec(NULL, max_elements, term, &tail, iovec))
return 0;
// Do things with the iovec
/* Free the iovector, possibly in another thread or nif function call */
enif_free_iovec(iovec);
int enif_get_atom(ErlNifEnv* env, ERL_NIF_TERM
term, char* buf, unsigned size, ErlNifCharEncoding encode)
Writes a NULL-terminated string in the buffer pointed to by buf of size size, consisting of the
string representation of the atom term with encoding encode.
Returns the number of bytes written (including terminating NULL character) or 0 if term is not an
atom with maximum length of size-1.
int enif_get_atom_length(ErlNifEnv* env,
ERL_NIF_TERM term, unsigned* len, ErlNifCharEncoding encode)
Sets *len to the length (number of bytes excluding terminating NULL character) of the atom term
with encoding encode.
Returns true on success, or false if term is not an atom.
int enif_get_double(ErlNifEnv* env,
ERL_NIF_TERM term, double* dp)
Sets *dp to the floating-point value of term.
Returns true on success, or false if term is not a float.
int enif_get_int(ErlNifEnv* env, ERL_NIF_TERM
term, int* ip)
Sets *ip to the integer value of term.
Returns true on success, or false if term is not an integer or is outside the bounds of type int.
int enif_get_int64(ErlNifEnv* env, ERL_NIF_TERM
term, ErlNifSInt64* ip)
Sets *ip to the integer value of term.
Returns true on success, or false if term is not an integer or is outside the bounds of a signed
64-bit integer.
int enif_get_local_pid(ErlNifEnv* env,
ERL_NIF_TERM term, ErlNifPid* pid)
If term is the pid of a node local process, this function initializes the pid variable *pid from
it and returns true. Otherwise returns false. No check is done to see if the process is alive.
int enif_get_local_port(ErlNifEnv* env,
ERL_NIF_TERM term, ErlNifPort* port_id)
If term identifies a node local port, this function initializes the port variable *port_id from it
and returns true. Otherwise returns false. No check is done to see if the port is alive.
int enif_get_list_cell(ErlNifEnv* env,
ERL_NIF_TERM list, ERL_NIF_TERM* head, ERL_NIF_TERM* tail)
Sets *head and *tail from list list.
Returns true on success, or false if it is not a list or the list is empty.
int enif_get_list_length(ErlNifEnv* env,
ERL_NIF_TERM term, unsigned* len)
Sets *len to the length of list term.
Returns true on success, or false if term is not a proper list.
int enif_get_long(ErlNifEnv* env, ERL_NIF_TERM
term, long int* ip)
Sets *ip to the long integer value of term.
Returns true on success, or false if term is not an integer or is outside the bounds of type long
int.
int enif_get_map_size(ErlNifEnv* env,
ERL_NIF_TERM term, size_t *size)
Sets *size to the number of key-value pairs in the map term.
Returns true on success, or false if term is not a map.
int enif_get_map_value(ErlNifEnv* env,
ERL_NIF_TERM map, ERL_NIF_TERM key, ERL_NIF_TERM* value)
Sets *value to the value associated with key in the map map.
Returns true on success, or false if map is not a map or if map does not contain key.
int enif_get_resource(ErlNifEnv* env,
ERL_NIF_TERM term, ErlNifResourceType* type, void** objp)
Sets *objp to point to the resource object referred to by term.
Returns true on success, or false if term is not a handle to a resource object of type type.
int enif_get_string(ErlNifEnv* env,
ERL_NIF_TERM list, char* buf, unsigned size,
ErlNifCharEncoding encode)
Writes a NULL-terminated string in the buffer pointed to by buf with size size, consisting of the
characters in the string list. The characters are written using encoding encode.
Returns one of the following:
* The number of bytes written (including terminating NULL character)
* -size if the string was truncated because of buffer space
* 0 if list is not a string that can be encoded with encode or if size was < 1.
The written string is always NULL-terminated, unless buffer size is < 1.
int enif_get_tuple(ErlNifEnv* env, ERL_NIF_TERM
term, int* arity, const ERL_NIF_TERM** array)
If term is a tuple, this function sets *array to point to an array containing the elements of the
tuple, and sets *arity to the number of elements. Notice that the array is read-only and
(*array)[N-1] is the Nth element of the tuple. *array is undefined if the arity of the tuple is
zero.
Returns true on success, or false if term is not a tuple.
int enif_get_uint(ErlNifEnv* env, ERL_NIF_TERM
term, unsigned int* ip)
Sets *ip to the unsigned integer value of term.
Returns true on success, or false if term is not an unsigned integer or is outside the bounds of
type unsigned int.
int enif_get_uint64(ErlNifEnv* env,
ERL_NIF_TERM term, ErlNifUInt64* ip)
Sets *ip to the unsigned integer value of term.
Returns true on success, or false if term is not an unsigned integer or is outside the bounds of
an unsigned 64-bit integer.
int enif_get_ulong(ErlNifEnv* env, ERL_NIF_TERM
term, unsigned long* ip)
Sets *ip to the unsigned long integer value of term.
Returns true on success, or false if term is not an unsigned integer or is outside the bounds of
type unsigned long.
int enif_getenv(const char* key, char* value,
size_t *value_size)
Same as erl_drv_getenv.
int enif_has_pending_exception(ErlNifEnv* env,
ERL_NIF_TERM* reason)
Returns true if a pending exception is associated with the environment env. If reason is a NULL
pointer, ignore it. Otherwise, if a pending exception associated with env exists, set *reason to
the value of the exception term. For example, if enif_make_badarg is called to set a pending
badarg exception, a later call to enif_has_pending_exception(env, &reason) sets *reason to the
atom badarg, then return true.
