Ubuntu Manpage: nfs - fstab format and options for the nfs file systems

Provided by: nfs-common_1.3.4-2.1ubuntu5.5_amd64

NAME

       nfs - fstab format and options for the nfs file systems

SYNOPSIS

       /etc/fstab

DESCRIPTION

NFS is an Internet Standard protocol created by Sun Microsystems in 1984. NFS was developed to allow file
sharing between systems residing on a local area network. The Linux NFS client supports three versions
of the NFS protocol: NFS version 2 [RFC1094], NFS version 3 [RFC1813], and NFS version 4 [RFC3530].

The mount(8) command attaches a file system to the system's name space hierarchy at a given mount point.
The /etc/fstab file describes how mount(8) should assemble a system's file name hierarchy from various
independent file systems (including file systems exported by NFS servers). Each line in the /etc/fstab
file describes a single file system, its mount point, and a set of default mount options for that mount
point.

For NFS file system mounts, a line in the /etc/fstab file specifies the server name, the path name of the
exported server directory to mount, the local directory that is the mount point, the type of file system
that is being mounted, and a list of mount options that control the way the filesystem is mounted and how
the NFS client behaves when accessing files on this mount point. The fifth and sixth fields on each line
are not used by NFS, thus conventionally each contain the digit zero. For example:

server:path /mountpoint fstype option,option,... 0 0

The server's hostname and export pathname are separated by a colon, while the mount options are separated
by commas. The remaining fields are separated by blanks or tabs.

The server's hostname can be an unqualified hostname, a fully qualified domain name, a dotted quad IPv4
address, or an IPv6 address enclosed in square brackets. Link-local and site-local IPv6 addresses must
be accompanied by an interface identifier. See ipv6(7) for details on specifying raw IPv6 addresses.

The fstype field contains "nfs". Use of the "nfs4" fstype in /etc/fstab is deprecated.

MOUNT OPTIONS

Refer to mount(8) for a description of generic mount options available for all file systems. If you do
not need to specify any mount options, use the generic option defaults in /etc/fstab.

Options supported by all versions
These options are valid to use with any NFS version.

nfsvers=n The NFS protocol version number used to contact the server's NFS service. If the server
does not support the requested version, the mount request fails. If this option is not
specified, the client negotiates a suitable version with the server, trying version 4
first, version 3 second, and version 2 last.

vers=n This option is an alternative to the nfsvers option. It is included for compatibility
with other operating systems

soft / hard Determines the recovery behavior of the NFS client after an NFS request times out. If
neither option is specified (or if the hard option is specified), NFS requests are retried
indefinitely. If the soft option is specified, then the NFS client fails an NFS request
after retrans retransmissions have been sent, causing the NFS client to return an error to
the calling application.

NB: A so-called "soft" timeout can cause silent data corruption in certain cases. As such,
use the soft option only when client responsiveness is more important than data integrity.
Using NFS over TCP or increasing the value of the retrans option may mitigate some of the
risks of using the soft option.

intr / nointr This option is provided for backward compatibility. It is ignored after kernel 2.6.25.

timeo=n The time in deciseconds (tenths of a second) the NFS client waits for a response before it
retries an NFS request.

For NFS over TCP the default timeo value is 600 (60 seconds). The NFS client performs
linear backoff: After each retransmission the timeout is increased by timeo up to the
maximum of 600 seconds.

However, for NFS over UDP, the client uses an adaptive algorithm to estimate an
appropriate timeout value for frequently used request types (such as READ and WRITE
requests), but uses the timeo setting for infrequently used request types (such as FSINFO
requests). If the timeo option is not specified, infrequently used request types are
retried after 1.1 seconds. After each retransmission, the NFS client doubles the timeout
for that request, up to a maximum timeout length of 60 seconds.

retrans=n The number of times the NFS client retries a request before it attempts further recovery
action. If the retrans option is not specified, the NFS client tries each UDP request
three times and each TCP request twice.

The NFS client generates a "server not responding" message after retrans retries, then
attempts further recovery (depending on whether the hard mount option is in effect).

rsize=n The maximum number of bytes in each network READ request that the NFS client can receive
when reading data from a file on an NFS server. The actual data payload size of each NFS
READ request is equal to or smaller than the rsize setting. The largest read payload
supported by the Linux NFS client is 1,048,576 bytes (one megabyte).

The rsize value is a positive integral multiple of 1024. Specified rsize values lower
than 1024 are replaced with 4096; values larger than 1048576 are replaced with 1048576. If
a specified value is within the supported range but not a multiple of 1024, it is rounded
down to the nearest multiple of 1024.

If an rsize value is not specified, or if the specified rsize value is larger than the
maximum that either client or server can support, the client and server negotiate the
largest rsize value that they can both support.

The rsize mount option as specified on the mount(8) command line appears in the /etc/mtab
file. However, the effective rsize value negotiated by the client and server is reported
in the /proc/mounts file.

wsize=n The maximum number of bytes per network WRITE request that the NFS client can send when
writing data to a file on an NFS server. The actual data payload size of each NFS WRITE
request is equal to or smaller than the wsize setting. The largest write payload supported
by the Linux NFS client is 1,048,576 bytes (one megabyte).

Similar to rsize , the wsize value is a positive integral multiple of 1024. Specified
wsize values lower than 1024 are replaced with 4096; values larger than 1048576 are
replaced with 1048576. If a specified value is within the supported range but not a
multiple of 1024, it is rounded down to the nearest multiple of 1024.

If a wsize value is not specified, or if the specified wsize value is larger than the
maximum that either client or server can support, the client and server negotiate the
largest wsize value that they can both support.

The wsize mount option as specified on the mount(8) command line appears in the /etc/mtab
file. However, the effective wsize value negotiated by the client and server is reported
in the /proc/mounts file.

ac / noac Selects whether the client may cache file attributes. If neither option is specified (or
if ac is specified), the client caches file attributes.

