Provided by: gmap_2017-11-15-1_amd64 
NAME
gsnap - Genomic Short-read Nucleotide Alignment Program
SYNOPSIS
gsnap [OPTIONS...] <FASTA file>, or cat <FASTA file> | gmap [OPTIONS...]
OPTIONS
Input options (must include -d)
-D, --dir=directory
Genome directory. Default (as specified by --with-gmapdb to the configure program) is
/var/cache/gmap
-d, --db=STRING
Genome database
--use-sarray=INT
Whether to use a suffix array, which will give increased speed. Allowed values: 0 (no), 1 (yes,
plus GSNAP/GMAP algorithm, default), or 2 (yes, and use only suffix array algorithm). Note that
suffix arrays will bias against SNP alleles in SNP-tolerant alignment. If there is a conflict
between this flag and the flag --speed, the --speed flag takes precedence
-k, --kmer=INT
kmer size to use in genome database (allowed values: 16 or less) If not specified, the program
will find the highest available kmer size in the genome database
--sampling=INT
Sampling to use in genome database. If not specified, the program will find the smallest
available sampling value in the genome database within selected k-mer size
-q, --part=INT/INT
Process only the i-th out of every n sequences e.g., 0/100 or 99/100 (useful for distributing jobs
to a computer farm).
--input-buffer-size=INT
Size of input buffer (program reads this many sequences at a time for efficiency) (default 1000)
--barcode-length=INT
Amount of barcode to remove from start of read (default 0)
--orientation=STRING
Orientation of paired-end reads Allowed values: FR (fwd-rev, or typical Illumina; default), RF
(rev-fwd, for circularized inserts), or FF (fwd-fwd, same strand)
--fastq-id-start=INT
Starting position of identifier in FASTQ header, space-delimited (>= 1)
--fastq-id-end=INT
Ending position of identifier in FASTQ header, space-delimited (>= 1)
Examples:
@HWUSI-EAS100R:6:73:941:1973#0/1
start=1, end=1 (default) => identifier is HWUSI-EAS100R:6:73:941:1973#0
@SRR001666.1 071112_SLXA-EAS1_s_7:5:1:817:345 length=36
start=1, end=1 => identifier is SRR001666.1 start=2, end=2 => identifier is
071112_SLXA-EAS1_s_7:5:1:817:345 start=1, end=2 => identifier is SRR001666.1
071112_SLXA-EAS1_s_7:5:1:817:345
--force-single-end
When multiple FASTQ files are provided on the command line, GSNAP assumes they are matching
paired-end files. This flag treats each file as single-end.
--filter-chastity=STRING
Skips reads marked by the Illumina chastity program. Expecting a string after the accession
having a 'Y' after the first colon, like this:
@accession 1:Y:0:CTTGTA
where the 'Y' signifies filtering by chastity. Values: off (default), either, both. For
'either', a 'Y' on either end of a paired-end read will be filtered. For 'both', a 'Y' is
required on both ends of a paired-end read (or on the only end of a single-end read).
--allow-pe-name-mismatch
Allows accession names of reads to mismatch in paired-end files
--gunzip
Uncompress gzipped input files
--bunzip2
Uncompress bzip2-compressed input files
Computation options
--speed=INT
Speed mode (default = 3) Mode Suffix array Hash table
4 On Off
3 On Only if suffix array yields incomplete answers
2 On In addition to suffix array
1 Off Yes
Note: There is a tradeoff between speed and accuracy, so slower speed
can give better answers. Levels 1 and 2 are about the same, while level 3 is about 4 times
faster, and then level 4 is 5 times faster than level 3 However, accuracy of level 3 is better
than level 4 and almost the same as level 2, so mode 3 is generally recommended and the default.
If there is a conflict between this value and the flag --use-sarray, this takes precedence
-B, --batch=INT
Batch mode (default = 2)
Mode Offsets Positions Genome Suffix array
0 see note mmap mmap mmap
1 see note mmap & preload mmap mmap
2 see note mmap & preload mmap & preload mmap & preload
3 see note allocate mmap & preload mmap & preload
(default) 4 see note allocate allocate mmap & preload
5 see note allocate allocate allocate
Note: For a single sequence, all data structures use mmap
If mmap not available and allocate not chosen, then will use fileio (very slow)
Note about offsets: Expansion of offsets can be controlled
independently by the --expand-offsets flag. However, offsets are accessed relatively fast in this
version of GSNAP.
