Provided by: glimpse_4.18.7-3build1_amd64 
NAME
glimpseindex - index whole file systems to be searched by glimpse
OVERVIEW
Glimpse (which stands for GLobal IMPlicit SEarch) is a popular UNIX indexing and query system that allows
you to search through a large set of files very quickly. Glimpseindex is the indexing program for
glimpse. Glimpse supports most of agrep's options (agrep is our powerful version of grep) including
approximate matching (e.g., finding misspelled words), Boolean queries, and even some limited forms of
regular expressions. It is used in the same way, except that you don't have to specify file names. So,
if you are looking for a needle anywhere in your file system, all you have to do is say glimpse needle
and all lines containing needle will appear preceded by the file name. See man glimpse for details on
how to use glimpse.
Glimpseindex provides three indexing options: a tiny index (2-3% of the total size of all files), a small
index (7-8%) and a medium-size index (20-30%). Search times are normally better with larger indexes
(although unless files are quite large, the small index is just about as good as the medium one). To
index all your files, you say glimpseindex ~ for tiny index (where ~ stands for the home directory),
glimpseindex -o ~ for small index, and glimpseindex -b ~ for medium.
Please submit bug reports or comments at http://webglimpse.net/bugzilla/ Mail majordomo@webglimpse.net
with SUBSCRIBE WGUSERS in the message body to be added to the webglimpse mailing list, where glimpse
discussion is also directed. HTML version of these manual pages can be found in
http://webglimpse.net/docs/glimpseindexhelp.html Also, see the glimpse home pages in
http://webglimpse.net/glimpse/
SYNOPSIS
glimpseindex [ -abEfFiInostT -w number -dD filename(s) -H directory -M number -S number ]
directory_name[s]
INTRODUCTION
Glimpseindex builds an index of all text files in all the directories specified and all their
subdirectories (recursively). It is also possible to build several separate indexes (possibly even
overlapping). The simplest way to index your files is to say
glimpseindex -o ~
The index consists of several files (described in detail below), all with the prefix .glimpse_ stored in
the user's home directory (unless otherwise specified with the -H option). Files with one of the
following suffixes are not indexed: ".o", ".gz", ".Z", ".z", ".hqx", ".zip", ".tar". (Unless the -z
option is used, see below.) In addition, glimpseindex attempts to determine whether a file is a text
file and does not index files that it thinks are not text files. Numbers are not indexed unless the -n
option is used. It is possible to prevent specified files from being indexed by adding their names to
the .glimpse_exclude file (described below). The -o option builds a larger index than without it
(typically about 7-8% vs. 2-3% without -o) allowing for a faster search (1-5 times faster). The -b
builds an even larger index and allows an even faster search some of the time (-b is helpful mostly when
large files are present). There is an incremental indexing option -f, which updates an existing index by
determining which files have been created or modified since the index was built and adding them to the
index (see -f). Glimpseindex is reasonably fast, taking about 20 minutes to index 15,000 files of about
200MB (on an Dec Alpha 233) and 2-4 minutes to update an existing index. (Your mileage may vary.) It is
also possible to increment the index by adding a specific file (the -a option).
Once an index is built, searching for pattern is as easy as saying
glimpse pattern
(See man glimpse for all glimpse's options and features.)
A DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF GLIMPSEINDEX
Glimpse does not automatically index files. You have to tell it to do it. This can be done manually,
but a better way is to set it to run every night. It is probably a good idea to run glimpseindex
manually for the first time to be sure it works properly. The following is a simple script to run
glimpseindex every night. We assume that this script is stored in a file called glimpse.script:
glimpseindex -o -t -w 5000 ~ >& .glimpse_out
at -m 0300 glimpse.script
(It might be interesting to collect all the outputs of glimpse by changing >& to >>& so that the file
.glimpse_out maintains a history. In this case the file must be created before the first time >>& is
used. If you use ksh, replace '>&' with '2>&1'.)