To improve performance, NFS clients cache file attributes. Every few seconds, an NFS
client checks the server's version of each file's attributes for updates. Changes that
occur on the server in those small intervals remain undetected until the client checks the
server again. The noac option prevents clients from caching file attributes so that
applications can more quickly detect file changes on the server.

In addition to preventing the client from caching file attributes, the noac option forces
application writes to become synchronous so that local changes to a file become visible on
the server immediately. That way, other clients can quickly detect recent writes when
they check the file's attributes.

Using the noac option provides greater cache coherence among NFS clients accessing the
same files, but it extracts a significant performance penalty. As such, judicious use of
file locking is encouraged instead. The DATA AND METADATA COHERENCE section contains a
detailed discussion of these trade-offs.

acregmin=n The minimum time (in seconds) that the NFS client caches attributes of a regular file
before it requests fresh attribute information from a server. If this option is not
specified, the NFS client uses a 3-second minimum. See the DATA AND METADATA COHERENCE
section for a full discussion of attribute caching.

acregmax=n The maximum time (in seconds) that the NFS client caches attributes of a regular file
before it requests fresh attribute information from a server. If this option is not
specified, the NFS client uses a 60-second maximum. See the DATA AND METADATA COHERENCE
section for a full discussion of attribute caching.

acdirmin=n The minimum time (in seconds) that the NFS client caches attributes of a directory before
it requests fresh attribute information from a server. If this option is not specified,
the NFS client uses a 30-second minimum. See the DATA AND METADATA COHERENCE section for
a full discussion of attribute caching.

acdirmax=n The maximum time (in seconds) that the NFS client caches attributes of a directory before
it requests fresh attribute information from a server. If this option is not specified,
the NFS client uses a 60-second maximum. See the DATA AND METADATA COHERENCE section for
a full discussion of attribute caching.

actimeo=n Using actimeo sets all of acregmin, acregmax, acdirmin, and acdirmax to the same value.
If this option is not specified, the NFS client uses the defaults for each of these
options listed above.

bg / fg Determines how the mount(8) command behaves if an attempt to mount an export fails. The
fg option causes mount(8) to exit with an error status if any part of the mount request
times out or fails outright. This is called a "foreground" mount, and is the default
behavior if neither the fg nor bg mount option is specified.

If the bg option is specified, a timeout or failure causes the mount(8) command to fork a
child which continues to attempt to mount the export. The parent immediately returns with
a zero exit code. This is known as a "background" mount.

If the local mount point directory is missing, the mount(8) command acts as if the mount
request timed out. This permits nested NFS mounts specified in /etc/fstab to proceed in
any order during system initialization, even if some NFS servers are not yet available.
Alternatively these issues can be addressed using an automounter (refer to automount(8)
for details).

rdirplus / nordirplus
Selects whether to use NFS v3 or v4 READDIRPLUS requests. If this option is not
specified, the NFS client uses READDIRPLUS requests on NFS v3 or v4 mounts to read small
directories. Some applications perform better if the client uses only READDIR requests
for all directories.

retry=n The number of minutes that the mount(8) command retries an NFS mount operation in the
foreground or background before giving up. If this option is not specified, the default
value for foreground mounts is 2 minutes, and the default value for background mounts is
10000 minutes (80 minutes shy of one week). If a value of zero is specified, the mount(8)
command exits immediately after the first failure.

Note that this only affects how many retries are made and doesn't affect the delay caused
by each retry. For UDP each retry takes the time determined by the timeo and retrans
options, which by default will be about 7 seconds. For TCP the default is 3 minutes, but
system TCP connection timeouts will sometimes limit the timeout of each retransmission to
around 2 minutes.

sec=flavors A colon-separated list of one or more security flavors to use for accessing files on the
mounted export. If the server does not support any of these flavors, the mount operation
fails. If sec= is not specified, the client attempts to find a security flavor that both
the client and the server supports. Valid flavors are none, sys, krb5, krb5i, and krb5p.
Refer to the SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS section for details.

sharecache / nosharecache
Determines how the client's data cache and attribute cache are shared when mounting the
same export more than once concurrently. Using the same cache reduces memory requirements
on the client and presents identical file contents to applications when the same remote
file is accessed via different mount points.

If neither option is specified, or if the sharecache option is specified, then a single
cache is used for all mount points that access the same export. If the nosharecache
option is specified, then that mount point gets a unique cache. Note that when data and
attribute caches are shared, the mount options from the first mount point take effect for
subsequent concurrent mounts of the same export.

As of kernel 2.6.18, the behavior specified by nosharecache is legacy caching behavior.
This is considered a data risk since multiple cached copies of the same file on the same
client can become out of sync following a local update of one of the copies.

resvport / noresvport
Specifies whether the NFS client should use a privileged source port when communicating
with an NFS server for this mount point. If this option is not specified, or the resvport
option is specified, the NFS client uses a privileged source port. If the noresvport
option is specified, the NFS client uses a non-privileged source port. This option is
supported in kernels 2.6.28 and later.

Using non-privileged source ports helps increase the maximum number of NFS mount points
allowed on a client, but NFS servers must be configured to allow clients to connect via
non-privileged source ports.

Refer to the SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS section for important details.

lookupcache=mode
Specifies how the kernel manages its cache of directory entries for a given mount point.
mode can be one of all, none, pos, or positive. This option is supported in kernels
2.6.28 and later.

The Linux NFS client caches the result of all NFS LOOKUP requests. If the requested
directory entry exists on the server, the result is referred to as positive. If the
requested directory entry does not exist on the server, the result is referred to as
negative.

If this option is not specified, or if all is specified, the client assumes both types of
directory cache entries are valid until their parent directory's cached attributes expire.

If pos or positive is specified, the client assumes positive entries are valid until their
parent directory's cached attributes expire, but always revalidates negative entires
before an application can use them.

