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PROLOG
This manual page is part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual. The Linux implementation of this interface
may differ (consult the corresponding Linux manual page for details of Linux behavior), or the interface
may not be implemented on Linux.
NAME
shm_open — open a shared memory object (REALTIME)
SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/mman.h>
int shm_open(const char *name, int oflag, mode_t mode);
DESCRIPTION
The shm_open() function shall establish a connection between a shared memory object and a file
descriptor. It shall create an open file description that refers to the shared memory object and a file
descriptor that refers to that open file description. The file descriptor is used by other functions to
refer to that shared memory object. The name argument points to a string naming a shared memory object.
It is unspecified whether the name appears in the file system and is visible to other functions that take
pathnames as arguments. The name argument conforms to the construction rules for a pathname, except that
the interpretation of <slash> characters other than the leading <slash> character in name is
implementation-defined, and that the length limits for the name argument are implementation-defined and
need not be the same as the pathname limits {PATH_MAX} and {NAME_MAX}. If name begins with the <slash>
character, then processes calling shm_open() with the same value of name refer to the same shared memory
object, as long as that name has not been removed. If name does not begin with the <slash> character, the
effect is implementation-defined.
If successful, shm_open() shall return a file descriptor for the shared memory object that is the lowest
numbered file descriptor not currently open for that process. The open file description is new, and
therefore the file descriptor does not share it with any other processes. It is unspecified whether the
file offset is set. The FD_CLOEXEC file descriptor flag associated with the new file descriptor is set.
The file status flags and file access modes of the open file description are according to the value of
oflag. The oflag argument is the bitwise-inclusive OR of the following flags defined in the <fcntl.h>
header. Applications specify exactly one of the first two values (access modes) below in the value of
oflag:
O_RDONLY Open for read access only.
O_RDWR Open for read or write access.
Any combination of the remaining flags may be specified in the value of oflag:
O_CREAT If the shared memory object exists, this flag has no effect, except as noted under O_EXCL
below. Otherwise, the shared memory object is created. The user ID of the shared memory
object shall be set to the effective user ID of the process. The group ID of the shared
memory object shall be set to the effective group ID of the process; however, if the name
argument is visible in the file system, the group ID may be set to the group ID of the
containing directory. The permission bits of the shared memory object shall be set to the
value of the mode argument except those set in the file mode creation mask of the process.
When bits in mode other than the file permission bits are set, the effect is unspecified. The
mode argument does not affect whether the shared memory object is opened for reading, for
writing, or for both. The shared memory object has a size of zero.
O_EXCL If O_EXCL and O_CREAT are set, shm_open() fails if the shared memory object exists. The check
for the existence of the shared memory object and the creation of the object if it does not
exist is atomic with respect to other processes executing shm_open() naming the same shared
memory object with O_EXCL and O_CREAT set. If O_EXCL is set and O_CREAT is not set, the
result is undefined.
O_TRUNC If the shared memory object exists, and it is successfully opened O_RDWR, the object shall be
truncated to zero length and the mode and owner shall be unchanged by this function call. The
result of using O_TRUNC with O_RDONLY is undefined.
When a shared memory object is created, the state of the shared memory object, including all data
associated with the shared memory object, persists until the shared memory object is unlinked and all
other references are gone. It is unspecified whether the name and shared memory object state remain valid
after a system reboot.
RETURN VALUE
Upon successful completion, the shm_open() function shall return a non-negative integer representing the
lowest numbered unused file descriptor. Otherwise, it shall return −1 and set errno to indicate the
error.
ERRORS
The shm_open() function shall fail if:
EACCES The shared memory object exists and the permissions specified by oflag are denied, or the shared
memory object does not exist and permission to create the shared memory object is denied, or
O_TRUNC is specified and write permission is denied.
EEXIST O_CREAT and O_EXCL are set and the named shared memory object already exists.
EINTR The shm_open() operation was interrupted by a signal.
EINVAL The shm_open() operation is not supported for the given name.
EMFILE All file descriptors available to the process are currently open.
ENFILE Too many shared memory objects are currently open in the system.
ENOENT O_CREAT is not set and the named shared memory object does not exist.
ENOSPC There is insufficient space for the creation of the new shared memory object.
The shm_open() function may fail if:
ENAMETOOLONG
The length of the name argument exceeds {_POSIX_PATH_MAX} on systems that do not support the XSI
option or exceeds {_XOPEN_PATH_MAX} on XSI systems, or has a pathname component that is longer
than {_POSIX_NAME_MAX} on systems that do not support the XSI option or longer than
{_XOPEN_NAME_MAX} on XSI systems.
The following sections are informative.
EXAMPLES
Creating and Mapping a Shared Memory Object
The following code segment demonstrates the use of shm_open() to create a shared memory object which is
then sized using ftruncate() before being mapped into the process address space using mmap():
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
...