Glimpseindex stores the names of all the files that it indexed in the file .glimpse_filenames. Each file
is listed by its full path name as obtained at the time the files were indexed. For example,
/usr1/udi/file1. Glimpse uses this full name when it performs the search, so the name must match the
current name. This may become a problem when the indexing and the search are done from different
machines (e.g., through NFS), which may cause the path names to be different. For example,
/tmp_mnt/R/xxx/xxx/usr1/udi/file1. (The same is true for several other .glimpse files. See below.)
Glimpseindex does not follow symbolic links unless they are explicitly included in the .glimpse_include
file (described below).
Glimpseindex makes an effort to identify non-text files such as binary files, compressed files, uuencoded
files, postscript files, binhex files, etc. These files are automatically not indexed. In addition, all
files whose names end with `.o', `.gz', `.Z', `.z', `.hqx', `.zip', or `.tar' will not be indexed (unless
they are specifically included in .glimpse_include - see below).
The options for glimpseindex are as follows:
-a adds the given file[s] and/or directories to an existing index. Any given directory will be
traversed recursively and all files will be indexed (unless they appear in .glimpse_exclude; see
below). Using this option is generally much faster than indexing everything from scratch,
although in rare cases the index may not be as good. If for some reason the index is full (which
can happen unless -o or -b are used) glimpseindex -a will produce an error message and will exit
without changing the original index.
-b builds a medium-size index (20-30% of the size of all files), allowing faster search. This option
forces glimpseindex to store an exact (byte level) pointer to each occurrence of each word (except
for some very common words belonging to the stop list).
-B uses a hash table that is 4 times bigger (256k entries instead of 64K) to speed up indexing. The
memory usage will increase typically by about 2 MB. This option is only for indexing speed; it
does not affect the final index.
-d filename(s)
deletes the given file(s) from the index.
-D filename(s)
deletes the given file(s) from the list of file names, but not from the index. This is much
faster than -d, and the file(s) will not be found by glimpse. However, the index itself will not
become smaller.
-E does not run a check on file types. Glimpse normally attempts to exclude non-text files, but this
attempt is not always perfect. With -E, glimpseindex indexes all files, except those that are
specifically excluded in .glimpse_exclude and those whose file names end with one of the excluded
suffixes.
-f incremental indexing. glimpseindex scans all files and adds to the index only those files that
were created or modified after the current index was built. If there is no current index or if
this procedure fails, glimpseindex automatically reverts to the default mode (which is to index
everything from scratch). This option may create an inefficient index for several reasons, one of
which is that deleted files are not really deleted from the index. Unless changes are small,
mostly additions, and -o is used, we suggest to use the default mode as much as possible.
-F Glimpseindex receives the list of files to index from standard input.
-H directory
Put or update the index and all other .glimpse files (listed below) in "directory". The default
is the home directory. When glimpse is run, the -H option must be used to direct glimpse to this
directory, because glimpse assumes that the index is in the home directory (see also the -H option
in glimpse).
-i Make .glimpse_include (SEE GLIMPSEINDEX FILES) take precedence over .glimpse_exclude, so that, for
example, one can exclude everything (by putting *) and then explicitly include files.
-I Instead of indexing, only show (print to standard out) the list of files that would be indexed.
It is useful for filtering purposes. ("glimpseindex -I dir | glimpseindex -F" is the same as
"glimpseindex dir".)
-M x Tells glimpseindex to use x MB of memory for temporary tables. The more memory you allow the
faster glimpseindex will run. The default is x=2. The value of x must be a positive integer.
Glimpseindex will need more memory than x for other things, and glimpseindex may perform some
'forks', so you'll have to experiment if you want to use this option. WARNING: If x is too large
you may run out of swap space.
-n Index numbers as well as text. The default is not to index numbers. This is useful when
searching for dates or other identifying numbers, but it may make the index very large if there
are lots of numbers. In general, glimpseindex strips away any non-alphabetic character. For
example, the string abc123 will be indexed as abc if the -n option is not used and as abc123 if it
is used. Glimpse provides warnings (in .glimpse_messages) for all files in which more than half
the words that were added to the index from that file had digits in them (this is an attempt to
identify data files that should probably not be indexed). One can use the .glimpse_exclude file
to exclude data files or any other files. (See GLIMPSEINDEX FILES.)