See also enif_make_badarg and enif_raise_exception.
ErlNifUInt64 enif_hash(ErlNifHash type, ERL_NIF_TERM term, ErlNifUInt64 salt)
Hashes term according to the specified ErlNifHash type.
Ranges of taken salt (if any) and returned value depend on the hash type.
int enif_inspect_binary(ErlNifEnv* env,
ERL_NIF_TERM bin_term, ErlNifBinary* bin)
Initializes the structure pointed to by bin with information about binary term bin_term.
Returns true on success, or false if bin_term is not a binary.
int enif_inspect_iolist_as_binary(ErlNifEnv*
env, ERL_NIF_TERM term, ErlNifBinary* bin)
Initializes the structure pointed to by bin with a continuous buffer with the same byte content as
iolist. As with inspect_binary, the data pointed to by bin is transient and does not need to be
released.
Returns true on success, or false if iolist is not an iolist.
int enif_inspect_iovec(ErlNifEnv*
env, size_t max_elements, ERL_NIF_TERM iovec_term, ERL_NIF_TERM* tail,
ErlNifIOVec** iovec)
Fills iovec with the list of binaries provided in iovec_term. The number of elements handled in
the call is limited to max_elements, and tail is set to the remainder of the list. Note that the
output may be longer than max_elements on some platforms.
To create a list of binaries from an arbitrary iolist, use erlang:iolist_to_iovec/1.
When calling this function, iovec should contain a pointer to NULL or a ErlNifIOVec structure that
should be used if possible. e.g.
/* Don't use a pre-allocated structure */
ErlNifIOVec *iovec = NULL;
enif_inspect_iovec(env, max_elements, term, &tail, &iovec);
/* Use a stack-allocated vector as an optimization for vectors with few elements */
ErlNifIOVec vec, *iovec = &vec;
enif_inspect_iovec(env, max_elements, term, &tail, &iovec);
The contents of the iovec is valid until the called nif function returns. If the iovec should be
valid after the nif call returns, it is possible to call this function with a NULL environment. If
no environment is given the iovec owns the data in the vector and it has to be explicitly freed
using enif_free_iovec.
Returns true on success, or false if iovec_term not an iovec.
ErlNifIOQueue *enif_ioq_create(ErlNifIOQueueOpts opts)
Create a new I/O Queue that can be used to store data. opts has to be set to ERL_NIF_IOQ_NORMAL.
void enif_ioq_destroy(ErlNifIOQueue *q)
Destroy the I/O queue and free all of it's contents
int enif_ioq_deq(ErlNifIOQueue *q, size_t count, size_t *size)
Dequeue count bytes from the I/O queue. If size is not NULL, the new size of the queue is placed
there.
Returns true on success, or false if the I/O does not contain count bytes. On failure the queue is
left un-altered.
int enif_ioq_enq_binary(ErlNifIOQueue *q, ErlNifBinary *bin, size_t skip)
Enqueue the bin into q skipping the first skip bytes.
Returns true on success, or false if skip is greater than the size of bin. Any ownership of the
binary data is transferred to the queue and bin is to be considered read-only for the rest of the
NIF call and then as released.
int enif_ioq_enqv(ErlNifIOQueue *q, ErlNifIOVec *iovec, size_t skip)
Enqueue the iovec into q skipping the first skip bytes.
Returns true on success, or false if skip is greater than the size of iovec.
SysIOVec *enif_ioq_peek(ErlNifIOQueue *q, int *iovlen)
Get the I/O queue as a pointer to an array of SysIOVecs. It also returns the number of elements in
iovlen. This is the only way to get data out of the queue.
Nothing is removed from the queue by this function, that must be done with enif_ioq_deq.
The returned array is suitable to use with the Unix system call writev.
size_t enif_ioq_size(ErlNifIOQueue *q)
Get the size of q.
int enif_is_atom(ErlNifEnv* env, ERL_NIF_TERM term)
Returns true if term is an atom.
int enif_is_binary(ErlNifEnv* env, ERL_NIF_TERM term)
Returns true if term is a binary.
int enif_is_current_process_alive(ErlNifEnv* env)
Returns true if the currently executing process is currently alive, otherwise false.
This function can only be used from a NIF-calling thread, and with an environment corresponding to
currently executing processes.
int enif_is_empty_list(ErlNifEnv* env,
ERL_NIF_TERM term)
Returns true if term is an empty list.
int enif_is_exception(ErlNifEnv* env,
ERL_NIF_TERM term)
Return true if term is an exception.
int enif_is_fun(ErlNifEnv* env, ERL_NIF_TERM
term)
Returns true if term is a fun.
int enif_is_identical(ERL_NIF_TERM lhs,
ERL_NIF_TERM rhs)
Returns true if the two terms are identical. Corresponds to the Erlang operators =:= and =/=.
int enif_is_list(ErlNifEnv* env, ERL_NIF_TERM term)
Returns true if term is a list.
int enif_is_map(ErlNifEnv* env, ERL_NIF_TERM
term)
Returns true if term is a map, otherwise false.
int enif_is_number(ErlNifEnv* env, ERL_NIF_TERM
term)
Returns true if term is a number.
int enif_is_pid(ErlNifEnv* env, ERL_NIF_TERM term)
Returns true if term is a pid.
int enif_is_port(ErlNifEnv* env, ERL_NIF_TERM term)
Returns true if term is a port.
int enif_is_port_alive(ErlNifEnv* env,
ErlNifPort *port_id)
Returns true if port_id is alive.