If none is specified, the client revalidates both types of directory cache entries before
an application can use them. This permits quick detection of files that were created or
removed by other clients, but can impact application and server performance.

The DATA AND METADATA COHERENCE section contains a detailed discussion of these trade-
offs.

fsc / nofsc Enable/Disables the cache of (read-only) data pages to the local disk using the FS-Cache
facility. See cachefilesd(8) and <kernel_soruce>/Documentation/filesystems/caching for
detail on how to configure the FS-Cache facility. Default value is nofsc.

Options for NFS versions 2 and 3 only
Use these options, along with the options in the above subsection, for NFS versions 2 and 3 only.

proto=netid The netid determines the transport that is used to communicate with the NFS server.
Available options are udp, udp6, tcp, tcp6, and rdma. Those which end in 6 use IPv6
addresses and are only available if support for TI-RPC is built in. Others use IPv4
addresses.

Each transport protocol uses different default retrans and timeo settings. Refer to the
description of these two mount options for details.

In addition to controlling how the NFS client transmits requests to the server, this mount
option also controls how the mount(8) command communicates with the server's rpcbind and
mountd services. Specifying a netid that uses TCP forces all traffic from the mount(8)
command and the NFS client to use TCP. Specifying a netid that uses UDP forces all
traffic types to use UDP.

Before using NFS over UDP, refer to the TRANSPORT METHODS section.

If the proto mount option is not specified, the mount(8) command discovers which protocols
the server supports and chooses an appropriate transport for each service. Refer to the
TRANSPORT METHODS section for more details.

udp The udp option is an alternative to specifying proto=udp. It is included for
compatibility with other operating systems.

Before using NFS over UDP, refer to the TRANSPORT METHODS section.

tcp The tcp option is an alternative to specifying proto=tcp. It is included for
compatibility with other operating systems.

rdma The rdma option is an alternative to specifying proto=rdma.

port=n The numeric value of the server's NFS service port. If the server's NFS service is not
available on the specified port, the mount request fails.

If this option is not specified, or if the specified port value is 0, then the NFS client
uses the NFS service port number advertised by the server's rpcbind service. The mount
request fails if the server's rpcbind service is not available, the server's NFS service
is not registered with its rpcbind service, or the server's NFS service is not available
on the advertised port.

mountport=n The numeric value of the server's mountd port. If the server's mountd service is not
available on the specified port, the mount request fails.

If this option is not specified, or if the specified port value is 0, then the mount(8)
command uses the mountd service port number advertised by the server's rpcbind service.
The mount request fails if the server's rpcbind service is not available, the server's
mountd service is not registered with its rpcbind service, or the server's mountd service
is not available on the advertised port.

This option can be used when mounting an NFS server through a firewall that blocks the
rpcbind protocol.

mountproto=netid
The transport the NFS client uses to transmit requests to the NFS server's mountd service
when performing this mount request, and when later unmounting this mount point.

netid may be one of udp, and tcp which use IPv4 address or, if TI-RPC is built into the
mount.nfs command, udp6, and tcp6 which use IPv6 addresses.

This option can be used when mounting an NFS server through a firewall that blocks a
particular transport. When used in combination with the proto option, different
transports for mountd requests and NFS requests can be specified. If the server's mountd
service is not available via the specified transport, the mount request fails.

Refer to the TRANSPORT METHODS section for more on how the mountproto mount option
interacts with the proto mount option.

mounthost=name The hostname of the host running mountd. If this option is not specified, the mount(8)
command assumes that the mountd service runs on the same host as the NFS service.

mountvers=n The RPC version number used to contact the server's mountd. If this option is not
specified, the client uses a version number appropriate to the requested NFS version.
This option is useful when multiple NFS services are running on the same remote server
host.

namlen=n The maximum length of a pathname component on this mount. If this option is not
specified, the maximum length is negotiated with the server. In most cases, this maximum
length is 255 characters.

Some early versions of NFS did not support this negotiation. Using this option ensures
that pathconf(3) reports the proper maximum component length to applications in such
cases.

lock / nolock Selects whether to use the NLM sideband protocol to lock files on the server. If neither
option is specified (or if lock is specified), NLM locking is used for this mount point.
When using the nolock option, applications can lock files, but such locks provide
exclusion only against other applications running on the same client. Remote applications
are not affected by these locks.

NLM locking must be disabled with the nolock option when using NFS to mount /var because
/var contains files used by the NLM implementation on Linux. Using the nolock option is
also required when mounting exports on NFS servers that do not support the NLM protocol.

cto / nocto Selects whether to use close-to-open cache coherence semantics. If neither option is
specified (or if cto is specified), the client uses close-to-open cache coherence
semantics. If the nocto option is specified, the client uses a non-standard heuristic to
determine when files on the server have changed.

Using the nocto option may improve performance for read-only mounts, but should be used
only if the data on the server changes only occasionally. The DATA AND METADATA COHERENCE
section discusses the behavior of this option in more detail.

acl / noacl Selects whether to use the NFSACL sideband protocol on this mount point. The NFSACL
sideband protocol is a proprietary protocol implemented in Solaris that manages Access
Control Lists. NFSACL was never made a standard part of the NFS protocol specification.

If neither acl nor noacl option is specified, the NFS client negotiates with the server to
see if the NFSACL protocol is supported, and uses it if the server supports it. Disabling
the NFSACL sideband protocol may be necessary if the negotiation causes problems on the
client or server. Refer to the SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS section for more details.

local_lock=mechanism
Specifies whether to use local locking for any or both of the flock and the POSIX locking
mechanisms. mechanism can be one of all, flock, posix, or none. This option is supported
in kernels 2.6.37 and later.

The Linux NFS client provides a way to make locks local. This means, the applications can
lock files, but such locks provide exclusion only against other applications running on
the same client. Remote applications are not affected by these locks.

If this option is not specified, or if none is specified, the client assumes that the
locks are not local.