--use-shared-memory=INT
If 1 (default), then allocated memory is shared among all processes on this node. If 0, then each
process has private allocated memory
--preload-shared-memory
Load files indicated by --batch mode into shared memory for use by other GMAP/GSNAP processes on
this node, and then exit. Ignore any input files.
--unload-shared-memory
Unload files indicated by --batch mode into shared memory, or allow them to be unloaded when
existing GMAP/GSNAP processes on this node are finished with them. Ignore any input files.
--expand-offsets=INT
Whether to expand the genomic offsets index Values: 0 (no, default), or 1 (yes). Expansion gives
faster alignment, but requires more memory
-m, --max-mismatches=FLOAT
Maximum number of mismatches allowed (if not specified, then defaults to the ultrafast level of
((readlength+index_interval-1)/kmer - 2)) (By default, the genome index interval is 3, but this
can be changed by providing a different value for -q to gmap_build when processing the genome.)
If specified between 0.0 and 1.0, then treated as a fraction
of each read length. Otherwise, treated as an integral number of mismatches (including indel and
splicing penalties) For RNA-Seq, you may need to increase this value slightly to align reads
extending past the ends of an exon.
--min-coverage=FLOAT
Minimum coverage required for an alignment. If specified between 0.0 and 1.0, then treated as a
fraction of each read length. Otherwise, treated as an integral number of base pairs. Default
value is 0.0.
--query-unk-mismatch=INT
Whether to count unknown (N) characters in the query as a mismatch (0=no (default), 1=yes)
--genome-unk-mismatch=INT
Whether to count unknown (N) characters in the genome as a mismatch (0=no, 1=yes (default))
-i, --indel-penalty=INT
Penalty for an indel (default 2). Counts against mismatches allowed. To find indels, make
indel-penalty less than or equal to max-mismatches. A value < 2 can lead to false positives at
read ends
--indel-endlength=INT
Minimum length at end required for indel alignments (default 4)
-y, --max-middle-insertions=INT
Maximum number of middle insertions allowed (default is readlength - indel-endlength)
-z, --max-middle-deletions=INT Maximum number of middle deletions allowed (default 30)
-Y, --max-end-insertions=INT
Maximum number of end insertions allowed (default 3)
-Z, --max-end-deletions=INT
Maximum number of end deletions allowed (default 6)
-M, --suboptimal-levels=INT
Report suboptimal hits beyond best hit (default 0) All hits with best score plus suboptimal-levels
are reported
-a, --adapter-strip=STRING
Method for removing adapters from reads. Currently allowed values: off, paired. Default is
"off". To turn on, specify "paired", which removes adapters from paired-end reads if they appear
to be present.
--trim-mismatch-score=INT
Score to use for mismatches when trimming at ends. To turn off trimming, specify 0. Default is
-3 for both RNA-Seq and DNA-Seq. Warning: Turning trimming off in RNA-Seq can give false positive
mismatches at the ends of reads
--trim-indel-score=INT
Score to use for indels when trimming at ends. To turn off trimming, specify 0. Default is -2
for both RNA-Seq and DNA-Seq. Warning: Turning trimming off in RNA-Seq can give false positive
indels at the ends of reads
--end-detail=STRING
Amount of alignment detail at ends of read: high, medium, or low (default) Note: medium detail
could increase speed by 20% or so, but will miss some splices at the ends of reads
-V, --snpsdir=STRING
Directory for SNPs index files (created using snpindex) (default is location of genome index files
specified using -D and -d)
-v, --use-snps=STRING
Use database containing known SNPs (in <STRING>.iit, built previously using snpindex) for
tolerance to SNPs
--cmetdir=STRING
Directory for methylcytosine index files (created using cmetindex) (default is location of genome
index files specified using -D, -V, and -d)
--atoidir=STRING
Directory for A-to-I RNA editing index files (created using atoiindex) (default is location of
genome index files specified using -D, -V, and -d)
--mode=STRING
Alignment mode: standard (default), cmet-stranded, cmet-nonstranded, atoi-stranded,
atoi-nonstranded, ttoc-stranded, or ttoc-nonstranded. Non-standard modes requires you to have
previously run the cmetindex or atoiindex programs (which also cover the ttoc modes) on the genome
-t, --nthreads=INT
Number of worker threads
--max-anchors=INT
Controls number of candidate segments returned by the complete set algorithm Default is 10. Can
be increased to higher values to solve alignments with evenly spaced mismatches at close
distances. However, higher values will cause GSNAP to run more slowly. A value of 1000, for
example, slows down the program by a factor of 10 or so. Therefore, change this value only if
absolutely necessary.