-o Build a small index rather than tiny (meaning 7-9% of the sizes of all files - your mileage may
vary) allowing faster search. This option forces glimpseindex to allocate one block per file (a
block usually contains many files). A detailed explanation of how blocks affect glimpse can be
found in the glimpse article. (See also LIMITATIONS.)
-R Recompute .glimpse_filenames_index from .glimpse_filenames. The file .glimpse_filenames_index
speeds up processing. Glimpseindex usually computes it automatically. However, if for some
reason one wants to change the path names of the files listed in .glimpse_filenames, then running
glimpseindex -R recomputes .glimpse_filenames_index. This is useful if the index is computed on
one machine, but is used on another (with the same hierarchy). The names of the files listed in
.glimpse_filenames are used in runtime, so changing them can be done at any time in any way (as
long as just the names not the content is changed). This is not really an option in the regular
sense; rather, it is a program by itself, and it is meant as a post-processing step. (Avaliable
only from version 3.6.)
-s supports structured queries. This option was added to support the Harvest project and it is
applicable mostly in that context. See STRUCTURED QUERIES below for more information and also
http://harvest.sourceforge.net/ for more information about the Harvest project.
-S k The number k determines the size of the stop-list. The stop-list consists of words that are too
common and are not indexed (e.g., 'the' or 'and'). Instead of having a fixed stop-list,
glimpseindex figures out the words that are too common for every index separately. The rules are
different for the different indexing options. The tiny index contains all words (the savings from
a stop-list are too small to bother). The small index (-o), the number k is a percentage
threshold. A word will be in the stop list if it appears in at least k% of all files. The
default value is 80%. (If there are less than 256 files, then the stop-list is not maintained.)
The medium index (-b) counts all occurrences of all words, and a word is added to the stop-list if
it appears at least k times per MByte. The default value is 500. A query that includes a stop
list word is of course less efficient. (See also LIMITATIONS below.)
-t (A new option in version 3.5.) The order in which files are indexed is determined by scanning the
directories, which is mostly arbitrary. With the -t option, combined with either -o and -b, the
indexed files are stored in reversed order of modification age (younger files first). Results of
queries are then automatically returned in this order. Furthermore, glimpse can filter results by
age; for example, asking to look at only files that are at most 5 days old.
-T builds the turbo file. Starting at version 3.0, this is the default, so using this option has no
effect.
-w k Glimpseindex does a reasonable, but not a perfect, job of determining which files should not be
indexed. Sometimes a large text file should not be indexed; for example, a dictionary may match
most queries. The -w option stores in a file called .glimpse_messages (in the same directory as
the index) the list of all files that contribute at least k new words to the index. The user can
look at this list of files and decide which should or should not be indexed. The file
.glimpse_exclude contains files that will not be indexed (see more below). We recommend to set k
to about 1000. This is not an exact measure. For example, if the same file appears twice, then
the second copy will not contribute any new words to the dictionary (but if you exclude the first
copy and index again, the second copy will contribute).
-X (starting at version 4.0B1) Extract titles from HTML pages and add the titles to the index (in
.glimpse_filenames). (This feature was added to improve the performance of WebGlimpse.) Works
only on files whose names end with .html, .htm, .shtml, and .shtm. (see
glimpse.h/EXTRACT_INFO_SUFFIX to add to these suffixes.) The routine to extract titles is called
extract_info, in index/filetype.c. This feature can be modified in various ways to extract info
from many filetypes. The titles are appended to the corresponding filenames with a space
separator. Glimpseindex assumes that filenames don't have spaces in them.
-z Allow customizable filtering, using the file .glimpse_filters to perform the programs listed there
for each match. The best example is compress/decompress. If .glimpse_filters include the line
*.Z uncompress <
(separated by tabs) then before indexing any file that matches the pattern "*.Z" (same syntax as
the one for .glimpse_exclude) the command listed is executed first (assuming input is from stdin,
which is why uncompress needs <) and its output (assuming it goes to stdout) is indexed. The file
itself is not changed (i.e., it stays compressed). Then if glimpse -z is used, the same program
is used on these files on the fly. Any program can be used (we run 'exec'). For example, one can
filter out parts of files that should not be indexed. Glimpseindex tries to apply all filters in
.glimpse_filters in the order they are given. For example, if you want to uncompress a file and
then extract some part of it, put the compression command (the example above) first and then
another line that specifies the extraction. Note that this can slow down the search because the
filters need to be run before files are searched.