If all is specified, the client assumes that both flock and POSIX locks are local.

If flock is specified, the client assumes that only flock locks are local and uses NLM
sideband protocol to lock files when POSIX locks are used.

If posix is specified, the client assumes that POSIX locks are local and uses NLM sideband
protocol to lock files when flock locks are used.

To support legacy flock behavior similar to that of NFS clients < 2.6.12, use
'local_lock=flock'. This option is required when exporting NFS mounts via Samba as Samba
maps Windows share mode locks as flock. Since NFS clients > 2.6.12 implement flock by
emulating POSIX locks, this will result in conflicting locks.

NOTE: When used together, the 'local_lock' mount option will be overridden by
'nolock'/'lock' mount option.

Options for NFS version 4 only
Use these options, along with the options in the first subsection above, for NFS version 4 and newer.

proto=netid The netid determines the transport that is used to communicate with the NFS server.
Supported options are tcp, tcp6, and rdma. tcp6 use IPv6 addresses and is only available
if support for TI-RPC is built in. Both others use IPv4 addresses.

All NFS version 4 servers are required to support TCP, so if this mount option is not
specified, the NFS version 4 client uses the TCP protocol. Refer to the TRANSPORT METHODS
section for more details.

port=n The numeric value of the server's NFS service port. If the server's NFS service is not
available on the specified port, the mount request fails.

If this mount option is not specified, the NFS client uses the standard NFS port number of
2049 without first checking the server's rpcbind service. This allows an NFS version 4
client to contact an NFS version 4 server through a firewall that may block rpcbind
requests.

If the specified port value is 0, then the NFS client uses the NFS service port number
advertised by the server's rpcbind service. The mount request fails if the server's
rpcbind service is not available, the server's NFS service is not registered with its
rpcbind service, or the server's NFS service is not available on the advertised port.

cto / nocto Selects whether to use close-to-open cache coherence semantics for NFS directories on this
mount point. If neither cto nor nocto is specified, the default is to use close-to-open
cache coherence semantics for directories.

File data caching behavior is not affected by this option. The DATA AND METADATA
COHERENCE section discusses the behavior of this option in more detail.

clientaddr=n.n.n.n

clientaddr=n:n:...:n
Specifies a single IPv4 address (in dotted-quad form), or a non-link-local IPv6 address,
that the NFS client advertises to allow servers to perform NFS version 4 callback requests
against files on this mount point. If the server is unable to establish callback
connections to clients, performance may degrade, or accesses to files may temporarily
hang.

If this option is not specified, the mount(8) command attempts to discover an appropriate
callback address automatically. The automatic discovery process is not perfect, however.
In the presence of multiple client network interfaces, special routing policies, or
atypical network topologies, the exact address to use for callbacks may be nontrivial to
determine.

migration / nomigration
Selects whether the client uses an identification string that is compatible with NFSv4
Transparent State Migration (TSM). If the mounted server supports NFSv4 migration with
TSM, specify the migration option.

Some server features misbehave in the face of a migration-compatible identification
string. The nomigration option retains the use of a traditional client indentification
string which is compatible with legacy NFS servers. This is also the behavior if neither
option is specified. A client's open and lock state cannot be migrated transparently when
it identifies itself via a traditional identification string.

This mount option has no effect with NFSv4 minor versions newer than zero, which always
use TSM-compatible client identification strings.

nfs4 FILE SYSTEM TYPE

       The  nfs4  file  system  type  is an old syntax for specifying NFSv4 usage. It can still be used with all
       NFSv4-specific and common options, excepted the nfsvers mount option.

MOUNT CONFIGURATION FILE

       If the mount command is configured to do so, all of the mount options described in the  previous  section
       can also be configured in the /etc/nfsmount.conf file. See nfsmount.conf(5) for details.

EXAMPLES

       To  mount  an  export  using  NFS version 2, use the nfs file system type and specify the nfsvers=2 mount
       option.  To mount using NFS version 3, use the nfs file system  type  and  specify  the  nfsvers=3  mount
       option.   To  mount  using  NFS  version 4, use either the nfs file system type, with the nfsvers=4 mount
       option, or the nfs4 file system type.

       The following example from an /etc/fstab file causes the mount command to negotiate  reasonable  defaults
       for NFS behavior.

               server:/export  /mnt  nfs   defaults                      0 0

       Here is an example from an /etc/fstab file for an NFS version 2 mount over UDP.

               server:/export  /mnt  nfs   nfsvers=2,proto=udp           0 0

       This example shows how to mount using NFS version 4 over TCP with Kerberos 5 mutual authentication.

               server:/export  /mnt  nfs4  sec=krb5                      0 0

       This  example  shows  how to mount using NFS version 4 over TCP with Kerberos 5 privacy or data integrity
       mode.

               server:/export  /mnt  nfs4  sec=krb5p:krb5i               0 0

       This example can be used to mount /usr over NFS.

               server:/export  /usr  nfs   ro,nolock,nocto,actimeo=3600  0 0

       This example shows how to mount an NFS server using a raw IPv6 link-local address.

               [fe80::215:c5ff:fb3e:e2b1%eth0]:/export /mnt nfs defaults 0 0

TRANSPORT METHODS

NFS clients send requests to NFS servers via Remote Procedure Calls, or RPCs. The RPC client discovers
remote service endpoints automatically, handles per-request authentication, adjusts request parameters
for different byte endianness on client and server, and retransmits requests that may have been lost by
the network or server. RPC requests and replies flow over a network transport.

In most cases, the mount(8) command, NFS client, and NFS server can automatically negotiate proper
transport and data transfer size settings for a mount point. In some cases, however, it pays to specify
these settings explicitly using mount options.