Options for GMAP alignment within GSNAP
--gmap-mode=STRING
Cases to use GMAP for complex alignments containing multiple splices or indels Allowed values:
none, all, pairsearch, terminal, improve
(or multiple values, separated by commas).
Default: all, i.e., pairsearch,terminal,improve
--trigger-score-for-gmap=INT
Try GMAP pairsearch on nearby genomic regions if best score (the total of both ends if paired-end)
exceeds this value (default 5)
--gmap-min-match-length=INT
Keep GMAP hit only if it has this many consecutive matches (default 20)
--gmap-allowance=INT
Extra mismatch/indel score allowed for GMAP alignments (default 3)
--max-gmap-pairsearch=INT
Perform GMAP pairsearch on nearby genomic regions up to this many many candidate ends (default
50). Requires pairsearch in --gmap-mode
--max-gmap-terminal=INT
Perform GMAP terminal on nearby genomic regions up to this many candidate ends (default 50).
Requires terminal in --gmap-mode
--max-gmap-improvement=INT
Perform GMAP improvement on nearby genomic regions up to this many candidate ends (default 5).
Requires improve in --gmap-mode
Splicing options for DNA-Seq
--find-dna-chimeras=INT
Look for distant splicing in DNA-Seq data (0=no (default), 1=yes) Automatically inactivated for
RNA-Seq data if -N or -s are specified)
Splicing options for RNA-Seq
-N, --novelsplicing=INT
Look for novel splicing (0=no (default), 1=yes)
--splicingdir=STRING
Directory for splicing involving known sites or known introns, as specified by the -s or
--use-splicing flag (default is directory computed from -D and -d flags). Note: can just give
full pathname to the -s flag instead.
-s, --use-splicing=STRING
Look for splicing involving known sites or known introns (in <STRING>.iit), at short or long
distances See README instructions for the distinction between known sites and known introns
--ambig-splice-noclip
For ambiguous known splicing at ends of the read, do not clip at the splice site, but extend
instead into the intron. This flag makes sense only if you provide the --use-splicing flag, and
you are trying to eliminate all soft clipping with --trim-mismatch-score=0
-w, --localsplicedist=INT
Definition of local novel splicing event (default 200000)
--novelend-splicedist=INT
Distance to look for novel splices at the ends of reads (default 50000)
-e, --local-splice-penalty=INT
Penalty for a local splice (default 0). Counts against mismatches allowed
-E, --distant-splice-penalty=INT
Penalty for a distant splice (default 1). A distant splice is one where the intron length exceeds
the value of -w, or --localsplicedist, or is an inversion, scramble, or translocation between two
different chromosomes Counts against mismatches allowed
-K, --distant-splice-endlength=INT
Minimum length at end required for distant spliced alignments (default 20, min allowed is the
value of -k, or kmer size)
-l, --shortend-splice-endlength=INT
Minimum length at end required for short-end spliced alignments (default 2, but unless known
splice sites are provided with the -s flag, GSNAP may still need the end length to be the value of
-k, or kmer size to find a given splice
--distant-splice-identity=FLOAT
Minimum identity at end required for distant spliced alignments (default 0.95)
--antistranded-penalty=INT
(Not currently implemented, since it leads to poor results) Penalty for antistranded splicing when
using stranded RNA-Seq protocols. A positive value, such as 1, expects antisense on the first
read and sense on the second read. Default is 0, which treats sense and antisense equally well
--merge-distant-samechr
Report distant splices on the same chromosome as a single splice, if possible. Will produce a
single SAM line instead of two SAM lines, which is also done for translocations, inversions, and
scramble events
Options for paired-end reads
--pairmax-dna=INT
Max total genomic length for DNA-Seq paired reads, or other reads without splicing (default 1000).
Used if -N or -s is not specified. This value is also used for circular chromosomes when splicing
in linear chromosomes is allowed
--pairmax-rna=INT
Max total genomic length for RNA-Seq paired reads, or other reads that could have a splice
(default 200000). Used if -N or -s is specified. Should probably match the value for -w,
--localsplicedist.
--pairexpect=INT
Expected paired-end length, used for calling splices in medial part of paired-end reads (default
500). Was turned off in previous versions, but reinstated.
--pairdev=INT
Allowable deviation from expected paired-end length, used for calling splices in medial part of
paired-end reads (default 100). Was turned off in previous versions, but reinstated.