GLIMPSEINDEX FILES
All files used by glimpse are located at the directory(ies) where the index(es) is (are) stored and have
.glimpse_ as a prefix. The first two files (.glimpse_exclude and .glimpse_include) are optionally
supplied by the user. The other files are built and read by glimpse.
.glimpse_exclude
contains a list of files that glimpseindex is explicitly told to ignore. In general, the syntax
of .glimpse_exclude/include is the same as that of agrep (or any other grep). The lines in the
.glimpse_exclude file are matched to the file names, and if they match, the files are excluded.
Notice that agrep matches to parts of the string! e.g., agrep /ftp/pub will match /home/ftp/pub
and /ftp/pub/whatever. So, if you want to exclude /ftp/pub/core, you just list it, as is, in the
.glimpse_exclude file. If you put "/home/ftp/pub/cdrom" in .glimpse_exclude, every file name that
matches that string will be excluded, meaning all files below it. You can use ^ to indicate the
beginning of a file name, and $ to indicate the end of one, and you can use * and ? in the usual
way. For example /ftp/*html will exclude /ftp/pub/foo.html, but will also exclude
/home/ftp/pub/html/whatever; if you want to exclude files that start with /ftp and end with html
use ^/ftp*html$ Notice that putting a * at the beginning or at the end is redundant (in fact, in
this case glimpseindex will remove the * when it does the indexing). No other meta characters are
allowed in .glimpse_exclude (e.g., don't use .* or # or |). Lines with * or ? must have no more
than 30 characters. Notice that, although the index itself will not be indexed, the list of file
names (.glimpse_filenames) will be indexed unless it is explicitly listed in .glimpse_exclude.
.glimpse_filters
See the description above for the -z option.
.glimpse_include
contains a list of files that glimpseindex is explicitly told to include in the index even though
they may look like non-text files. Symbolic links are followed by glimpseindex only if they are
specifically included here. The syntax is the same as the one for .glimpse_exclude (see there).
If a file is in both .glimpse_exclude and .glimpse_include it will be excluded unless -i is used.
.glimpse_filenames
contains the list of all indexed file names, one per line. This is an ASCII file that can also be
used with agrep to search for a file name leading to a fast find command. For example,
glimpse 'count#\.c$' ~/.glimpse_filenames
will output the names of all (indexed) .c files that have 'count' in their name (including
anywhere on the path from the index). Setting the following alias in the .login file may be
useful:
alias findfile 'glimpse -h :1 ~/.glimpse_filenames'
.glimpse_index
contains the index. The index consists of lines, each starting with a word followed by a list of
block numbers (unless the -o or -b options are used, in which case each word is followed by an
offset into the file .glimpse_partitions where all pointers are kept). The block/file numbers are
stored in binary form, so this is not an ASCII file.
.glimpse_messages
contains the output of the -w option (see above).
.glimpse_partitions
contains the partition of the indexed space into blocks and, when the index is built with the -o
or -b options, some part of the index. This file is used internally by glimpse and it is a non-
ASCII file.
.glimpse_statistics
contains some statistics about the makeup of the index. Useful for some advanced applications and
customization of glimpse.
STRUCTURED QUERIES
Glimpse can search for Boolean combinations of "attribute=value" terms by using the Harvest SOIF parser
library (in glimpse/libtemplate). To search this way, the index must be made by using the -s option of
glimpseindex (this can be used in conjunction with other glimpseindex options). For glimpse and
glimpseindex to recognize "structured" files, they must be in SOIF format. In this format, each value is
prefixed by an attribute-name with the size of the value (in bytes) present in "{}" after the name of the
attribute. For example, The following lines are part of an SOIF file:
type{17}: Directory-Listing
md5{32}: 3858c73d68616df0ed58a44d306b12ba
Any string can serve as an attribute name. Glimpse "pattern;type=Directory-Listing" will search for
"pattern" only in files whose type is "Directory-Listing". The file itself is considered to be one
"object" and its name/url appears as the first attribute with an "@" prefix; e.g., @FILE { http://xxx...