This function is only thread-safe when the emulator with SMP support is used. It can only be used
in a non-SMP emulator from a NIF-calling thread.
int enif_is_process_alive(ErlNifEnv* env,
ErlNifPid *pid)
Returns true if pid is alive.
This function is only thread-safe when the emulator with SMP support is used. It can only be used
in a non-SMP emulator from a NIF-calling thread.
int enif_is_ref(ErlNifEnv* env, ERL_NIF_TERM term)
Returns true if term is a reference.
int enif_is_tuple(ErlNifEnv* env, ERL_NIF_TERM term)
Returns true if term is a tuple.
int enif_keep_resource(void* obj)
Adds a reference to resource object obj obtained from enif_alloc_resource. Each call to
enif_keep_resource for an object must be balanced by a call to enif_release_resource before the
object is destructed.
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_make_atom(ErlNifEnv* env, const char* name)
Creates an atom term from the NULL-terminated C-string name with ISO Latin-1 encoding. If the
length of name exceeds the maximum length allowed for an atom (255 characters), enif_make_atom
invokes enif_make_badarg.
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_make_atom_len(ErlNifEnv* env,
const char* name, size_t len)
Create an atom term from the string name with length len. NULL characters are treated as any other
characters. If len exceeds the maximum length allowed for an atom (255 characters), enif_make_atom
invokes enif_make_badarg.
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_make_badarg(ErlNifEnv* env)
Makes a badarg exception to be returned from a NIF, and associates it with environment env. Once a
NIF or any function it calls invokes enif_make_badarg, the runtime ensures that a badarg exception
is raised when the NIF returns, even if the NIF attempts to return a non-exception term instead.
The return value from enif_make_badarg can be used only as the return value from the NIF that
invoked it (directly or indirectly) or be passed to enif_is_exception, but not to any other NIF
API function.
See also enif_has_pending_exception and enif_raise_exception.
Note:
Before ERTS 7.0 (Erlang/OTP 18), the return value from enif_make_badarg had to be returned from
the NIF. This requirement is now lifted as the return value from the NIF is ignored if
enif_make_badarg has been invoked.
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_make_binary(ErlNifEnv* env, ErlNifBinary* bin)
Makes a binary term from bin. Any ownership of the binary data is transferred to the created term
and bin is to be considered read-only for the rest of the NIF call and then as released.
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_make_copy(ErlNifEnv* dst_env,
ERL_NIF_TERM src_term)
Makes a copy of term src_term. The copy is created in environment dst_env. The source term can be
located in any environment.
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_make_double(ErlNifEnv* env, double d)
Creates a floating-point term from a double. If argument double is not finite or is NaN,
enif_make_double invokes enif_make_badarg.
int enif_make_existing_atom(ErlNifEnv* env,
const char* name, ERL_NIF_TERM* atom, ErlNifCharEncoding
encode)
Tries to create the term of an already existing atom from the NULL-terminated C-string name with
encoding encode.
If the atom already exists, this function stores the term in *atom and returns true, otherwise
false. Also returns false if the length of name exceeds the maximum length allowed for an atom
(255 characters).
int enif_make_existing_atom_len(ErlNifEnv* env,
const char* name, size_t len, ERL_NIF_TERM* atom, ErlNifCharEncoding
encoding)
Tries to create the term of an already existing atom from the string name with length len and
encoding encode. NULL characters are treated as any other characters.
If the atom already exists, this function stores the term in *atom and returns true, otherwise
false. Also returns false if len exceeds the maximum length allowed for an atom (255 characters).
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_make_int(ErlNifEnv* env, int i)
Creates an integer term.
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_make_int64(ErlNifEnv* env, ErlNifSInt64 i)
Creates an integer term from a signed 64-bit integer.
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_make_list(ErlNifEnv* env, unsigned cnt, ...)
Creates an ordinary list term of length cnt. Expects cnt number of arguments (after cnt) of type
ERL_NIF_TERM as the elements of the list.
Returns an empty list if cnt is 0.
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_make_list1(ErlNifEnv* env, ERL_NIF_TERM e1)
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_make_list2(ErlNifEnv* env,
ERL_NIF_TERM e1, ERL_NIF_TERM e2)
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_make_list3(ErlNifEnv* env,
ERL_NIF_TERM e1, ERL_NIF_TERM e2, ERL_NIF_TERM e3)
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_make_list4(ErlNifEnv* env,
ERL_NIF_TERM e1, ..., ERL_NIF_TERM e4)
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_make_list5(ErlNifEnv* env,
ERL_NIF_TERM e1, ..., ERL_NIF_TERM e5)
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_make_list6(ErlNifEnv* env,
ERL_NIF_TERM e1, ..., ERL_NIF_TERM e6)
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_make_list7(ErlNifEnv* env,
ERL_NIF_TERM e1, ..., ERL_NIF_TERM e7)
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_make_list8(ErlNifEnv* env,
ERL_NIF_TERM e1, ..., ERL_NIF_TERM e8)
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_make_list9(ErlNifEnv* env,
ERL_NIF_TERM e1, ..., ERL_NIF_TERM e9)
Creates an ordinary list term with length indicated by the function name. Prefer these functions
(macros) over the variadic enif_make_list to get a compile-time error if the number of arguments
does not match.
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_make_list_cell(ErlNifEnv*
env, ERL_NIF_TERM head, ERL_NIF_TERM tail)
Creates a list cell [head | tail].