Options for quality scores
--quality-protocol=STRING
Protocol for input quality scores. Allowed values: illumina (ASCII 64-126) (equivalent to -J 64
-j -31) sanger (ASCII 33-126) (equivalent to -J 33 -j 0)
Default is sanger (no quality print shift)
SAM output files should have quality scores in sanger protocol
Or you can customize this behavior with these flags:
-J, --quality-zero-score=INT
FASTQ quality scores are zero at this ASCII value (default is 33 for sanger protocol; for
Illumina, select 64)
-j, --quality-print-shift=INT
Shift FASTQ quality scores by this amount in output (default is 0 for sanger protocol; to change
Illumina input to Sanger output, select -31)
Output options
-n, --npaths=INT
Maximum number of paths to print (default 100).
-Q, --quiet-if-excessive
If more than maximum number of paths are found, then nothing is printed.
-O, --ordered
Print output in same order as input (relevant only if there is more than one worker thread)
--show-refdiff
For GSNAP output in SNP-tolerant alignment, shows all differences relative to the reference genome
as lower case (otherwise, it shows all differences relative to both the reference and alternate
genome)
--clip-overlap
For paired-end reads whose alignments overlap, clip the overlapping region.
--merge-overlap
For paired-end reads whose alignments overlap, merge the two ends into a single end (beta
implementation)
--print-snps
Print detailed information about SNPs in reads (works only if -v also selected) (not fully
implemented yet)
--failsonly
Print only failed alignments, those with no results
--nofails
Exclude printing of failed alignments
-A, --format=STRING
Another format type, other than default. Currently implemented: sam, m8 (BLAST tabular format)
--split-output=STRING
Basename for multiple-file output, separately for nomapping, halfmapping_uniq, halfmapping_mult,
unpaired_uniq, unpaired_mult, paired_uniq, paired_mult, concordant_uniq, and concordant_mult
results
-o, --output-file=STRING
File name for a single stream of output results.
--failed-input=STRING
Print completely failed alignments as input FASTA or FASTQ format, to the given file, appending .1
or .2, for paired-end data. If the --split-output flag is also given, this file is generated in
addition to the output in the .nomapping file.
--append-output
When --split-output or --failed-input is given, this flag will append output to the existing
files. Otherwise, the default is to create new files.
--order-among-best=STRING
Among alignments tied with the best score, order those alignments in this order. Allowed values:
genomic, random (default)
--output-buffer-size=INT
Buffer size, in queries, for output thread (default 1000). When the number of results to be
printed exceeds this size, the worker threads are halted until the backlog is cleared
Options for SAM output
--no-sam-headers
Do not print headers beginning with '@'
--add-paired-nomappers
Add nomapper lines as needed to make all paired-end results alternate between first end and second
end
--paired-flag-means-concordant=INT
Whether the paired bit in the SAM flags means concordant only (1) or paired plus concordant (0,
default)
--sam-headers-batch=INT
Print headers only for this batch, as specified by -q
--sam-use-0M
Insert 0M in CIGAR between adjacent insertions and deletions Required by Picard, but can cause
errors in other tools
--sam-multiple-primaries
Allows multiple alignments to be marked as primary if they have equally good mapping scores
--force-xs-dir
For RNA-Seq alignments, disallows XS:A:? when the sense direction is unclear, and replaces this
value arbitrarily with XS:A:+. May be useful for some programs, such as Cufflinks, that cannot
handle XS:A:?. However, if you use this flag, the reported value of XS:A:+ in these cases will
not be meaningful.
--md-lowercase-snp
In MD string, when known SNPs are given by the -v flag, prints difference nucleotides as
lower-case when they, differ from reference but match a known alternate allele
--extend-soft-clips
Extends alignments through soft clipped regions
--action-if-cigar-error
Action to take if there is a disagreement between CIGAR length and sequence length Allowed values:
ignore, warning, noprint (default), abort
--read-group-id=STRING
Value to put into read-group id (RG-ID) field
--read-group-name=STRING
Value to put into read-group name (RG-SM) field
--read-group-library=STRING
Value to put into read-group library (RG-LB) field
--read-group-platform=STRING
Value to put into read-group library (RG-PL) field
Help options
--check
Check compiler assumptions
--version
Show version
--help Show this help message
Other tools of GMAP suite are located in /usr/lib/gmap
gsnap 2017-11-15-1 December 2017 GSNAP(1)