NAME

     da — SCSI Direct Access device driver

SYNOPSIS

     device da

DESCRIPTION

     The da driver provides support for all SCSI devices of the direct access class that are
     attached to the system through a supported SCSI Host Adapter.  The direct access class
     includes disk, magneto-optical, and solid-state devices.

     A SCSI Host adapter must also be separately configured into the system before a SCSI direct
     access device can be configured.

CACHE EFFECTS

     Many direct access devices are equipped with read and/or write caches.  Parameters affecting
     the device's cache are stored in mode page 8, the caching control page.  Mode pages can be
     examined and modified via the camcontrol(8) utility.

     The read cache is used to store data from device-initiated read ahead operations as well as
     frequently used data.  The read cache is transparent to the user and can be enabled without
     any adverse effect.  Most devices with a read cache come from the factory with it enabled.
     The read cache can be disabled by setting the RCD (Read Cache Disable) bit in the caching
     control mode page.

     The write cache can greatly decrease the latency of write operations and allows the device
     to reorganize writes to increase efficiency and performance.  This performance gain comes at
     a price.  Should the device lose power while its cache contains uncommitted write
     operations, these writes will be lost.  The effect of a loss of write transactions on a file
     system is non-deterministic and can cause corruption.  Most devices age write transactions
     to limit vulnerability to a few transactions recently reported as complete, but it is none-
     the-less recommended that systems with write cache enabled devices reside on an
     Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS).  The da device driver ensures that the cache and media
     are synchronized upon final close of the device or an unexpected shutdown (panic) event.
     This ensures that it is safe to disconnect power once the operating system has reported that
     it has halted.  The write cache can be enabled by setting the WCE (Write Cache Enable) bit
     in the caching control mode page.

TAGGED QUEUING

     The da device driver will take full advantage of the SCSI feature known as tagged queueing.
     Tagged queueing allows the device to process multiple transactions concurrently, often re-
     ordering them to reduce the number and length of seeks.  To ensure that transactions to
     distant portions of the media, which may be deferred indefinitely by servicing requests
     nearer the current head position, are completed in a timely fashion, an ordered tagged
     transaction is sent every 15 seconds during continuous device operation.

BAD BLOCK RECOVERY

     Direct Access devices have the capability of mapping out portions of defective media.  Media
     recovery parameters are located in mode page 1, the Read-Write Error Recovery mode page.
     The most important media remapping features are 'Auto Write Reallocation' and 'Auto Read
     Reallocation' which can be enabled via the AWRE and ARRE bits, respectively, of the Read-
     Write Error Recovery page.  Many devices do not ship from the factory with these feature
     enabled.  Mode pages can be examined and modified via the camcontrol(8) utility.

KERNEL CONFIGURATION

     It is only necessary to explicitly configure one da device; data structures are dynamically
     allocated as disks are found on the SCSI bus.

SYSCTL VARIABLES

     The following variables are available as both sysctl(8) variables and loader(8) tunables:

     kern.cam.da.retry_count
         This variable determines how many times the da driver will retry a READ or WRITE
         command.  This does not affect the number of retries used during probe time or for the
         da driver dump routine.  This value currently defaults to 4.

     kern.cam.da.default_timeout
         This variable determines how long the da driver will wait before timing out an
         outstanding command.  The units for this value are seconds, and the default is currently
         60 seconds.

     kern.cam.sort_io_queue

     kern.cam.da.X.sort_io_queue
         These variables determine whether request queue should be sorted trying to optimize head
         seeks.  Set to 1 to enable sorting, 0 to disable, -1 to leave it as-is.  The default is
         sorting enabled for HDDs and disabled for SSDs.

     kern.cam.da.X.delete_method
         This variable specifies method to handle BIO_DELETE requests:

         ATA_TRIM  ATA TRIM via ATA COMMAND PASS THROUGH command,

         UNMAP     UNMAP command,

         WS16      WRITE SAME(16) command with UNMAP flag,

         WS10      WRITE SAME(10) command with UNMAP flag,

         ZERO      WRITE SAME(10) command without UNMAP flag,

         DISABLE   disable BIO_DELETE support.

     kern.cam.da.X.minimum_cmd_size
         This variable determines what the minimum READ/WRITE CDB size is for a given da unit.
         Valid minimum command size values are 6, 10, 12 and 16 bytes.  The default is 6 bytes.

         The da driver issues a CAM Path Inquiry CCB at probe time to determine whether the
         protocol the device in question speaks (e.g. ATAPI) typically does not allow 6 byte
         commands.  If it does not, the da driver will default to using at least 10 byte CDBs.
         If a 6 byte READ or WRITE fails with an ILLEGAL REQUEST error, the da driver will then
         increase the default CDB size for the device to 10 bytes and retry the command.  CDB
         size is always chosen as the smallest READ/WRITE CDB that will satisfy the specified
         minimum command size, and the LBA and length of the READ or WRITE in question.  (e.g., a
         write to an LBA larger than 2^32 will require a 16 byte CDB.)

NOTES

     If a device becomes invalidated (media is removed, device becomes unresponsive) the
     disklabel and information held within the kernel about the device will be invalidated.  To
     avoid corruption of a newly inserted piece of media or a replacement device, all accesses to
     the device will be discarded until the last file descriptor referencing the old device is
     closed.  During this period, all new open attempts will be rejected.

FILES

     /dev/da*  SCSI disk device nodes

DIAGNOSTICS

     None.

SEE ALSO

     ada(4), cam(4), geom(4), gpart(8)

HISTORY

     The da driver was written for the CAM SCSI subsystem by Justin T. Gibbs.  Many ideas were
     gleaned from the sd device driver written and ported from Mach 2.5 by Julian Elischer.