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_make_list_from_array(ErlNifEnv* env, const ERL_NIF_TERM
arr[], unsigned cnt)
Creates an ordinary list containing the elements of array arr of length cnt.
Returns an empty list if cnt is 0.
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_make_long(ErlNifEnv* env, long int i)
Creates an integer term from a long int.
int enif_make_map_put(ErlNifEnv* env,
ERL_NIF_TERM map_in, ERL_NIF_TERM key, ERL_NIF_TERM value,
ERL_NIF_TERM* map_out)
Makes a copy of map map_in and inserts key with value. If key already exists in map_in, the old
associated value is replaced by value.
If successful, this function sets *map_out to the new map and returns true. Returns false if
map_in is not a map.
The map_in term must belong to environment env.
int enif_make_map_remove(ErlNifEnv* env,
ERL_NIF_TERM map_in, ERL_NIF_TERM key, ERL_NIF_TERM* map_out)
If map map_in contains key, this function makes a copy of map_in in *map_out, and removes key and
the associated value. If map map_in does not contain key, *map_out is set to map_in.
Returns true on success, or false if map_in is not a map.
The map_in term must belong to environment env.
int enif_make_map_update(ErlNifEnv* env,
ERL_NIF_TERM map_in, ERL_NIF_TERM key, ERL_NIF_TERM new_value,
ERL_NIF_TERM* map_out)
Makes a copy of map map_in and replace the old associated value for key with new_value.
If successful, this function sets *map_out to the new map and returns true. Returns false if
map_in is not a map or if it does not contain key.
The map_in term must belong to environment env.
unsigned char *enif_make_new_binary(ErlNifEnv*
env, size_t size, ERL_NIF_TERM* termp)
Allocates a binary of size size bytes and creates an owning term. The binary data is mutable until
the calling NIF returns. This is a quick way to create a new binary without having to use
ErlNifBinary. The drawbacks are that the binary cannot be kept between NIF calls and it cannot be
reallocated.
Returns a pointer to the raw binary data and sets *termp to the binary term.
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_make_new_map(ErlNifEnv* env)
Makes an empty map term.
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_make_pid(ErlNifEnv* env, const ErlNifPid* pid)
Makes a pid term from *pid.
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_make_ref(ErlNifEnv* env)
Creates a reference like erlang:make_ref/0.
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_make_resource(ErlNifEnv* env, void* obj)
Creates an opaque handle to a memory-managed resource object obtained by enif_alloc_resource. No
ownership transfer is done, as the resource object still needs to be released by
enif_release_resource. However, notice that the call to enif_release_resource can occur
immediately after obtaining the term from enif_make_resource, in which case the resource object is
deallocated when the term is garbage collected. For more details, see the example of creating and
returning a resource object in the User's Guide.
Note:
Since ERTS 9.0 (OTP-20.0), resource terms have a defined behavior when compared and serialized
through term_to_binary or passed between nodes.
* Two resource terms will compare equal iff they would yield the same resource object pointer
when passed to enif_get_resource.
* A resoure term can be serialized with term_to_binary and later be fully recreated if the
resource object is still alive when binary_to_term is called. A stale resource term will be
returned from binary_to_term if the resource object has been deallocated. enif_get_resource
will return false for stale resource terms.
The same principles of serialization apply when passing resource terms in messages to remote
nodes and back again. A resource term will act stale on all nodes except the node where its
resource object is still alive in memory.
Before ERTS 9.0 (OTP-20.0), all resource terms did compare equal to each other and to empty
binaries (<<>>). If serialized, they would be recreated as plain empty binaries.
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_make_resource_binary(ErlNifEnv* env, void* obj, const
void* data, size_t size)
Creates a binary term that is memory-managed by a resource object obj obtained by
enif_alloc_resource. The returned binary term consists of size bytes pointed to by data. This raw
binary data must be kept readable and unchanged until the destructor of the resource is called.
The binary data can be stored external to the resource object, in which case the destructor is
responsible for releasing the data.
Several binary terms can be managed by the same resource object. The destructor is not called
until the last binary is garbage collected. This can be useful to return different parts of a
larger binary buffer.
As with enif_make_resource, no ownership transfer is done. The resource still needs to be released
with enif_release_resource.
int enif_make_reverse_list(ErlNifEnv* env, ERL_NIF_TERM list_in,
ERL_NIF_TERM *list_out)
Sets *list_out to the reverse list of the list list_in and returns true, or returns false if
list_in is not a list.
This function is only to be used on short lists, as a copy is created of the list, which is not
released until after the NIF returns.
The list_in term must belong to environment env.
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_make_string(ErlNifEnv* env,
const char* string, ErlNifCharEncoding encoding)
Creates a list containing the characters of the NULL-terminated string string with encoding
encoding.
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_make_string_len(ErlNifEnv*
env, const char* string, size_t len, ErlNifCharEncoding
encoding)
Creates a list containing the characters of the string string with length len and encoding
encoding. NULL characters are treated as any other characters.
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_make_sub_binary(ErlNifEnv*
env, ERL_NIF_TERM bin_term, size_t pos, size_t size)
Makes a subbinary of binary bin_term, starting at zero-based position pos with a length of size
bytes. bin_term must be a binary or bitstring. pos+size must be less or equal to the number of
whole bytes in bin_term.
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_make_tuple(ErlNifEnv* env,
unsigned cnt, ...)
Creates a tuple term of arity cnt. Expects cnt number of arguments (after cnt) of type
ERL_NIF_TERM as the elements of the tuple.