Traditionally, NFS clients used the UDP transport exclusively for transmitting requests to servers.
Though its implementation is simple, NFS over UDP has many limitations that prevent smooth operation and
good performance in some common deployment environments. Even an insignificant packet loss rate results
in the loss of whole NFS requests; as such, retransmit timeouts are usually in the subsecond range to
allow clients to recover quickly from dropped requests, but this can result in extraneous network traffic
and server load.

However, UDP can be quite effective in specialized settings where the networks MTU is large relative to
NFSs data transfer size (such as network environments that enable jumbo Ethernet frames). In such
environments, trimming the rsize and wsize settings so that each NFS read or write request fits in just a
few network frames (or even in a single frame) is advised. This reduces the probability that the loss
of a single MTU-sized network frame results in the loss of an entire large read or write request.

TCP is the default transport protocol used for all modern NFS implementations. It performs well in
almost every conceivable network environment and provides excellent guarantees against data corruption
caused by network unreliability. TCP is often a requirement for mounting a server through a network
firewall.

Under normal circumstances, networks drop packets much more frequently than NFS servers drop requests.
As such, an aggressive retransmit timeout setting for NFS over TCP is unnecessary. Typical timeout
settings for NFS over TCP are between one and ten minutes. After the client exhausts its retransmits
(the value of the retrans mount option), it assumes a network partition has occurred, and attempts to
reconnect to the server on a fresh socket. Since TCP itself makes network data transfer reliable, rsize
and wsize can safely be allowed to default to the largest values supported by both client and server,
independent of the network's MTU size.

Using the mountproto mount option
This section applies only to NFS version 2 and version 3 mounts since NFS version 4 does not use a
separate protocol for mount requests.

The Linux NFS client can use a different transport for contacting an NFS server's rpcbind service, its
mountd service, its Network Lock Manager (NLM) service, and its NFS service. The exact transports
employed by the Linux NFS client for each mount point depends on the settings of the transport mount
options, which include proto, mountproto, udp, and tcp.

The client sends Network Status Manager (NSM) notifications via UDP no matter what transport options are
specified, but listens for server NSM notifications on both UDP and TCP. The NFS Access Control List
(NFSACL) protocol shares the same transport as the main NFS service.

If no transport options are specified, the Linux NFS client uses UDP to contact the server's mountd
service, and TCP to contact its NLM and NFS services by default.

If the server does not support these transports for these services, the mount(8) command attempts to
discover what the server supports, and then retries the mount request once using the discovered
transports. If the server does not advertise any transport supported by the client or is misconfigured,
the mount request fails. If the bg option is in effect, the mount command backgrounds itself and
continues to attempt the specified mount request.

When the proto option, the udp option, or the tcp option is specified but the mountproto option is not,
the specified transport is used to contact both the server's mountd service and for the NLM and NFS
services.

If the mountproto option is specified but none of the proto, udp or tcp options are specified, then the
specified transport is used for the initial mountd request, but the mount command attempts to discover
what the server supports for the NFS protocol, preferring TCP if both transports are supported.

If both the mountproto and proto (or udp or tcp) options are specified, then the transport specified by
the mountproto option is used for the initial mountd request, and the transport specified by the proto
option (or the udp or tcp options) is used for NFS, no matter what order these options appear. No
automatic service discovery is performed if these options are specified.

If any of the proto, udp, tcp, or mountproto options are specified more than once on the same mount
command line, then the value of the rightmost instance of each of these options takes effect.

Using NFS over UDP on high-speed links
Using NFS over UDP on high-speed links such as Gigabit can cause silent data corruption.

The problem can be triggered at high loads, and is caused by problems in IP fragment reassembly. NFS read
and writes typically transmit UDP packets of 4 Kilobytes or more, which have to be broken up into several
fragments in order to be sent over the Ethernet link, which limits packets to 1500 bytes by default. This
process happens at the IP network layer and is called fragmentation.

In order to identify fragments that belong together, IP assigns a 16bit IP ID value to each packet;
fragments generated from the same UDP packet will have the same IP ID. The receiving system will collect
these fragments and combine them to form the original UDP packet. This process is called reassembly. The
default timeout for packet reassembly is 30 seconds; if the network stack does not receive all fragments
of a given packet within this interval, it assumes the missing fragment(s) got lost and discards those it
already received.

The problem this creates over high-speed links is that it is possible to send more than 65536 packets
within 30 seconds. In fact, with heavy NFS traffic one can observe that the IP IDs repeat after about 5
seconds.

This has serious effects on reassembly: if one fragment gets lost, another fragment from a different
packet but with the same IP ID will arrive within the 30 second timeout, and the network stack will
combine these fragments to form a new packet. Most of the time, network layers above IP will detect this
mismatched reassembly - in the case of UDP, the UDP checksum, which is a 16 bit checksum over the entire
packet payload, will usually not match, and UDP will discard the bad packet.

However, the UDP checksum is 16 bit only, so there is a chance of 1 in 65536 that it will match even if
the packet payload is completely random (which very often isn't the case). If that is the case, silent
data corruption will occur.

This potential should be taken seriously, at least on Gigabit Ethernet. Network speeds of 100Mbit/s
should be considered less problematic, because with most traffic patterns IP ID wrap around will take
much longer than 30 seconds.

It is therefore strongly recommended to use NFS over TCP where possible, since TCP does not perform
fragmentation.

If you absolutely have to use NFS over UDP over Gigabit Ethernet, some steps can be taken to mitigate the
problem and reduce the probability of corruption:

Jumbo frames: Many Gigabit network cards are capable of transmitting frames bigger than the 1500 byte
limit of traditional Ethernet, typically 9000 bytes. Using jumbo frames of 9000 bytes will
allow you to run NFS over UDP at a page size of 8K without fragmentation. Of course, this
is only feasible if all involved stations support jumbo frames.

To enable a machine to send jumbo frames on cards that support it, it is sufficient to
configure the interface for a MTU value of 9000.

Lower reassembly timeout:
By lowering this timeout below the time it takes the IP ID counter to wrap around,
incorrect reassembly of fragments can be prevented as well. To do so, simply write the new
timeout value (in seconds) to the file /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ipfrag_time.