} The scope of Boolean operations changes from records (lines) to whole files when structured queries are
used in glimpse (since individual query terms can look at different attributes and they may not be
"covered" by the record/line). Note that glimpse can only search for patterns in the value parts of the
SOIF file: there are some attributes (like the TTL, MD5, etc.) that are interpreted by Harvest's internal
routines. See RFC 2655 for more detailed information of the SOIF format.
REFERENCES
1. U. Manber and S. Wu, "GLIMPSE: A Tool to Search Through Entire File Systems," Usenix Winter 1994
Technical Conference (best paper award), San Francisco (January 1994), pp. 23-32. Also, Technical
Report #TR 93-34, Dept. of Computer Science, University of Arizona, October 1993 (a postscript
file is available by anonymous ftp at ftp://webglimpse.net/pub/glimpse/TR93-34.ps).
2. S. Wu and U. Manber, "Fast Text Searching Allowing Errors," Communications of the ACM 35 (October
1992), pp. 83-91.
SEE ALSO
agrep(1), ed(1), ex(1), glimpse(1), glimpseserver(1), grep(1V), sh(1), csh(1).
LIMITATIONS
The index of glimpse is word based. A pattern that contains more than one word cannot be found in the
index. The way glimpse overcomes this weakness is by splitting any multi-word pattern into its set of
words and looking for all of them in the index. For example, glimpse 'linear programming' will first
consult the index to find all files containing both linear and programming, and then apply agrep to find
the combined pattern. This is usually an effective solution, but it can be slow for cases where both
words are very common, but their combination is not.
The index of glimpse stores all patterns in lower case. When glimpse searches the index it first
converts all patterns to lower case, finds the appropriate files, and then searches the actual files
using the original patterns. So, for example, glimpse ABCXYZ will first find all files containing abcxyz
in any combination of lower and upper cases, and then searches these files directly, so only the right
cases will be found. One problem with this approach is discovering misspellings that are caused by wrong
cases. For example, glimpse -B abcXYZ will first search the index for the best match to abcxyz (because
the pattern is converted to lower case); it will find that there are matches with no errors, and will go
to those files to search them directly, this time with the original upper cases. If the closest match
is, say AbcXYZ, glimpse may miss it, because it doesn't expect an error. Another problem is speed. If
you search for "ATT", it will look at the index for "att". Unless you use -w to match the whole word,
glimpse may have to search all files containing, for example, "Seattle" which has "att" in it.
There is no size limit for simple patterns and simple patterns with Boolean AND or OR. More complicated
patterns are currently limited to approximately 30 characters. Lines are limited to 1024 characters.
Records are limited to 48K, and may be truncated if they are larger than that. The limit of record
length can be changed by modifying the parameter Max_record in agrep.h.
Each line in .glimpse_exclude or .glimpse_include that contains a * or a ? must not exceed 30 characters
length.
Glimpseindex does not index words of size > 64.
A medium-size index (-b) may lead to actually slower query times if the files are all very small.
Under -b, it may be impossible to make the stop list empty. Glimpseindex is using the "sort" routine,
and all occurrences of a word appear at some point on one line. Sort is limiting the size of lines it
can handle (the value depends on the platform; ours is 16KB). If the lines are too big, the word is
added to the stop list.
BUGS
Please submit bug reports or comments at http://webglimpse.net/bugzilla/
DIAGNOSTICS
(Only in version 3.6 and above.)
exit status 0: terminated normally;
exit status 1: glimpseindex errors (e.g., bad option combos, no files were indexed, etc.)
exit status 2: system errors (e.g., write failed, sort failed, malloc failed).
AUTHORS
Udi Manber and Burra Gopal, Department of Computer Science, University of Arizona, and Sun Wu, the
National Chung-Cheng University, Taiwan. Now maintained by Golda Velez at Internet WorkShop (Email:
gvelez@webglimpse.net)
November 10, 1997 GLIMPSEINDEX(1)