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_make_tuple1(ErlNifEnv* env,
ERL_NIF_TERM e1)
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_make_tuple2(ErlNifEnv* env,
ERL_NIF_TERM e1, ERL_NIF_TERM e2)
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_make_tuple3(ErlNifEnv* env,
ERL_NIF_TERM e1, ERL_NIF_TERM e2, ERL_NIF_TERM e3)
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_make_tuple4(ErlNifEnv* env,
ERL_NIF_TERM e1, ..., ERL_NIF_TERM e4)
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_make_tuple5(ErlNifEnv* env,
ERL_NIF_TERM e1, ..., ERL_NIF_TERM e5)
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_make_tuple6(ErlNifEnv* env,
ERL_NIF_TERM e1, ..., ERL_NIF_TERM e6)
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_make_tuple7(ErlNifEnv* env,
ERL_NIF_TERM e1, ..., ERL_NIF_TERM e7)
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_make_tuple8(ErlNifEnv* env,
ERL_NIF_TERM e1, ..., ERL_NIF_TERM e8)
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_make_tuple9(ErlNifEnv* env,
ERL_NIF_TERM e1, ..., ERL_NIF_TERM e9)
Creates a tuple term with length indicated by the function name. Prefer these functions (macros)
over the variadic enif_make_tuple to get a compile-time error if the number of arguments does not
match.
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_make_tuple_from_array(ErlNifEnv* env, const ERL_NIF_TERM
arr[], unsigned cnt)
Creates a tuple containing the elements of array arr of length cnt.
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_make_uint(ErlNifEnv* env, unsigned int i)
Creates an integer term from an unsigned int.
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_make_uint64(ErlNifEnv* env, ErlNifUInt64 i)
Creates an integer term from an unsigned 64-bit integer.
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_make_ulong(ErlNifEnv* env, unsigned long i)
Creates an integer term from an unsigned long int.
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_make_unique_integer(ErlNifEnv
*env, ErlNifUniqueInteger properties)
Returns a unique integer with the same properties as specified by erlang:unique_integer/1.
env is the environment to create the integer in.
ERL_NIF_UNIQUE_POSITIVE and ERL_NIF_UNIQUE_MONOTONIC can be passed as the second argument to
change the properties of the integer returned. They can be combined by OR:ing the two values
together.
See also ErlNifUniqueInteger.
int enif_map_iterator_create(ErlNifEnv *env,
ERL_NIF_TERM map, ErlNifMapIterator *iter, ErlNifMapIteratorEntry
entry)
Creates an iterator for the map map by initializing the structure pointed to by iter. Argument
entry determines the start position of the iterator: ERL_NIF_MAP_ITERATOR_FIRST or
ERL_NIF_MAP_ITERATOR_LAST.
Returns true on success, or false if map is not a map.
A map iterator is only useful during the lifetime of environment env that the map belongs to. The
iterator must be destroyed by calling enif_map_iterator_destroy:
ERL_NIF_TERM key, value;
ErlNifMapIterator iter;
enif_map_iterator_create(env, my_map, &iter, ERL_NIF_MAP_ITERATOR_FIRST);
while (enif_map_iterator_get_pair(env, &iter, &key, &value)) {
do_something(key,value);
enif_map_iterator_next(env, &iter);
}
enif_map_iterator_destroy(env, &iter);
Note:
The key-value pairs of a map have no defined iteration order. The only guarantee is that the
iteration order of a single map instance is preserved during the lifetime of the environment that
the map belongs to.
void enif_map_iterator_destroy(ErlNifEnv *env,
ErlNifMapIterator *iter)
Destroys a map iterator created by enif_map_iterator_create.
int enif_map_iterator_get_pair(ErlNifEnv *env,
ErlNifMapIterator *iter, ERL_NIF_TERM *key, ERL_NIF_TERM
*value)
Gets key and value terms at the current map iterator position.
On success, sets *key and *value and returns true. Returns false if the iterator is positioned at
head (before first entry) or tail (beyond last entry).
int enif_map_iterator_is_head(ErlNifEnv *env,
ErlNifMapIterator *iter)
Returns true if map iterator iter is positioned before the first entry.
int enif_map_iterator_is_tail(ErlNifEnv *env,
ErlNifMapIterator *iter)
Returns true if map iterator iter is positioned after the last entry.
int enif_map_iterator_next(ErlNifEnv *env,
ErlNifMapIterator *iter)
Increments map iterator to point to the next key-value entry.
Returns true if the iterator is now positioned at a valid key-value entry, or false if the
iterator is positioned at the tail (beyond the last entry).
int enif_map_iterator_prev(ErlNifEnv *env,
ErlNifMapIterator *iter)
Decrements map iterator to point to the previous key-value entry.
Returns true if the iterator is now positioned at a valid key-value entry, or false if the
iterator is positioned at the head (before the first entry).
int enif_monitor_process(ErlNifEnv* env, void* obj,
const ErlNifPid* target_pid, ErlNifMonitor* mon)
Starts monitoring a process from a resource. When a process is monitored, a process exit results
in a call to the provided down callback associated with the resource type.
Argument obj is pointer to the resource to hold the monitor and *target_pid identifies the local
process to be monitored.
If mon is not NULL, a successful call stores the identity of the monitor in the ErlNifMonitor
struct pointed to by mon. This identifier is used to refer to the monitor for later removal with
enif_demonitor_process or compare with enif_compare_monitors. A monitor is automatically removed
when it triggers or when the resource is deallocated.
Returns 0 on success, < 0 if no down callback is provided, and > 0 if the process is no longer
alive.