A value of 2 seconds will greatly reduce the probability of IPID clashes on a single
Gigabit link, while still allowing for a reasonable timeout when receiving fragmented
traffic from distant peers.

DATA AND METADATA COHERENCE

Some modern cluster file systems provide perfect cache coherence among their clients. Perfect cache
coherence among disparate NFS clients is expensive to achieve, especially on wide area networks. As
such, NFS settles for weaker cache coherence that satisfies the requirements of most file sharing types.

Close-to-open cache consistency
Typically file sharing is completely sequential. First client A opens a file, writes something to it,
then closes it. Then client B opens the same file, and reads the changes.

When an application opens a file stored on an NFS version 3 server, the NFS client checks that the file
exists on the server and is permitted to the opener by sending a GETATTR or ACCESS request. The NFS
client sends these requests regardless of the freshness of the file's cached attributes.

When the application closes the file, the NFS client writes back any pending changes to the file so that
the next opener can view the changes. This also gives the NFS client an opportunity to report write
errors to the application via the return code from close(2).

The behavior of checking at open time and flushing at close time is referred to as close-to-open cache
consistency, or CTO. It can be disabled for an entire mount point using the nocto mount option.

Weak cache consistency
There are still opportunities for a client's data cache to contain stale data. The NFS version 3
protocol introduced "weak cache consistency" (also known as WCC) which provides a way of efficiently
checking a file's attributes before and after a single request. This allows a client to help identify
changes that could have been made by other clients.

When a client is using many concurrent operations that update the same file at the same time (for
example, during asynchronous write behind), it is still difficult to tell whether it was that client's
updates or some other client's updates that altered the file.

Attribute caching
Use the noac mount option to achieve attribute cache coherence among multiple clients. Almost every file
system operation checks file attribute information. The client keeps this information cached for a
period of time to reduce network and server load. When noac is in effect, a client's file attribute
cache is disabled, so each operation that needs to check a file's attributes is forced to go back to the
server. This permits a client to see changes to a file very quickly, at the cost of many extra network
operations.

Be careful not to confuse the noac option with "no data caching." The noac mount option prevents the
client from caching file metadata, but there are still races that may result in data cache incoherence
between client and server.

The NFS protocol is not designed to support true cluster file system cache coherence without some type of
application serialization. If absolute cache coherence among clients is required, applications should
use file locking. Alternatively, applications can also open their files with the O_DIRECT flag to disable
data caching entirely.

File timestamp maintainence
NFS servers are responsible for managing file and directory timestamps (atime, ctime, and mtime). When a
file is accessed or updated on an NFS server, the file's timestamps are updated just like they would be
on a filesystem local to an application.

NFS clients cache file attributes, including timestamps. A file's timestamps are updated on NFS clients
when its attributes are retrieved from the NFS server. Thus there may be some delay before timestamp
updates on an NFS server appear to applications on NFS clients.

To comply with the POSIX filesystem standard, the Linux NFS client relies on NFS servers to keep a file's
mtime and ctime timestamps properly up to date. It does this by flushing local data changes to the
server before reporting mtime to applications via system calls such as stat(2).

The Linux client handles atime updates more loosely, however. NFS clients maintain good performance by
caching data, but that means that application reads, which normally update atime, are not reflected to
the server where a file's atime is actually maintained.

Because of this caching behavior, the Linux NFS client does not support generic atime-related mount
options. See mount(8) for details on these options.

In particular, the atime/noatime, diratime/nodiratime, relatime/norelatime, and strictatime/nostrictatime
mount options have no effect on NFS mounts.

/proc/mounts may report that the relatime mount option is set on NFS mounts, but in fact the atime
semantics are always as described here, and are not like relatime semantics.

Directory entry caching
The Linux NFS client caches the result of all NFS LOOKUP requests. If the requested directory entry
exists on the server, the result is referred to as a positive lookup result. If the requested directory
entry does not exist on the server (that is, the server returned ENOENT), the result is referred to as
negative lookup result.

To detect when directory entries have been added or removed on the server, the Linux NFS client watches a
directory's mtime. If the client detects a change in a directory's mtime, the client drops all cached
LOOKUP results for that directory. Since the directory's mtime is a cached attribute, it may take some
time before a client notices it has changed. See the descriptions of the acdirmin, acdirmax, and noac
mount options for more information about how long a directory's mtime is cached.

Caching directory entries improves the performance of applications that do not share files with
applications on other clients. Using cached information about directories can interfere with
applications that run concurrently on multiple clients and need to detect the creation or removal of
files quickly, however. The lookupcache mount option allows some tuning of directory entry caching
behavior.

Before kernel release 2.6.28, the Linux NFS client tracked only positive lookup results. This permitted
applications to detect new directory entries created by other clients quickly while still providing some
of the performance benefits of caching. If an application depends on the previous lookup caching
behavior of the Linux NFS client, you can use lookupcache=positive.

If the client ignores its cache and validates every application lookup request with the server, that
client can immediately detect when a new directory entry has been either created or removed by another
client. You can specify this behavior using lookupcache=none. The extra NFS requests needed if the
client does not cache directory entries can exact a performance penalty. Disabling lookup caching should
result in less of a performance penalty than using noac, and has no effect on how the NFS client caches
the attributes of files.

The sync mount option
The NFS client treats the sync mount option differently than some other file systems (refer to mount(8)
for a description of the generic sync and async mount options). If neither sync nor async is specified
(or if the async option is specified), the NFS client delays sending application writes to the server
until any of these events occur:

Memory pressure forces reclamation of system memory resources.

An application flushes file data explicitly with sync(2), msync(2), or fsync(3).

An application closes a file with close(2).

The file is locked/unlocked via fcntl(2).

In other words, under normal circumstances, data written by an application may not immediately appear on
the server that hosts the file.