#define MAX_LEN 10000
struct region { /* Defines "structure" of shared memory */
int len;
char buf[MAX_LEN];
};
struct region *rptr;
int fd;
/* Create shared memory object and set its size */
fd = shm_open("/myregion", O_CREAT | O_RDWR, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR);
if (fd == −1)
/* Handle error */;
if (ftruncate(fd, sizeof(struct region)) == −1)
/* Handle error */;
/* Map shared memory object */
rptr = mmap(NULL, sizeof(struct region),
PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
if (rptr == MAP_FAILED)
/* Handle error */;
/* Now we can refer to mapped region using fields of rptr;
for example, rptr->len */
...
APPLICATION USAGE
None.
RATIONALE
When the Memory Mapped Files option is supported, the normal open() call is used to obtain a descriptor
to a file to be mapped according to existing practice with mmap(). When the Shared Memory Objects option
is supported, the shm_open() function shall obtain a descriptor to the shared memory object to be mapped.
There is ample precedent for having a file descriptor represent several types of objects. In the
POSIX.1‐1990 standard, a file descriptor can represent a file, a pipe, a FIFO, a tty, or a directory.
Many implementations simply have an operations vector, which is indexed by the file descriptor type and
does very different operations. Note that in some cases the file descriptor passed to generic operations
on file descriptors is returned by open() or creat() and in some cases returned by alternate functions,
such as pipe(). The latter technique is used by shm_open().
Note that such shared memory objects can actually be implemented as mapped files. In both cases, the size
can be set after the open using ftruncate(). The shm_open() function itself does not create a shared
object of a specified size because this would duplicate an extant function that set the size of an object
referenced by a file descriptor.
On implementations where memory objects are implemented using the existing file system, the shm_open()
function may be implemented using a macro that invokes open(), and the shm_unlink() function may be
implemented using a macro that invokes unlink().
For implementations without a permanent file system, the definition of the name of the memory objects is
allowed not to survive a system reboot. Note that this allows systems with a permanent file system to
implement memory objects as data structures internal to the implementation as well.
On implementations that choose to implement memory objects using memory directly, a shm_open() followed
by an ftruncate() and close() can be used to preallocate a shared memory area and to set the size of that
preallocation. This may be necessary for systems without virtual memory hardware support in order to
ensure that the memory is contiguous.
The set of valid open flags to shm_open() was restricted to O_RDONLY, O_RDWR, O_CREAT, and O_TRUNC
because these could be easily implemented on most memory mapping systems. This volume of POSIX.1‐2008 is
silent on the results if the implementation cannot supply the requested file access because of
implementation-defined reasons, including hardware ones.
The error conditions [EACCES] and [ENOTSUP] are provided to inform the application that the
implementation cannot complete a request.
[EACCES] indicates for implementation-defined reasons, probably hardware-related, that the implementation
cannot comply with a requested mode because it conflicts with another requested mode. An example might be
that an application desires to open a memory object two times, mapping different areas with different
access modes. If the implementation cannot map a single area into a process space in two places, which
would be required if different access modes were required for the two areas, then the implementation may
inform the application at the time of the second open.
[ENOTSUP] indicates for implementation-defined reasons, probably hardware-related, that the
implementation cannot comply with a requested mode at all. An example would be that the hardware of the
implementation cannot support write-only shared memory areas.
On all implementations, it may be desirable to restrict the location of the memory objects to specific
file systems for performance (such as a RAM disk) or implementation-defined reasons (shared memory
supported directly only on certain file systems). The shm_open() function may be used to enforce these
restrictions. There are a number of methods available to the application to determine an appropriate name
of the file or the location of an appropriate directory. One way is from the environment via getenv().
Another would be from a configuration file.
This volume of POSIX.1‐2008 specifies that memory objects have initial contents of zero when created.
This is consistent with current behavior for both files and newly allocated memory. For those
implementations that use physical memory, it would be possible that such implementations could simply use
available memory and give it to the process uninitialized. This, however, is not consistent with
standard behavior for the uninitialized data area, the stack, and of course, files. Finally, it is highly
desirable to set the allocated memory to zero for security reasons. Thus, initializing memory objects to
zero is required.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
A future version might require the shm_open() and shm_unlink() functions to have semantics similar to
normal file system operations.
SEE ALSO
close(), dup(), exec, fcntl(), mmap(), shmat(), shmctl(), shmdt(), shm_unlink(), umask()
The Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2008, <fcntl.h>, <sys_mman.h>
COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2013 Edition,
Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 7, Copyright (C) 2013 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc
and The Open Group. (This is POSIX.1-2008 with the 2013 Technical Corrigendum 1 applied.) In the event
of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original
IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.unix.org/online.html .
Any typographical or formatting errors that appear in this page are most likely to have been introduced
during the conversion of the source files to man page format. To report such errors, see
https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/reporting_bugs.html .