This function is only thread-safe when the emulator with SMP support is used. It can only be used
in a non-SMP emulator from a NIF-calling thread.
ErlNifTime enif_monotonic_time(ErlNifTimeUnit time_unit)
Returns the current Erlang monotonic time. Notice that it is not uncommon with negative values.
time_unit is the time unit of the returned value.
Returns ERL_NIF_TIME_ERROR if called with an invalid time unit argument, or if called from a
thread that is not a scheduler thread.
See also ErlNifTime and ErlNifTimeUnit.
ErlNifMutex *enif_mutex_create(char *name)
Same as erl_drv_mutex_create.
void enif_mutex_destroy(ErlNifMutex *mtx)
Same as erl_drv_mutex_destroy.
void enif_mutex_lock(ErlNifMutex *mtx)
Same as erl_drv_mutex_lock.
int enif_mutex_trylock(ErlNifMutex *mtx)
Same as erl_drv_mutex_trylock.
void enif_mutex_unlock(ErlNifMutex *mtx)
Same as erl_drv_mutex_unlock.
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_now_time(ErlNifEnv *env)
Returns an erlang:now() time stamp.
This function is deprecated.
ErlNifResourceType *enif_open_resource_type(ErlNifEnv* env, const char*
module_str, const char* name, ErlNifResourceDtor* dtor,
ErlNifResourceFlags flags, ErlNifResourceFlags* tried)
Creates or takes over a resource type identified by the string name and gives it the destructor
function pointed to by dtor. Argument flags can have the following values:
ERL_NIF_RT_CREATE:
Creates a new resource type that does not already exist.
ERL_NIF_RT_TAKEOVER:
Opens an existing resource type and takes over ownership of all its instances. The supplied
destructor dtor is called both for existing instances and new instances not yet created by the
calling NIF library.
The two flag values can be combined with bitwise OR. The resource type name is local to the
calling module. Argument module_str is not (yet) used and must be NULL. dtor can be NULL if no
destructor is needed.
On success, the function returns a pointer to the resource type and *tried is set to either
ERL_NIF_RT_CREATE or ERL_NIF_RT_TAKEOVER to indicate what was done. On failure, returns NULL and
sets *tried to flags. It is allowed to set tried to NULL.
Notice that enif_open_resource_type is only allowed to be called in the two callbacks load and
upgrade.
See also enif_open_resource_type_x.
ErlNifResourceType *enif_open_resource_type_x(ErlNifEnv* env, const char* name, const
ErlNifResourceTypeInit* init,
ErlNifResourceFlags flags, ErlNifResourceFlags* tried)
Same as enif_open_resource_type except it accepts additional callback functions for resource types
that are used together with enif_select and enif_monitor_process.
Argument init is a pointer to an ErlNifResourceTypeInit structure that contains the function
pointers for destructor, down and stop callbacks for the resource type.
int enif_port_command(ErlNifEnv* env, const
ErlNifPort* to_port, ErlNifEnv *msg_env, ERL_NIF_TERM msg)
Works as erlang:port_command/2, except that it is always completely asynchronous.
env:
The environment of the calling process. Must not be NULL.
*to_port:
The port ID of the receiving port. The port ID is to refer to a port on the local node.
msg_env:
The environment of the message term. Can be a process-independent environment allocated with
enif_alloc_env or NULL.
msg:
The message term to send. The same limitations apply as on the payload to
erlang:port_command/2.
Using a msg_env of NULL is an optimization, which groups together calls to enif_alloc_env,
enif_make_copy, enif_port_command, and enif_free_env into one call. This optimization is only
useful when a majority of the terms are to be copied from env to msg_env.
Returns true if the command is successfully sent. Returns false if the command fails, for example:
* *to_port does not refer to a local port.
* The currently executing process (that is, the sender) is not alive.
* msg is invalid.
See also enif_get_local_port.
void *enif_priv_data(ErlNifEnv* env)
Returns the pointer to the private data that was set by load or upgrade.
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_raise_exception(ErlNifEnv*
env, ERL_NIF_TERM reason)
Creates an error exception with the term reason to be returned from a NIF, and associates it with
environment env. Once a NIF or any function it calls invokes enif_raise_exception, the runtime
ensures that the exception it creates is raised when the NIF returns, even if the NIF attempts to
return a non-exception term instead.
The return value from enif_raise_exception can only be used as the return value from the NIF that
invoked it (directly or indirectly) or be passed to enif_is_exception, but not to any other NIF
API function.
See also enif_has_pending_exception and enif_make_badarg.
void *enif_realloc(void* ptr, size_t size)
Reallocates memory allocated by enif_alloc to size bytes.
Returns NULL if the reallocation fails.
The returned pointer is suitably aligned for any built-in type that fit in the allocated memory.
int enif_realloc_binary(ErlNifBinary* bin, size_t size)
Changes the size of a binary bin. The source binary can be read-only, in which case it is left
untouched and a mutable copy is allocated and assigned to *bin.
Returns true on success, or false if memory allocation failed.
void enif_release_binary(ErlNifBinary* bin)
Releases a binary obtained from enif_alloc_binary.
void enif_release_resource(void* obj)
Removes a reference to resource object obj obtained from enif_alloc_resource. The resource object
is destructed when the last reference is removed. Each call to enif_release_resource must
correspond to a previous call to enif_alloc_resource or enif_keep_resource. References made by
enif_make_resource can only be removed by the garbage collector.