If the sync option is specified on a mount point, any system call that writes data to files on that mount
point causes that data to be flushed to the server before the system call returns control to user space.
This provides greater data cache coherence among clients, but at a significant performance cost.

Applications can use the O_SYNC open flag to force application writes to individual files to go to the
server immediately without the use of the sync mount option.

Using file locks with NFS
The Network Lock Manager protocol is a separate sideband protocol used to manage file locks in NFS
version 2 and version 3. To support lock recovery after a client or server reboot, a second sideband
protocol -- known as the Network Status Manager protocol -- is also required. In NFS version 4, file
locking is supported directly in the main NFS protocol, and the NLM and NSM sideband protocols are not
used.

In most cases, NLM and NSM services are started automatically, and no extra configuration is required.
Configure all NFS clients with fully-qualified domain names to ensure that NFS servers can find clients
to notify them of server reboots.

NLM supports advisory file locks only. To lock NFS files, use fcntl(2) with the F_GETLK and F_SETLK
commands. The NFS client converts file locks obtained via flock(2) to advisory locks.

When mounting servers that do not support the NLM protocol, or when mounting an NFS server through a
firewall that blocks the NLM service port, specify the nolock mount option. NLM locking must be disabled
with the nolock option when using NFS to mount /var because /var contains files used by the NLM
implementation on Linux.

Specifying the nolock option may also be advised to improve the performance of a proprietary application
which runs on a single client and uses file locks extensively.

NFS version 4 caching features
The data and metadata caching behavior of NFS version 4 clients is similar to that of earlier versions.
However, NFS version 4 adds two features that improve cache behavior: change attributes and file
delegation.

The change attribute is a new part of NFS file and directory metadata which tracks data changes. It
replaces the use of a file's modification and change time stamps as a way for clients to validate the
content of their caches. Change attributes are independent of the time stamp resolution on either the
server or client, however.

A file delegation is a contract between an NFS version 4 client and server that allows the client to
treat a file temporarily as if no other client is accessing it. The server promises to notify the client
(via a callback request) if another client attempts to access that file. Once a file has been delegated
to a client, the client can cache that file's data and metadata aggressively without contacting the
server.

File delegations come in two flavors: read and write. A read delegation means that the server notifies
the client about any other clients that want to write to the file. A write delegation means that the
client gets notified about either read or write accessors.

Servers grant file delegations when a file is opened, and can recall delegations at any time when another
client wants access to the file that conflicts with any delegations already granted. Delegations on
directories are not supported.

In order to support delegation callback, the server checks the network return path to the client during
the client's initial contact with the server. If contact with the client cannot be established, the
server simply does not grant any delegations to that client.

SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS

NFS servers control access to file data, but they depend on their RPC implementation to provide
authentication of NFS requests. Traditional NFS access control mimics the standard mode bit access
control provided in local file systems. Traditional RPC authentication uses a number to represent each
user (usually the user's own uid), a number to represent the user's group (the user's gid), and a set of
up to 16 auxiliary group numbers to represent other groups of which the user may be a member.

Typically, file data and user ID values appear unencrypted (i.e. "in the clear") on the network.
Moreover, NFS versions 2 and 3 use separate sideband protocols for mounting, locking and unlocking files,
and reporting system status of clients and servers. These auxiliary protocols use no authentication.

In addition to combining these sideband protocols with the main NFS protocol, NFS version 4 introduces
more advanced forms of access control, authentication, and in-transit data protection. The NFS version 4
specification mandates support for strong authentication and security flavors that provide per-RPC
integrity checking and encryption. Because NFS version 4 combines the function of the sideband protocols
into the main NFS protocol, the new security features apply to all NFS version 4 operations including
mounting, file locking, and so on. RPCGSS authentication can also be used with NFS versions 2 and 3, but
it does not protect their sideband protocols.

The sec mount option specifies the security flavor used for operations on behalf of users on that NFS
mount point. Specifying sec=krb5 provides cryptographic proof of a user's identity in each RPC request.
This provides strong verification of the identity of users accessing data on the server. Note that
additional configuration besides adding this mount option is required in order to enable Kerberos
security. Refer to the rpc.gssd(8) man page for details.

Two additional flavors of Kerberos security are supported: krb5i and krb5p. The krb5i security flavor
provides a cryptographically strong guarantee that the data in each RPC request has not been tampered
with. The krb5p security flavor encrypts every RPC request to prevent data exposure during network
transit; however, expect some performance impact when using integrity checking or encryption. Similar
support for other forms of cryptographic security is also available.

NFS version 4 filesystem crossing
The NFS version 4 protocol allows a client to renegotiate the security flavor when the client crosses
into a new filesystem on the server. The newly negotiated flavor effects only accesses of the new
filesystem.

Such negotiation typically occurs when a client crosses from a server's pseudo-fs into one of the
server's exported physical filesystems, which often have more restrictive security settings than the
pseudo-fs.

NFS version 4 Leases
In NFS version 4, a lease is a period of time during which a server irrevocably grants a file lock to a
client. If the lease expires, the server is allowed to revoke that lock. Clients periodically renew
their leases to prevent lock revocation.

After an NFS version 4 server reboots, each client tells the server about all file open and lock state
under its lease before operation can continue. If the client reboots, the server frees all open and lock
state associated with that client's lease.

As part of establishing a lease, therefore, a client must identify itself to a server. A fixed string is
used to distinguish that client from others, and a changeable verifier is used to indicate when the
client has rebooted.

A client uses a particular security flavor and principal when performing the operations to establish a
lease. If two clients happen to present the same identity string, a server can use their principals to
detect that they are different clients, and prevent one client from interfering with the other's lease.

The Linux NFS client establishes one lease for each server. Lease management operations, such as lease
renewal, are not done on behalf of a particular file, lock, user, or mount point, but on behalf of the
whole client that owns that lease. These operations must use the same security flavor and principal that
was used when the lease was established, even across client reboots.