ErlNifRWLock *enif_rwlock_create(char *name)
Same as erl_drv_rwlock_create.
void enif_rwlock_destroy(ErlNifRWLock *rwlck)
Same as erl_drv_rwlock_destroy.
void enif_rwlock_rlock(ErlNifRWLock *rwlck)
Same as erl_drv_rwlock_rlock.
void enif_rwlock_runlock(ErlNifRWLock *rwlck)
Same as erl_drv_rwlock_runlock.
void enif_rwlock_rwlock(ErlNifRWLock *rwlck)
Same as erl_drv_rwlock_rwlock.
void enif_rwlock_rwunlock(ErlNifRWLock *rwlck)
Same as erl_drv_rwlock_rwunlock.
int enif_rwlock_tryrlock(ErlNifRWLock *rwlck)
Same as erl_drv_rwlock_tryrlock.
int enif_rwlock_tryrwlock(ErlNifRWLock *rwlck)
Same as erl_drv_rwlock_tryrwlock.
ERL_NIF_TERM enif_schedule_nif(ErlNifEnv* env,
const char* fun_name, int flags, ERL_NIF_TERM (*fp)(ErlNifEnv* env, int
argc, const ERL_NIF_TERM argv[]), int argc, const ERL_NIF_TERM
argv[])
Schedules NIF fp to execute. This function allows an application to break up long-running work
into multiple regular NIF calls or to schedule a dirty NIF to execute on a dirty scheduler
thread.
fun_name:
Provides a name for the NIF that is scheduled for execution. If it cannot be converted to an
atom, enif_schedule_nif returns a badarg exception.
flags:
Must be set to 0 for a regular NIF. If the emulator was built with dirty scheduler support
enabled, flags can be set to either ERL_NIF_DIRTY_JOB_CPU_BOUND if the job is expected to be
CPU-bound, or ERL_NIF_DIRTY_JOB_IO_BOUND for jobs that will be I/O-bound. If dirty scheduler
threads are not available in the emulator, an attempt to schedule such a job results in a
notsup exception.
argc and argv:
Can either be the originals passed into the calling NIF, or can be values created by the
calling NIF.
The calling NIF must use the return value of enif_schedule_nif as its own return value.
Be aware that enif_schedule_nif, as its name implies, only schedules the NIF for future execution.
The calling NIF does not block waiting for the scheduled NIF to execute and return. This means
that the calling NIF cannot expect to receive the scheduled NIF return value and use it for
further operations.
int enif_select(ErlNifEnv* env, ErlNifEvent event, enum ErlNifSelectFlags mode, void* obj, const
ErlNifPid* pid, ERL_NIF_TERM ref)
This function can be used to receive asynchronous notifications when OS-specific event objects
become ready for either read or write operations.
Argument event identifies the event object. On Unix systems, the functions select/poll are used.
The event object must be a socket, pipe or other file descriptor object that select/poll can use.
Argument mode describes the type of events to wait for. It can be ERL_NIF_SELECT_READ,
ERL_NIF_SELECT_WRITE or a bitwise OR combination to wait for both. It can also be
ERL_NIF_SELECT_STOP which is described further below. When a read or write event is triggerred, a
notification message like this is sent to the process identified by pid:
{select, Obj, Ref, ready_input | ready_output}
ready_input or ready_output indicates if the event object is ready for reading or writing.
Argument pid may be NULL to indicate the calling process.
Argument obj is a resource object obtained from enif_alloc_resource. The purpose of the resource
objects is as a container of the event object to manage its state and lifetime. A handle to the
resource is received in the notification message as Obj.
Argument ref must be either a reference obtained from erlang:make_ref/0 or the atom undefined. It
will be passed as Ref in the notifications. If a selective receive statement is used to wait for
the notification then a reference created just before the receive will exploit a runtime
optimization that bypasses all earlier received messages in the queue.
The notifications are one-shot only. To receive further notifications of the same type (read or
write), repeated calls to enif_select must be made after receiving each notification.
Use ERL_NIF_SELECT_STOP as mode in order to safely close an event object that has been passed to
enif_select. The stop callback of the resource obj will be called when it is safe to close the
event object. This safe way of closing event objects must be used even if all notifications have
been received and no further calls to enif_select have been made.
The first call to enif_select for a specific OS event will establish a relation between the event
object and the containing resource. All subsequent calls for an event must pass its containing
resource as argument obj. The relation is dissolved when enif_select has been called with mode as
ERL_NIF_SELECT_STOP and the corresponding stop callback has returned. A resource can contain
several event objects but one event object can only be contained within one resource. A resource
will not be destructed until all its contained relations have been dissolved.
Note:
Use enif_monitor_process together with enif_select to detect failing Erlang processes and prevent
them from causing permanent leakage of resources and their contained OS event objects.
Returns a non-negative value on success where the following bits can be set:
ERL_NIF_SELECT_STOP_CALLED:
The stop callback was called directly by enif_select.
ERL_NIF_SELECT_STOP_SCHEDULED:
The stop callback was scheduled to run on some other thread or later by this thread.
Returns a negative value if the call failed where the follwing bits can be set:
ERL_NIF_SELECT_INVALID_EVENT:
Argument event is not a valid OS event object.
ERL_NIF_SELECT_FAILED:
The system call failed to add the event object to the poll set.
Note:
Use bitwise AND to test for specific bits in the return vaue. New significant bits may be added in
future releases to give more detailed information for both failed and successful calls. Do NOT use
equallity tests like ==, as that may cause your application to stop working.