When Kerberos is configured on a Linux NFS client (i.e., there is a /etc/krb5.keytab on that client), the
client attempts to use a Kerberos security flavor for its lease management operations. This provides
strong authentication of the client to each server it contacts. By default, the client uses the host/ or
nfs/ service principal in its /etc/krb5.keytab for this purpose.

If the client has Kerberos configured, but the server does not, or if the client does not have a keytab
or the requisite service principals, the client uses AUTH_SYS and UID 0 for lease management.

Using non-privileged source ports
NFS clients usually communicate with NFS servers via network sockets. Each end of a socket is assigned a
port value, which is simply a number between 1 and 65535 that distinguishes socket endpoints at the same
IP address. A socket is uniquely defined by a tuple that includes the transport protocol (TCP or UDP)
and the port values and IP addresses of both endpoints.

The NFS client can choose any source port value for its sockets, but usually chooses a privileged port.
A privileged port is a port value less than 1024. Only a process with root privileges may create a
socket with a privileged source port.

The exact range of privileged source ports that can be chosen is set by a pair of sysctls to avoid
choosing a well-known port, such as the port used by ssh. This means the number of source ports
available for the NFS client, and therefore the number of socket connections that can be used at the same
time, is practically limited to only a few hundred.

As described above, the traditional default NFS authentication scheme, known as AUTH_SYS, relies on
sending local UID and GID numbers to identify users making NFS requests. An NFS server assumes that if a
connection comes from a privileged port, the UID and GID numbers in the NFS requests on this connection
have been verified by the client's kernel or some other local authority. This is an easy system to
spoof, but on a trusted physical network between trusted hosts, it is entirely adequate.

Roughly speaking, one socket is used for each NFS mount point. If a client could use non-privileged
source ports as well, the number of sockets allowed, and thus the maximum number of concurrent mount
points, would be much larger.

Using non-privileged source ports may compromise server security somewhat, since any user on AUTH_SYS
mount points can now pretend to be any other when making NFS requests. Thus NFS servers do not support
this by default. They explicitly allow it usually via an export option.

To retain good security while allowing as many mount points as possible, it is best to allow non-
privileged client connections only if the server and client both require strong authentication, such as
Kerberos.

Mounting through a firewall
A firewall may reside between an NFS client and server, or the client or server may block some of its own
ports via IP filter rules. It is still possible to mount an NFS server through a firewall, though some
of the mount(8) command's automatic service endpoint discovery mechanisms may not work; this requires you
to provide specific endpoint details via NFS mount options.

NFS servers normally run a portmapper or rpcbind daemon to advertise their service endpoints to clients.
Clients use the rpcbind daemon to determine:

What network port each RPC-based service is using

What transport protocols each RPC-based service supports

The rpcbind daemon uses a well-known port number (111) to help clients find a service endpoint. Although
NFS often uses a standard port number (2049), auxiliary services such as the NLM service can choose any
unused port number at random.

Common firewall configurations block the well-known rpcbind port. In the absense of an rpcbind service,
the server administrator fixes the port number of NFS-related services so that the firewall can allow
access to specific NFS service ports. Client administrators then specify the port number for the mountd
service via the mount(8) command's mountport option. It may also be necessary to enforce the use of TCP
or UDP if the firewall blocks one of those transports.

NFS Access Control Lists
Solaris allows NFS version 3 clients direct access to POSIX Access Control Lists stored in its local file
systems. This proprietary sideband protocol, known as NFSACL, provides richer access control than mode
bits. Linux implements this protocol for compatibility with the Solaris NFS implementation. The NFSACL
protocol never became a standard part of the NFS version 3 specification, however.

The NFS version 4 specification mandates a new version of Access Control Lists that are semantically
richer than POSIX ACLs. NFS version 4 ACLs are not fully compatible with POSIX ACLs; as such, some
translation between the two is required in an environment that mixes POSIX ACLs and NFS version 4.

THE REMOUNT OPTION

       Generic mount options such as rw and sync can be modified on NFS mount points using the  remount  option.
       See mount(8) for more information on generic mount options.

       With  few  exceptions, NFS-specific options are not able to be modified during a remount.  The underlying
       transport or NFS version cannot be changed by a remount, for example.

       Performing a remount on an NFS file system mounted with the noac option may have unintended consequences.
       The noac option is a combination of the generic option sync, and the NFS-specific option actimeo=0.

   Unmounting after a remount
       For mount points that use NFS versions 2 or 3, the NFS umount subcommand depends on knowing the  original
       set  of  mount  options  used  to perform the MNT operation.  These options are stored on disk by the NFS
       mount subcommand, and can be erased by a remount.

       To ensure that the saved mount options are not erased during a remount, specify either  the  local  mount
       directory, or the server hostname and export pathname, but not both, during a remount.  For example,

               mount -o remount,ro /mnt

       merges  the  mount  option  ro with the mount options already saved on disk for the NFS server mounted at
       /mnt.

FILES

       /etc/fstab     file system table

       /etc/nfsmount.conf
                      Configuration file for NFS mounts

BUGS

       Before 2.4.7, the Linux NFS client did not support NFS over TCP.

       Before 2.4.20, the Linux NFS client used a heuristic to determine whether  cached  file  data  was  still
       valid rather than using the standard close-to-open cache coherency method described above.

       Starting  with  2.4.22,  the  Linux  NFS  client  employs a Van Jacobsen-based RTT estimator to determine
       retransmit timeout values when using NFS over UDP.

       Before 2.6.0, the Linux NFS client did not support NFS version 4.

       Before 2.6.8, the Linux NFS client used only synchronous reads  and  writes  when  the  rsize  and  wsize
       settings were smaller than the system's page size.

       The  Linux  NFS client does not yet support certain optional features of the NFS version 4 protocol, such
       as security negotiation, server referrals, and named attributes.