Example:
retval = enif_select(env, fd, ERL_NIF_SELECT_STOP, resource, ref);
if (retval < 0) {
/* handle error */
}
/* Success! */
if (retval & ERL_NIF_SELECT_STOP_CALLED) {
/* ... */
}
ErlNifPid *enif_self(ErlNifEnv* caller_env, ErlNifPid* pid)
Initializes the pid variable *pid to represent the calling process.
Returns pid.
int enif_send(ErlNifEnv* env, ErlNifPid* to_pid,
ErlNifEnv* msg_env, ERL_NIF_TERM msg)
Sends a message to a process.
env:
The environment of the calling process. Must be NULL only if calling from a created thread.
*to_pid:
The pid of the receiving process. The pid is to refer to a process on the local node.
msg_env:
The environment of the message term. Must be a process-independent environment allocated with
enif_alloc_env or NULL.
msg:
The message term to send.
Returns true if the message is successfully sent. Returns false if the send operation fails, that
is:
* *to_pid does not refer to an alive local process.
* The currently executing process (that is, the sender) is not alive.
The message environment msg_env with all its terms (including msg) is invalidated by a successful
call to enif_send. The environment is to either be freed with enif_free_env of cleared for reuse
with enif_clear_env.
If msg_env is set to NULL, the msg term is copied and the original term and its environemt is
still valid after the call.
This function is only thread-safe when the emulator with SMP support is used. It can only be used
in a non-SMP emulator from a NIF-calling thread.
Note:
Passing msg_env as NULL is only supported as from ERTS 8.0 (Erlang/OTP 19).
unsigned enif_sizeof_resource(void* obj)
Gets the byte size of resource object obj obtained by enif_alloc_resource.
int enif_snprintf(char *str, size_t size, const
char *format, ...)
Similar to snprintf but this format string also accepts "%T", which formats Erlang terms.
void enif_system_info(ErlNifSysInfo
*sys_info_ptr, size_t size)
Same as driver_system_info.
int enif_term_to_binary(ErlNifEnv *env,
ERL_NIF_TERM term, ErlNifBinary *bin)
Allocates a new binary with enif_alloc_binary and stores the result of encoding term according to
the Erlang external term format.
Returns true on success, or false if the allocation fails.
See also erlang:term_to_binary/1 and enif_binary_to_term.
int enif_thread_create(char *name,ErlNifTid
*tid,void * (*func)(void *),void *args,ErlNifThreadOpts
*opts)
Same as erl_drv_thread_create.
void enif_thread_exit(void *resp)
Same as erl_drv_thread_exit.
int enif_thread_join(ErlNifTid, void **respp)
Same as erl_drv_thread_join.
ErlNifThreadOpts *enif_thread_opts_create(char *name)
Same as erl_drv_thread_opts_create.
void enif_thread_opts_destroy(ErlNifThreadOpts *opts)
Same as erl_drv_thread_opts_destroy.
ErlNifTid enif_thread_self(void)
Same as erl_drv_thread_self.
int enif_thread_type(void)
Determine the type of currently executing thread. A positive value indicates a scheduler thread
while a negative value or zero indicates another type of thread. Currently the following specific
types exist (which may be extended in the future):
ERL_NIF_THR_UNDEFINED:
Undefined thread that is not a scheduler thread.
ERL_NIF_THR_NORMAL_SCHEDULER:
A normal scheduler thread.
ERL_NIF_THR_DIRTY_CPU_SCHEDULER:
A dirty CPU scheduler thread.
ERL_NIF_THR_DIRTY_IO_SCHEDULER:
A dirty I/O scheduler thread.
ErlNifTime enif_time_offset(ErlNifTimeUnit time_unit)
Returns the current time offset between Erlang monotonic time and Erlang system time converted
into the time_unit passed as argument.
time_unit is the time unit of the returned value.
Returns ERL_NIF_TIME_ERROR if called with an invalid time unit argument or if called from a thread
that is not a scheduler thread.
See also ErlNifTime and ErlNifTimeUnit.
void *enif_tsd_get(ErlNifTSDKey key)
Same as erl_drv_tsd_get.
int enif_tsd_key_create(char *name, ErlNifTSDKey *key)
Same as erl_drv_tsd_key_create.
void enif_tsd_key_destroy(ErlNifTSDKey key)
Same as erl_drv_tsd_key_destroy.
void enif_tsd_set(ErlNifTSDKey key, void *data)
Same as erl_drv_tsd_set.
int enif_whereis_pid(ErlNifEnv *env,
ERL_NIF_TERM name, ErlNifPid *pid)
Looks up a process by its registered name.
env:
The environment of the calling process. Must be NULL only if calling from a created thread.
name:
The name of a registered process, as an atom.
*pid:
The ErlNifPid in which the resolved process id is stored.
On success, sets *pid to the local process registered with name and returns true. If name is not a
registered process, or is not an atom, false is returned and *pid is unchanged.
Works as erlang:whereis/1, but restricted to processes. See enif_whereis_port to resolve
registered ports.
int enif_whereis_port(ErlNifEnv *env,
ERL_NIF_TERM name, ErlNifPort *port)
Looks up a port by its registered name.
env:
The environment of the calling process. Must be NULL only if calling from a created thread.
name:
The name of a registered port, as an atom.
*port:
The ErlNifPort in which the resolved port id is stored.
On success, sets *port to the port registered with name and returns true. If name is not a
registered port, or is not an atom, false is returned and *port is unchanged.
Works as erlang:whereis/1, but restricted to ports. See enif_whereis_pid to resolve registered
processes.
SEE ALSO
erlang:load_nif/2